of 1be Florida ;\1osquilo Control Assodatio)l 1/

GlC1ba1 St-lllf 1 n ~ ~or .\10tUlllff CHHrd www~d.arkemo.squh a~ com e--mail: da~ke@darkema ull .um

(I C ll Clarke

Customized Sollltllo~ns.u From l.umdnm• i1 ' •tTIIpf'l•lwm.,lw: 111m•qult•J rJ)JiltnJI rrl1'~ W t•r_h .. HI'• tl1t!ll'!i II~ }OLir ILJITI f'H pru~Hil , mho to~IH'fl"' Ill GLU!lf! can h.eltl. Sun;••lllam 11 rl,d 1nO'l~llh~. s.stsi.UJ.1CE' Jn

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.... For All osqulto Chat enges Outbreaks ur Wl'\l 1ft :\u n•· JPr• log, Pu"'l-n•XtdiT•~ In c-.tllHon.. \\ 1Llh:' )'OU MUMih•rl, Cfnrk"' Cilmrmut·d IJ.'i1Ul""r In rl• ..ro,liu~ •m~c1ulm mnrrol rohtUvJ'I!!.

osquito Contral at t-Bo0-]'2]•·5727.

PYoducl!;

PO Box 60005 Fort Myers, FL 33906

15191 Homestead Rd Lehigh, FL 33971

:Editor-in-Chief Dennis Moore, Fort Myers, FL voice: 941-694-2174 fax: 941-694-6959 e-mail: moore@lancd org

Assistant Editor Tomfloore, Panama City, FL voice: 850-872-4184 ext 30 fax: 850-872-4733 e-mail: tloore_t@popmail fun edu

Associate Editors Charlie Morris, Sarasota, FL Stan Cope, Washington, DC John Gamble, New Smyrna Beach, FL

Regional Editors Massachusetts - Timothy D Deschamps, Norwood Michigan - Thomas R Wilmot, Sanford New Jersey - William C Reinert, Nortbfield Texas - Dan Sprenger, Corpus Christi Utah - Glenn Collett, Salt Lake City

:Editorial Rniew Bo:U'd Richard Berry, Columbus, OH David Dame, Gainesville, FL Ed Hunter, Panama City Beach, FL Gerry Hutney, Tampa, FL L Philip Louoibos, Vero Beach, FL Robert Lowrie, Covington, LA John J Smith, Norwood, MA James Webb, Santa Ana, CA

Florida :\losquito Contt·ol Association FMCA President: Ed Hunter, Panama City Beach, FL e-mail: edhuoter4@home com

Shelly Redovao, FMCA Executive Director PO Box 60837 Fort Myers, FL 33906-0837 voice: 941-694-2174; fax: 941-433-5684 e-mail: redovao@lcmcd org

American Mosquito Contt·ol As.~ociation AMCA President: Sammie Dickson, Salt Lake City, UT e-mail: slcmad@burgoyoe com

Robertamarie Kiley, AMCA Business Manager J B Smith Hall at Rutgers University PO Box 586 Milltown, NJ 08850 voice: 732-932-0667; fax: 732-932-0930 e-mail: amca@mosquito org

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Volume 12, Number 1

On the Books: "Keep Everlastingly at it!" Part II: The Formation of the Florida Anti-Mosquito Association ...... .... . 5 by~p~

Fly Wheels: Light at the End of a Wind Tunnel .. ... ... .... ....... ... .... ... .... 1 0 by pUn 'Rill~

Feature: Downwind Movement and Deposit of Insecticides Applied by Fixed Wing Aircraft for Adult Mosquito Control ..... .. ...... ... .... .... .... .. 18 by PUn "Du.ke4. "AAatWf ~· 1ltik tjlt.U':, PM"AAe4tett ~ 'DDH "A/094#

Off the Road : "What Do You Mean, the ATV Is Missing!?" .... .. .... .... 26 by"[)~~~;~~

Chip Chat West Nile Virus - An Explosion of Web Sites .. .. .. .. ... .... .. . 30 by ?om?~ ad~ Pet.t?t41!1t.

FMCA Scholarship Application ..... ..... .......... ..... .............. .......... ..... ..... 36 by pim &Je4 (Announcement)

To Spray or Not To Spray ........ ...... ..... ...... .... ...... .... ...... ..... ...... .... ... 38 by f;;'~~ 1!;~ ~~&a Ltnd

About the Cover: Jim Dukes provided the picture for this issue. John Beidler, Indian River Mosquito Control District, Vero Beach, FL took the aerial picture of the study area in Collier County, FL and Jim constructed the DC-3.

~ l'S'e.ru: An official publication of the American Mosquito Control Association, published quarterly by the Florida Mosquito Control Association This magazine is intended to keep all interested parties informed on matters as they relate to mosquito control All rights reserved Reproduction, in whole or part, for educational pwposes is permitted, without permission, with proper citation The FMCA and the AMCA have not tested any of the products advertised or referred to in this publication, nor have they verified any of the staiemeots made in any of the advertisements or articles The FMCA and the AMCA do not warrant, expressly or implied, the fitness of any product advertised or the suitability of any advice or statements contained herein Opinions expressed in this publication are not necessarily the opinions or policies of the FMCA or the AMCA

Subscriptions: ~ &.w is sent free of charge to anyone within the cootioental United States Subscriptions are available for the cost of first class postage to any fore.igo address at the following rates: Europe, UK and Australia US$20; Canada, US$6; South America US$10 Make checks and purchase orders payable to the Florida Mosquito Control Association and send to FMCA, PO Box 60837, Fort Myers, FL 33906-0837

Con espoodeoc.-: Address all correspondence regarding~ iS'e.ru to the Editor-in-Chief, Dennis Moore, PO Box 60005. Fort Myers, FL, 33906 Readers are invited to submit articles related to mosquito and biting fly biology and control, or letters to the Editors, to the Editor-in-Chief There is no charge if your article or letter is printed Photographers and artists are invited to submit color transparencies, high quality original artwork or artwork in electronic format for possible use in the magazine or on the cover; $100 will he paid for each cover photo Businesses are invited to place advertisements through the Editor -in-Chief

Hi$f1 v£1 11..1 t.lo.:lut18 20 Sll'!p.~-vsmt~t<ir.leJ k;J­Otm !~ 1 nnj:ibrtp;t ~y·m lt ttM~ r " OlVI fl',ilne'Jfl ·, V bo.·•t 1;'1" lit'" a¥r:r j"l.h lhsoll!!J d!.N.n IDI:Jml ~llCf!<' ~ ~lltl'J ::;!~l.J.!'r~ ~ IIAA, ttn.t' l\ lt.~lfl-!.( ~t"l!lt. ~~·~ lll.ln t:l"fTV(IJI"Yit..Li:. fll.SJj f.f\11~ W,•ll lllJr l!10f1!-V J;~!~ Orr~! ;F.'IIL'll- fti;klCC'S b'4lW111 Hhl lOON tllillt ~·. fl~ tie~ m u!!!t!lh hlt1.,t lifu11Jltl. ~r j qWCh!l \1~~1-lq;)llliJ 'l'lldl~~tl itll! 1$"·21J plO· ciUCe:i 'Ita C&Mtl pnrl.icte tfltl 1.':! G.ttill jnsmicide label ~uutlll!llts-altrellklt! spee'lb1J'CI 1JJ.21J71lHtf pee 1\l!UT

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''Keep Everlastingly at it!'' Part II: The For111ation of the Florida

Anti• Mosquito Assoeiation by~'P~

Florida's first extensive anti­mosquito campaign was in Tay­lor County. In Perry, sanitary en­gineers proved that a concerted effort could remove the mosquito menace in an extensive area. The publication of the statistics report­ing the drop in malaria in Perry came at a particularly fortuitous moment. During the fall of 1921 , dengue fever raged along Florida's east coast. Miami was particularly hard hit. By Decem­ber, the Miami City Commission determined to take action. The city's future hinged on the winter visitors' bel ief that Miami was a healthy place. The success of the State Board of Health's (SBOH) Bureau of Engineering (BOE) in Perry gave Miami's city officials cause for hope. City officials re­quested that SBOH send George Simons, BOE's head, to Miami to formulate a mosquito control strat­egy.

Simons prepared a plan for Miami. He recommended that anti-mosquito measures begin in the early spring. Sanitary inspec­tors visited and surveyed the city in March. Simons emphasized the importance of winning public support for the campaign. BOE inspectors mailed form letters to businesses and local organiza­tions describing the benefits of mosquito controls. Simons fol­lowed up the letters with a city­wide public relations campaign employing slogans, speeches, and newspaper articles. 1 By late

spring the city's mosquito control plan was in place.

Unfortunately, proponents of mosquito control suffered a major setback just when the magnitude of the Perry Project's success was publicized. In 1921, the legislature slashed the SBOH's budget by 50%.2 In four years the SBOH had lost three quarters of its funding. Program cutbacks had to be made. Simons refused to moder­ate efforts. If politicians failed to

GEORGE SIMONS HEAD,BOE

recognize the importance of the war against mosquitoes, Simons vowed he would show them. He was convinced that the state's growth depended on winning the battle against mosquito-borne dis­eases.

A statewide outbreak of den­gue fever in the summer of 1922 presented advocates of mos­quito control w ith a crucial test. What would happen in Perry and Miami? The disease followed the state's highways. In July the annual state teacher's course was held in Tallahassee. Simons watched the number of cases of denguefeversoarastheteach­ers returned to their homes. The state encampment brought the disease to Jacksonville.

No place was as hard hit by the dengue outbreak as Tampa. Local authorities had ignored the mosquito threat. Early in July, Tampa's health officer, Dr. J.R. Harris, announced that cases of dengue fever had reached epi­demic proportions. The situation reached a crisis point in August. "Our equ ipment," Harris de­clared, "is totally inadequate to wage a general campa ign against mosquitoes."3 Officially, it was estimated that there were 2,500 cases of dengue in the city. Others thought that the number might be as high as 4 ,000. Tampa's c ity manager dis­patched an urgent appeal to the SBOH asking that George Simons draft a plan for Tampa's war against mosquitoes.

In August Simons presented his recommendations to a spe­cial meeting of the city commis­sion. He told commissioners that the city had done next to "noth­ing at all, comparatively speak-

Spring 2001 5

ing" to eradicate mosquitoes.4 As a first step commissioners must allocate sufficient funds for mos­quito control. "Miami," Simons declared, "taking steps early in the season to prevent the recur­rence there of an epidemic of den­gue such as raged last season, has expended $15,000 on mos­quito eradication. At th is rate the city of Tampa should immediately expend $50,000 on mosquito eradication ."5

The dengue epidemic threat­ened Tampa's future. Real estate developers and businesses de­pendent on tourists feared that the newspaper reports of the epi­demic would harm the c ity. Simons told the city's commis­sioners that decisive action was needed. Tampa's future hung in the balance. Mosquito control was a necessity. If the commis­s ioners adopted the proposed "vigorous measures, the future was filled with promise." Simons estimated that "the work can be completed by late fall , in ample time to have a mosquito-less and dengue-less city before the annual influx of tourists and winter visi­tors."6

Tampa's leaders embraced Simons' recommendations. The BOE's model anti-mosquito ordi­nance was adopted. Eight new health inspectors were hired. Boy Scouts served as auxiliary sani­tary inspectors. Convicts were put to work cleaning the city dump.7

The commissioners promised that the "work now underway by the city in its campaign will be continued until health officials are satisfied that all menaces to the city's health have been eradi­cated."8

The 1922 dengue epidemic proved a blessing. Later, Simons declared that "the dengue situa­tion throughout the state [had] put

6 Spring 2001

the people in a mood to be recep­t ive to constructive plans that would control mosquito-borne in­fections."9 Perry proved that mos­quito control was possible. Ma­laria rates plummeted. Miami's decision to implement a stringent mosqu ito control ordinance worked. Miami and Perry were spared while the rest of the state suffered the ravages of the den­gue outbreak.

The legislature's cutbacks in the SBOH budget convinced Simons and Raymond Turck, the

LTCOLRAYMONDTURCK STATE HEALTH OFFICER

state's new chief medical officer, that advocates for mosquito con­trol must build their own political base. In August 1922 when the

dengue epidemic was at its peak, Simons organized a campaign to rally Floridians behind the "Sup­press the Mosqu ito" banner. Simons crisscrossed the state delivering speeches calling for the creation of a statewide anti-mos­quito organization. During the fall Simons visited Daytona Beach, New Smyrna, litusville, West Palm Beach, and Gainesville. Later, Simons carried his anti-mosquito message into the Panhandle speaking in Monticello and Talla­hassee. The goal was to gener­ate support for a statewide De­cember meeting of the anti-mos­quito forces in Daytona.

Simons' speeches did not vary. First, he described the mag­nitude of the mosquito problem. In the past yellow fever had rav­aged the state. Malaria and den­gue continued to infl ict tremen­dous economic costs on the state. Then Simons pointed to the suc­cess of the Perry Project and Miami's anti-mosquito measures. A mosquito-less Florida was not a utopian idea. It was, Simons concluded, every "community's obligation" to bring the "great ben­efit of mosqu ito control " to Florida. 10 "The call has gone forth," Simons declared, "the gong has sounded its knell , and all is in readiness to try AMOS QUITO. The judges, witnesses, and nu­merous court attendants have been duly summoned to appear in Daytona .. .for the trial and ex­ecution proceedings."11

One hundred-and-fifty mos­quito warriors traveled to Daytona on December 6, 1922. Their ob­jective was to launch a statewide organ ization dedicated to the cause of mosquito control. The meeting's tone was militant. "The next war," the State Health Officer, Lt. Col. Raymond Turck, told the delegates, "will be that waged with

insects destructive of human life ." Physicians, entomologists, and engineers had demonstrated that mosquitoes could be controlled. The delegates confronted the question of whether Florida had the resolve necessary to the task. Turck told them that the battle would be lost if the nation "contin­ues its apathetic policy." A vig­orous mosquito control would transform the state. "Florida," Turck continued, "can be made a health paradise if a goal is estab­lished and all work toward it."12

REFERENCES CITED

1 Ibid, 195-196.

The participants at the Daytona Meeting answered Turck's call for action affirmatively. On Decem­ber 7 they voted to organize the Florida Anti-Mosquito Associa­tion (FAMA). They elected the vet­eran mosquito fighter, Joseph Porter, the associat ion's f irst president. Porter's election in­sured the organization's credibil­ity. Porter had led the SBOH from its founding in 1889 until 1917. Turck introduced Porter's presi­dential address. "Twenty-five years hence," he observed, point-

2 Hardy and Pynchon, Millstones and Milestones, 31.

ing to the occasion's historical sig­nificance, "we will look back to this momentous date in Florida's his­tory. It will be remembered as the natal day of an organization which I am confident, will bring about the realization of the titanic work of controlling, if not eradicating, the mosquito from the state."13 Taking the gavel, the seventy-five-year­old Porter echoed Turck's enthu­siasm. The goal was clear. Vic­tory over the mosquito was as­sured, Porter boomed, if the ad­vocates of mosquito control would "Keep Everlastingly at lt."14

~ 3 "Dengue Near an Epidemic in City Now," Tampa Daily News, 31:127 (July 10, 1922), 1. 4 "Outlines Plan for Mosquito Campaign," Tampa Morning Tribune, 29:199 (August 23, 1922), 1. 5 "Campaign to Cover Tampa Like a Blanket: Quick Action Follows Simons Report to Commission," Tampa

Daily News, 31:165 (August 23, 1922), 3. 6 lbid. 7 "City Launches Campaign to Drive out Mosquitoes," Tampa Morning Tribune, 29:200 (August 24, 1922) 1. 8"1nspectors Make Rounds of Premises: City adds Eight Men to Force in War on Mosquitoes," Tampa Daily ws,

31 :1 66 (August 24, 1922), n.p. 9 George Simons " Biennial Report for 1921-1922 Bureau of Engineering", Thirty-Second Biennial Report of the

State Board of Health of Florida , Jacksonville, 1923, 200. 10 Ibid. 11 George Simmons, "Bureau of Sanitary Engineering," Florida Health Notes, XIV, 8 (December 1922), 8. 12 Raymond Turck quoted in "Declare War on Mosquito, St. Petersburg Times, December 7, 1922, A 1. 13 lbid.

r Dr. Gordon Patterson, Professor of Humanities Florida Institute of Technology, Melborne, FL 32901 email: patterson@fit.edu

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Spring 2001 7

AMCA ANNUAL MEETING - DENVER 2002February 17 - 21, 2002

What’s BUZZING in the Rockies?

ADAM’S MARK HOTEL1550 Court Place, Denver, CO 80202

303-893-3333 (FAX) 303-626-2542

AMCA ANNUAL MEETING - DENVER 2002February 17 - 21, 2002

CALL FOR PAPERS AND SYMPOSIUMSTimeslines & Procedures

CONTACT:Dr. Fred W. Knapp, Program Chairman

University of Kentucky606-323-3842

E-mail: fknapp@ca.uky.edu

NOTE: Due to the Olympic Games and President�s Day-Holiday weekend, concurrent to ourAMCAmeeting, early reservations forair fare, rental cars, and roomsarehighly recommended.

We wort a1 malntalpfng our SE)MCO at the higtwstlel/ol possible b~nA.u!lB wo truly bel rn.re customers Rre the FnOo$1 trnportant part or our business It's really qu11o simple oo cus.tornors. business!

Light at the End of a Wind Tunnel

by pun it:~

Aerial adulticiding for mosquito ends. The literature is full of field 45°. The straight stream nozzles control has changed very little in trials with the nozzles currently used produce nearly BB shot sized the last 30 years. After ultra low in our particular application which droplets when pointed to the rear. volume (ULV) application technol- involve air speeds to 150 mph, un- The difference in the two nozzles ogy was developed in the late diluted formulations and middle of is very apparent in the photo-60s, real strides were limited to the night fl ights at low elevations; graph (Fig. 1 ). Under the air-electronic guidance and lately, however none of that work utilized craft flight line we placed an ar-night vision goggles. During this Malvern laser instrumentation upon ray (3 rows of 4 collectors each same time, the protectors of our which the FSCBG model was about 50' apart with the axis of wood lots were perfecting a com- based. three tilted 45° and three tilted puter model to describe what hap- We were able to document in 90°) of rotary impingers with pens to a spray plume as it settles several field trials that so long as Teflon coated glass slides in ad-toward the forest canopy. It takes some of the droplets produced by dition to several open top boxes little imagination to with oil sensitive dye see the similarities cards placed on the bot-between this applica- tom. The VMD with this t ion and our configuration was within adulticiding efforts to 2 microns (40 vs 38) of control mosquito that measured with eight populations. The soft- 8002 flat-fan nozzles ware -- known as the alone. Quite a few large Forest Service purple stains are evident Cramer-Barry-Grim in the photograph of dye (FSCBG) aerial spray cards (Fig. 2) indicating drift prediction model that the large droplets fell - required the droplet within the array of rotary spectra to be mea- impingers. sured as it was emit- Agricultural applica-ted at the nozzle, not tions are well docu-our typical collection mented with Malvern on the ground utilizing Fig. 1· Aztec wing boom with two 8002 flat- data but their selection rotary impingers. .....__fi_a_n_n_o_zz_l_e_s _a_n_d_t_w_o_s_t~_a_ig_h_t_s_tfi_e_a_m_no_z_z_le_s_. _...... of nozzles and spraying

In 1996 our pro- scenario has been gram [Pasco County Mosquito the aircraft are in the "collectible based on "no drift and try to de-Control District(PCMCD)] was range" of the spinning slides (5- posit as much as possible," equipping a Piper Aztec for aerial 200 microns), the numbers will only which is diametrically opposed applications after having utilized vary slightly. To demonstrate this, to mosquito control needs. Our helicopters with rotary atomizers we installed on two wing booms aerosol space spraying relies on for a number of years. The search four straight stream nozzles pointed very small droplets which remain for suitable nozzles which could directly to the rear of the aircraft al- in a plume drifting above the be characterized for insertion in ternating with four 8002 flat-fan ground through vegetation in-the modelled us down many dead nozzles aimed forward and down stead of larger droplets which will

10 Spring 2001

deposit out, negating their effec­tiveness.

Earlier researchers, including Gary Mount and Dan Haile, work­ing with aerial ULV applications recognized the need for creating much finer aerosols (" .. must await a breakthrough in nozzle develop-

. .

down and into the wind - 135° in agricultural parlance). A protrac­tor was attached to the rear of the mount to accurately align the nozzles. Mounts were also fash­ioned to support several different rotary nozzle designs.

Air speed measurements were made with a water­filled manometer alongside an aircraft air speed instru­ment. The pitot tube and bal­ance port were located ahead of the nozzle location and at the center of the 12" pipe. A cable throttle to the engine allows small changes to be made in the air veloc­ity. Subsequent testing dem­onstrated the blower's abii-

Fig. 2. Oil sensitive dye card from ity to provide air flows from bottom of box after pass with four about 40 mph to over 190 8002 flat-fan and four straight mph. An access/ camera

L..s_t_re_a_m_n_o_zz_l_e_s. _______ _, port was opened in the side

ment" - Mount, et.al. Mosquito News 30:48-51 ). The optimal droplet range for impaction and efficacy on mosquitoes is some­where between 7-22 microns which was noted in works as early as 1947.

of the pipe to facilitate changing nozzles and photo­graphing (with a high s p e e d strobe) the droplet plume while spraying. The inside of the pipe was painted flat black to re­duce reflec­tions and background distractions.

tached to the tank, monitoring air pressure for comparative pur­poses (nothing smaller than 3/8" lines are used to supply liquid to a single nozzle). Additionally, a Fluid Metering Inc. positive dis­placement laboratory pump and a high pressure AC motor driven hydraulic gear pump were mounted later.

Measurement of droplet spec­tra was our major Achilles' heel. We were interested in relative comparisons, essentially "tweak­ing" nozzles. A hot wire DC-III Portable Droplet Measurement System (a.k.a. AIMS machine) sampling probe was mounted on a gear motor driven lead screw that could traverse the spray plume vertically through the cen­ter for two sweeps in a sampling period. This was backed up with waved sl ides for comparison. Coated slides waved through a droplet cloud have proven to be

The liq­uids for test- Fig. 3. 80015 flat-fan nozzle at 150 kts.

We decided to construct a wind tunnel capable of air speeds high enough to duplicate those of our spraying operation (Fig 6). The axial turbine blower from a Buffalo Turbine Model CSM was mounted to the end of a 12" di­ameter pipe 65" long. This par­ticular blower has straightening stator vanes and a tail cone to re­duce turbulence downstream of the powered turbine. The 4-cylin­der engine from a Mazda pickup was coupled through a 1 :2 ratio step-up belt drive to the blower shaft. Several nozzle mounting configurations were fabricated to permit changing the angle of inci­dence through 360° (flat-fan nozzles are normally mounted 45°

ing were L-------------------~ typically supplied through a pres-surized stainless steel tank equipped with a double stage regulator connected to our shop air system. A glycerin-filled gauge is coupled to the nozzle attach­ment fixture about 6" before the nozzle. A similar gauge is at-

an excellent method of sampling the droplet spectra produced by ground ULV cold aerosol genera­tors where the droplet distribution remains smaller than about 40-50 microns. However, the probabil­ity of collecting droplets over 150-200 microns is infinitesimal and

continued on page 13

'Jf/"'9 LS'eat4. Spring 2001 11

To protect children . ..

You have to be Tough on Adults.

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fines cannot be collected (that's why you use the diameter instead of the cube ofthe diameter in vol­ume calcu lations on w aved slides). The hot wire probe suf­fers from a similar set of "bl ind­ers." The best tool turned out to be the camera with a fast strobe that could nearly "freeze" the drop-

lets (OK, so they are short streaks). Nozzles which produced a number of larger droplets were easily identified in the visual im­age but these droplets failed to register on either the slides or hot w ire probe, therefore making droplet spectra with large droplets (in the aerial nozzle range) appear more favorable. Those sampling systems did, however, provide valuable help when fine tuning our fi­nal nozzle selections.

Conventional wis­dom, at least in th is part of the world , mounted flat-fan nozzles of 0.2 gpm or less, pointing 45° down and into the air stream. That's where we started tweaking with

Las Cruces facil ity using an "8001" flat-fan nozzle at 140-144 mph, 70-75 psi with fenthion. The results were eye opening with the VMD averaging 86 microns and the largest droplets just over 500 microns. Note our strobe-photo of a TeeJet 80015 in a similar situation (Fig. 3). It helps tore­member that these are agricul­tural nozzles specifically designed not to produce fine particles but to spray row crops from the back of a farm tractor.

Always admirers of rotary at­omizers, we designed our own propeller driven units with 20 mi­cron porous polyethylene sleeves. With a 150 kt wind velocity the units were capable of21 ,000 rpm and flow rates of <0.2 gpm. Note that the photograph of our rotary (Fig. 4) has many fewer streaks (i.e., large droplets). Markedly better than the row crop nozzles, they were still not quite what we were after.

The next attempt started at our truck wash facil ity's high pressure sprayer. The simple three plunger pump could be driven with a 24 volt DC motor and plumbing for

wider angles (110° vs. Fig. 5. High pressure nozzle at 2,500 psi 80°), smaller orifices ...._ _____________ _..

and higher pressures. The results were disappointing. Nick Klein, a friend and pilot at Collier County MCD, had some wind tunnel tests done at NMSU's

high pressure (2,500- 3,000 psi. ) is read ily available (Fig. 5 ). Spraying Systems Inc. makes a number of different high pressure

(1 ,000-7,000 psi) nozzle configu­rations for everything from hu­midifying to spray drying. Strobe photography backs up the DC-III's claim of reducing the volume in a median droplet produced by these high pressure nozzles to about one-eighth that of the flat­fan. The beauty of high pressure nozzles is that although their drop­let distribution is relatively small , they don't appear to produce as many "fines" ( <5!-lm) as most other nozzle types.

The fru its of this labor have re­cently been substantiated through a research project of Dr. Jim Dukes (of PHEREC fame) which took place in Collier County, Florida. The high pressure spray system was installed in one of CMCD's C-47 aircraft alongside their conventional flat-fan unit. This was an opportunity to validate the speculation resulting from much earlier research into the need for a smaller droplet spec­trum.

The light at the end of this tun­nel is not how the finer droplets were produced, as there are a number of old technologies avail­able (high speed rotary, ultra­sonic, pneumatic, high pressure and volatile carriers to name a few), but that aerial adulticiding can benefit from a better under­standing of the real aerosol cloud.

Jim Robinson is the Director of Pasco County Mosquito Control District, 2308 Mara­thon Rd., Odessa, FL 33556. Tel: 727.376.4568 or e-mail: pcmcd@gte.net

continued on page 14

Spring 2001 13

continued from page 36

Wind tunnel constructed from salvaged parts for aerial nozzle characterizations.

REFERENCES CITED

CORRECTION: TI1e authorship listed in Vol. 11, no. 4 for " SLE a nd the C ity,. is cun:ently listed as Michael H. Vodkin, Rich­ard L. Lampman, and Robert J. Novak. The authors w ould like to include Nina M. Krasavin in the third p osition, so that it now reads, Michae l H . Vodkin, Richard L. Lampman, Nina M. K rasavin, and Robert J . N ovak . Her affiliation should be identified w ith a superscripted 1 .

1. Teske, M. E. and T. B. Curbishley. 1994. Forest Service Aerial Spray Computer Model, FSCBG 4.3, User Manual Extension, USDA Forest Service, Forest Pest Management, 2121 C Second Street, Suite 102, Davis, CA 95617.

2. Mount, G. A. , C. S. Lofgren, N. W. Pierce and K. F. Baldwin. 1970. Effect of various factors on droplet size of simulated ultra-low volume aerial sprays of technical malathion. Mosq. News 30(1 ):48-51.

3. Latta, R. , L. D. Anderson, E. E. Rogers, V. K. LaMer, S. Hochberg, H. Lauterbach and I. Johnson. The effect of partical size and velocity of movement of DDT aerosols in a wind tunnel on the mortality of mosquitoes. J. washington Academy of Science 37 ( 11 ):397 -407.

14

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Spring 2001

15Spring 2001Wing Beats

Calcasieu Parish Mosquito Control has an opening for a Pilot/Technician. This is a full-time salaried position,with full benefits. The successful candidate will be responsible for piloting the parish�s two aircraft on larvicidingand adulticiding missions. When not piloting, duties will consist of assisting the aircraft mechanic with routinemaintenance and upkeep of airplanes and associated equipment.

RESPONSIBILITIES: Applicants must have a current valid commercial certification ASEL, with AMEL preferred,and over 1000 hrs total time. Desired experience should include agricultural or mosquito control applicationtimes; tail wheel endorsement; multi-engine endorsement or the ability to obtain; night flying experience; and, IFRrated. Before hire, candidate must be acceptable to aviation insurance provider. After hire, candidate must becapable of obtaining Louisiana Department of Agriculture 8a Mosquito Control Application Certification within 6months. Training for this will be in-house.

Qualified individuals should send their resume to: Calcasieu Parish Mosquito Control, 1037 Tom WatsonRd, Lake Charles, LA. 70615. For more information call Jerome Guerringer at (337)437-3545.

Northwest Mosquito and Vector Control District - 2 Positions Available

1) VECTOR ECOLOGIST - plans and conducts surveillance of vectors and vector-borne diseases, keepsrecords, prepares reports, gives presentations, performs biological and chemical lab work; carries out limitedresearch; operates computer and other electronic equipment; implements safety measures; trains staff; partici-pates in land and water use issues; attends meetings, workshops; works with field staff; supervises personnel;and stays updated on new technology and techniques.

Qualifications: Individual must have doctorate degree in medical entomology or related fields;knowledge of ecol-ogy and biology of vectors, vector-borne diseases; thorough knowledge about computers and software, knowl-edge of pesticides.

Salary: $4353.00 - 5398.00 per month; excellent benefit package.

2) PUBLIC EDUCATION SPECIALIST - plans and conducts the District�s Public Education Program; givespresentations; prepares news release articles; informs the public about District services through news media;prepares illustrations; prepares and maintains catalog of slides, maps and photographs; operates computer andother electronic media; responsible for preparing and maintaining website; plans, conducts and coordinates con-tinuing education program; participates in staff training; maintains good report with staff, public and public entities;attends meetings and workshops; keeps updated in communication tools and job related issues.

Qualifications: Bachelors degree in biological or communication sciences, experience in interacting with com-munities and agencies, knowledge of vectors and vector-borne disease, good background in graphics.

Salary: $3,885.00 - $4,935.00 per month; excellent benefit package.

Other requirements for both positions: Must be able to perform all the duties outlines in the job description.Must pass the physical examination offered by the District. Must possess California driver�s license and mustmaintain the same in good standing throughout the employment. Must obtain certification from California StateHealth Department in required categories within one year of appointment.

Individual must complete District�s employment application in addition to resume. These are at-will positions.Additional details are available upon request.

For application and details contact:Major S. Dhillon, Ph.D. - District ManagerNorthwest Mosquito and Vector Control District1966 Compton AvenueCorona, CA 92881909-340-9792 E-mail: pintailduck@pe.net

Position Announcements

Deadline for applications: July 31, 2001(Deadline may be extended)

~~~a ~ ) : abby l la n

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Vectolex~ For ln~h Mlt~m~ ami eV~tytl1lng ln ~f'tW , VectoBac:> •• v

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by pt. 1)f~Au,, ';it4'Mf ~· ~ lju«. f'itt ';itutft aMI v. ~~

Currently, the most effective method for control of adult mos­quitoes is aerial application of pesticides. Application from air­craft affords mosquito control over large areas where access by (less effective) ground equipment is not possible. The adulticide is distributed at uniform rates from the aircraft, however, the down­wind deposit onto the vegetation and ground depends on the vol-

ume (diameter) and specific grav­ity of the individual droplets of material being applied. Large aerosol droplets that deposit rap­idly do not remain available for control of adult flying mosquitoes and therefore are considered waste. On the other hand, these large droplets may induce unfa­vorable environmental effects to other "non-target" species in ar-

18 Spring 2001

eas of higher levels of deposit. Protecting public health and wel­fare of residents and tourists while protecting the natural envi­ronment is a great responsibility to mosquito control professionals worldwide.

Biologists conducting habitat restoration studies within the Rookery Bay National Estuarine Reserve in Collier County, FL. observed dead or affected fiddler crabs within their research area. In an effort to determine the cause, the Collier Mosquito Con­trol District cooperated with and financially supported a study in which Rookery Bay biologists ob­served fiddler crab populations over a period of time surrounding normal mosquito control applica­tions. Chemical analysis of af­fected crabs in-d icated the presence of fenthion. There­ports offenthion residues follow­ing aerial mos­qu ito control sprays initiated concerns of ad­verse environ­mental effects. The Florida Mosquito Coordinating Council , appointed by the Governor, is composed of representatives of state and federal agencies, mos­quito control districts, environmen­talists and private citizens. They immediately established a Sub

Committee on Aerial Drift to study the problem and recommend so­lutions. Utilizing data generated by the Panama City Research Labo­ratory and Collier MCD in the late 1980s, the committee recom­mended an offset distance of one mile upwind of the Rookery Bay National Estuarine Reserve. The sub committee also recom­mended that research be funded and initiated to determine meth­odology to alleviate the environ­mental effects of deposits while insuring that nuisance and dis­ease bearing mosquitoes could be controlled.

Jim Robinson, Pasco County Mosquito Control District, had completed the construction a wind tunnel capable of producing wind

speeds up to 150 mph. That speed is comparable to that of aircraft used for mosquito control. Jim constructed the wind tunnel for the specific purpose of studying the effects of wind speed and nozzle angle on the production of

aerosol droplets from various nozzles. He had also designed a high-pressure system and com­pared droplet diameters to those generated by convent ional nozzles. Conventional flat fan nozzles (TeeJet 8002SS) operat­ing at a liquid flow pressure of 60 psi generated aerosol droplets within a 50-60mm VMD range. High-pressure hydraulic nozzles (1/8MIS) operating at 3000 psi generated aerosol droplets within a 20-30mm VMD range. Droplet sizes for both systems were de­termined using the DC-3 hot wire and a wind velocity of 150 knots in the wind tunnel.

Research in this area is sup­ported by two grants from Florida's Department of Agricul­ture and Consumer Services (DACS). Researchers from Florida A&M University Public Health Entomology Research and Education Center, w ith assis­tance from the FL DACS, FL DEP, USEPA, Canadian Military, numerous Florida mosquito con­trol districts and private industry, studied downwind movement (drift) and deposition of fenthion residues following ultra low volume applications for adult mosquito control. The Douglas C47 (DC-3) aircraft used in Collier County for aerial applications was equipped with flat fan nozzles attached to the rear (tail) wing of the aircraft. An experimental spray system was constructed by Jim Robinson and mounted on the same aircraft us­ing a separate tail boom. The pri­mary goal of this research was to reduce ground level deposits af­fecting non-target organisms (fid­dler crabs) while insuring the abil­ity to control adult mosquitoes. Ef­forts were made to reduce all vari­ables between replications ex­cept that of the aerosol droplet

spectra generated from the two dif­ferent nozzle systems.

The first study site was located with in the Everglades east of Naples, Florida. Fenthion was ap­plied at 0.52 fl oz per acre from a DC-3 aircraft flying at 150 mph and an altitude of 300ft. Sampling sta­tions located at 500-ft intervals downwind collected residues at ground level and on strings sus­pended in the air. Caged adult mosquitoes were used to deter­mine control efficacy and caged fiddler crabs to determine non-tar­get impact.

Data from single swath repli­cates indicated that 50% of the ap­plication from flat fan nozzles had deposited within 0.5 miles and ap-

proached 100% by 3 miles. Hy­draulic nozzles with smaller aero­sol droplets deposited 7% and 47% at the same respective dis­tances. Heavy deposits from the flat fan elicited 80-90 % mortality in terrestrial fiddler crabs while the hydraulic nozzles minimized the ground deposit and elicited no mor­tality from the fiddler crabs. Adult

mosquito control using hydrau­lic nozzles was better than that from flat fans.

The second site was adjacent to Rookery Bay National Estua­rine Reserve within the MCD's normal control program. Within this area, entomologists from the district operate mosquito light traps and conduct landing rate counts on a daily basis to moni­tor the effectiveness of their mos­quito control applications. Resi­due and efficacy data downwind from eight swaths on 1 060-ft cen­ters were collected throughout 5 miles from the most upwind swath. The adulticide delivered by flat fan nozzles introduced sig­nificant deposition throughout the treated block and beyond as compared to that recovered from the high-pressure hydraul ic nozzles. Residue concentrations approached 3000!-lg per square meterforflatfan nozzles. In con­trast, peak residue deposits of 50!-lg per square meter were typical for high-pressure hydrau­lic nozzles. Fiddler crab mortal­ity reached a high of 80% in the area of high deposition whereas the mortality exhibited through­out the area beneath the high pressure system was less than that observed in the untreated controls. Mosquito mortality be­tween 1.5 and 3 miles was com­parable for both systems with major differences at distances beyond 3 miles. Hydraulic nozzles producing smaller aero­sol droplets enhanced mosquito control averag ing 80% at 5 miles. Quality of control beyond that point was not monitored.

This research indicates that a reduction in droplet size will im­prove adult mosquito control , drastically reduce ground depos­its and non-target species im­pact. In contrast to agricultural

continued on page 22

'if/~ &au Spring 2001 19

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Com1par1~son of Deposit and 'Mosquito, Mortal~1y after ,Eight Swaths of Baytex Aeria~ Spray from Flat Fan and H~gh Pressure Hydraulic N:ozz~es (Data and Trend of Three Reps Ea~ch)

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continued from page 22

practices, movement of very small aerosol droplets is desirable for mosquito control and depositing material over residential areas is wasteful and detrimental. Tradi­tional methods of collecting visible droplets on dye cards and/or oleophobic surfaces (slides) to determine if we hit the target may demonstrate just that "We hit the target zone." It doesn't mean that that is where we achieved our

lesser environmental concern even when using current less ef­ficient spray systems.

A movement by the mosquito control industry toward a more ef­f icient atomization system will dramatically improve the effi­ciency with which we conduct business. Published data indi­cates that aerosol droplets be­tween 1 0-30 microns in diameter are most efficient for impinge-

~~E~~~~~~~~=~=-l ment onto adult mosqui-1 · toes. Therefore , we

best level of adult mosquito con­trol. A thorough knowledge of at­mospheric conditions and prevail­ing winds during the time of ap­pl ication plus an adequate time for downwind movement of the aerosol droplets is critical for op­t imizing results. Utilization of the data ga ined in these stud ies should aid in the planning and placement of aerial appl ications to improve mosqu ito control where it is needed while also al­low ing appl icators to better choose a "treatment block" of

should strive to produce the greatest percentage (80+%) of our appl ication volume in a droplet spec­tra of 30 microns or less. Droplets larger than this are essentially wasted and are detrimental to the environment.

The "high-pressure sys­tem" used in these studies was a prototype. Improve­

ments have already been achieved and nozzles other than high pressure are being tested Remember that the droplet size spectra within the spray cloud is the most important factor but we must know and understand the dy­namics of movement following release to most efficiently and effectively utilize the adulticide for control as well as environmental protection.

Dr. Jim Dukes, Professor , Dr. Harry Zhong, Assistant Professor, Mike Greer, Biological Scientist, Phil Hester (ret), Mulrennan Public Health Entomology Research and Education Center (PHEREC), Florida A & M University, 4000 Frankford Ave., Panama City, FL 32405 850.872.4184, FAX: 850.872.4733 and Don Hogan, Collier Mosquito Control District, Naples, FL 34104; 941.436.1000, FAX: 941 .436.1005

The 54th Annual Meeting of the Utah Mosquito Abatement Association will be held Sept. 30 -Oct. 2, 2001 at the Marriott, Provo, UT. Contact Glen Collect, 801-355-9221 or email at glencollect@hotmail.com for more information.

The Ohio Mosquito Control Association Annual Conference will be held October 28-30, 2001 at the Clar ion Hotel, Middleburg Heights, OH. Contact Brad Chaney at brad.chaney@cinhlthe.rcc.org for details.

The LMCAITMCA Joint Annual Fall Meeting wil be held October 29 - 31 , 2001 at the Isle of Capri Hotel, Westlake, LA. Contact Lucas Terrac ina or Scott Will is at 337.437.3545.

FMCA Annual Fall Meeting will be held November 11-14, 2001 at the Sanibel Harbour Resort & Spa, Ft. Myers, FL. See the FMCA web page (www.floridamosquito.org) for more information

The Pennsylania Vector Con­trol Association will hold its Con­ference on November 14- 16, 2001 at the Days Inn/State College. Con-tact Jacquelyn Hakim at 570.420.3525 or jahakim@stroudsburg .com or Carmen Reichard, 724.981.2412, clreichard@hotmail.com

Dodd Plenary Short Courses will be held January 28 - February 1 , 2002 at the Sheraton Hotel, Gainesville, FL.

AMCA Annual Meeting. Febru­ary 18-20,2002. Adam's Mark Hotel, Denver, CO

Spring 2001 25

mSURANCECOVERAGEFOR MOSQUITO CONTROL

or "What do you mean, the ATV is missing!?"

byZ}~~ad~~

INTRODUCTION. Indian River Mosquito Control District (IRMCD) learned the hard way what kinds of insurance coverage were needed to protect its investment in equipment and vehicles. Two all-terrain-ve­hicles (ATVs) were stolen from their compound. They soon discovered that even though the ATVs were individually listed under the AUTO pol icy, they had not been designated for "comprehensive" coverage (which covers physical damage and theft rather than coll isions), so they were not covered.

An important management consideration for a mosquito control organization is making certain that you have the proper insurance coverage. The comic Woody Allen has joked that anyone who questions the existence of eternity has never spent an hour with an insurance salesman. That statement may seem true to those of us who do not work in the insurance industry. However, that hour spent could be your most impor­tant hour if it solves your insurance problems before they arise. The lesson to be learned from the preced­ing example is to make certain all items have the proper coverage designations.

TYPICAL INSURANCE NEEDS. Typical coverage for mosquito control organizations may include:

PROPERTY INLAND MARINE COMMERCIAL GENERAL LIABILITY (including POLLUTION LIABILITY) PUBLIC OFFICIALS' ERRORS & OMISSIONS (E&O) AUTO WORKERS COMPENSATION

AIRCRAFT coverage is necessary whether a mosquito control office owns its own aircraft or contracts with a flying service.

PROPERTY coverage includes damage to buildings and furnish­ings. Stationary off-site property (e.g., pumps) should also be declared. Damage may be from fire, theft, vandalism, etc., depending on the spe­cific pol icy. Property value should be adequately defined with the de­ductible set at an amount w ith which you are comfortable. Higher deductibles can be chosen to reduce premiums. A common property option is a replacement cost policy with $1 ,000 deductible. The prop­erty schedule should be reviewed annually to make certain the values stay in line with inflation .

INLAND MARINE coverage includes mobile-type equipment (excluding vehicles). It can include such items as radios, phones, laptop computers, movable pumps, tractors, backhoes and all-terrain-vehicles. Hazards may be the same or similar to PROPERTY coverage. INLAND MARINE replacement cost cover­age with a $500 deductible is common.

COMMERCIAL GENERAL LIABILITY (CGL). CGL is the coverage which insures the party should he/ she become legally obligated to pay because of a bodily injury or property damage claim resulting from his/

26 Spring 2001

27Spring 2001Wing Beats

her operations. In this era of increased litigation and concern with the application of pesticides, LIABILITYcoverage is essential. In Florida, most governmental agencies are covered by �Sovereign Immunity� whichlimits suits to $100,000. �Sovereign Immunity� makes it difficult for a governmental agency to be sued, butnot impossible. It is wise to have LIABILITY coverage up to several million dollars. Liability deductiblestypically range from $1,000 to $10,000.

WHAT KIND OF LIABILITY INSURANCE SHOULD YOU HAVE?

To an insurance non-professional, policies may include confusing exclusions and endorsements,with double-negatives in-between. Thus, it is important that an insurance professional review proposals tomake certain adequate coverage is being offered, especially in regard to pollution. Obtaining insurancethrough a bid process can be a chore but it provides an opportunity to compare policies and prices. Overthe past several years, IRMCD has seen tremendous growth in competition which has translated into bettercoverage with lower premiums.

An important consideration is which type of LIABILITY coverage to buy. �OCCURRENCE� coverage isfor harm suffered by others because of events occurring while a policy is in force, regardless of when aclaim is made. In this case, a claim can be made years later for damage which occurred when the policywas in force and that �OCCURRENCE� policy will still be responsible.

A �CLAIMS-MADE� policy is one that covers a claim made during the time period when the policy isin effect; the company is responsible, regardless of when the damage occurred. When switching from a�CLAIMS-MADE� to an �OCCURRENCE� policy, it is necessary to purchase �tail coverage� to prevent anygaps in coverage which may occur in the transition.

Spring 2001 Wing Beats28

�POLLUTION� coverage is probably the mostimportant LIABILITY coverage that a mosquito con-trol office needs. According to insurance definitions,mosquito control pesticides are considered a �pol-lutant,� and damage due to their application is ex-cluded by the typical CGL policy. However, it can bemade available by �endorsement.�

PUBLIC OFFICIALS� ERRORS & OMISSIONS(E&O). E&O is professional coverage for negligentacts or omissions by individuals which result in bodilyinjury, personal injury or property damage. Boardmembers or commissioners are not excluded fromlitigation as they can also be sued personally so it isimportant that directors, board members, trusteesand commissioners be included as named insureds.Many policies covering public officials� liability havean exclusion for pollution, which may not be to youradvantage, so review your policy. Various limits areavailable with deductibles from $1,000 to $10,000.

EMPLOYMENTPRACTICESLIABILITYCOVER-AGE is also recommended in case an employee,feeling he/she has been sexually harassed or dis-criminated against, sues a manager.

AUTO. In addition to collision and comprehen-sive coverage, make certain that your AUTO liabilitylimits are appropriate. An accident with spray truck,for instance, could also result in a pollution claim.That is usually not covered in most auto policies; besure your insurance includes this coverage. Mostagencies purchase minimum liability limits of$1,000,000 liability with excess limits up to$5,000,000. Many districts choose to self-insuretheir vehicles for physical damage, but unless youroffice has sufficient reserves, it is recommended thatphysical damage coverage be included in your pro-gram.

AIRCRAFT. Mosquito control offices that ownaircraft usually purchase an Aviation Third Party Li-ability policy. However, this does not include cover-age for damage to the aircraft. For that, hull cover-age is needed. Hull particular coverage can be pur-chased for full flight (damage while in-motion) orground risk only (not-in-motion). If your aircraft car-ries passengers, you have an exposure (risk) forpassenger liability. If chemical applications aremade, an exposure for chemical liability claims ex-ists (chemical liability is not included under third party

liability coverage). Intoday�s market, aviationthird party liability limitsare purchased from$1,000,000 to a high of$10,000,000. Chemicalliability limits can be pur-chased up to $500,000. Ifcontracting with a flyingservice, it is important thatthe contractor�s insurance

policy is adequate, including chemical liability cov-erage. A certificate of insurance naming the mos-quito control agency as an additional insured isneeded. An aviation liability policy is also availablefor non-owned aircraft.

WORKERS COMPENSATION. All employersmust carry WORKERS COMPENSATION insuranceto cover injuries that occur on the job. An importantconsideration when choosing a WORKERS COM-PENSATION company is to make certain that it isaggressive in investigating claims that the employerbelieves may be fraudulent as this can save youmoney in the long run. As managers, we want tomake certain our employees receive the propermedical attention for legitimate claims. However,potentially fraudulent claims should be reviewed andchallenged when appropriate. WORKERS COM-PENSATION programs typically offer credits for asafety program and a drug-free workplace. Estab-lishing an accident review board is recommended.WORKERS COMP is now migrating to �managedcare� arrangements for handling claims. A �man-aged care� program is one where an injured em-ployee is assigned to an approved physician for ini-tial treatment and then, if subsequent treatment isneeded, is referred to a specialist. This is intendedto provide quick initial treatment with fraudulentclaims being weeded out at the outset.

MOSQUITO CONTROL INSURANCE �TALES OFWOE�

At IRMCD several years ago we were sued by aresident for allegedly not spraying his neighborhood.Upon informing our insurance company of the pos-sibility of such legal action moving forward, the com-pany responded that we were not covered in thisinstance because our coverage was for actions wedid improperly, not something we did not do (i.e.,allegedly not spraying). Upon threat of a suit by our

continued on page 34

:

West Nile Virus · c~ ~~ .. An explosion of W'eb sites . "'!'! ""'

l ew~ by 7om '9ftwte Md fJad, P~

Over the last year munerous WNV sites have been developed. The sites listed here are only a few new ones and may be useful WNV reference sites for you. Most Southern States now have sites. The AMCA web site (www.mosquito.org) offers up to date infmmation.

The Dis1Iict ofColumbiaDepruiment ofHealth http://www.dchealth.com/mosquitoes.htm

New Hampshire's Deprutrnent of Health and Human http:/ /www.dhhs.state.nh.us/Index.nsf?Open Services

North Carolina Public Health Pest Management http://www.deh.em.state.nc.us/phpm/pages/

Massachusetts Deprutrnent ofPublic Health http:/ /www.state.ma.us/dphlpubstats.htm#cdcfact

Maine State Bmeau ofHealth http://janus.state.me.us/dhs/bohlindex.htm

Vetmont Depru1ment ofHealth http://www.state.vt.us/healthlrecord/ westnile5 .htm

VIrginia Department of Health http://www.vdh.state.va.us/

Delawru·e Deprutrnent of Health http://www.state.de.us/dhss/dphlwnvmain.htm

State ofRhode Island Depru1ment ofHealth http:/ /www.state.de.us/dhss/dphlwnvmain.htm

Kentuck.'Y Health Setvices http:/ /publichealth.state.ky.us/west _nile_ vims.htm

Louisiana ru·bovirus database http://ru·bonet.caeph.tulane.edu/

South Carolina DHEC Mosquito Control http:/ /www.scdhec.net

Flmida West Nile VIrus Iufmmation Page http://doacs.state.fl.us/ai/wnv2000.htm

Tom Floore is an entomologist and Dr. Jack Petersen is an Assistant Professor at PHEREC, FAMU in Panama City, FL 32405. Their e-mail addresses are: T omfloo@knology .net and drjack3@hotmail.com.

Editor's Note: Roger Nasci with CDC has announced that the West Nile Virus surveillance maps are now available on the internet at: httpJ/cindi.usgs.gov/hazard/event/west_nile/west_nile.html . Mapping of West Nile virus surveillance data is being coordinated through the United States Geological Service (USGS) Center for Integration of Natural Disaster Information (CINDI).

30 Spring 2001

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Spring 2001 31

D'nlario Drive & Gear Umitell ITu" 2~0. 220 Qenu~~ C1mr1

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33Spring 2001Wing Beats

MosquitoA Natural History of Our MostPersistent and Deadly FoeBy Andrew Spielman, Sc.D., and Michael D’Antonio

ScienceJune 2001256 pages$21.95US/$29.95CANISBN: 0-7868-6781-7Hyperion Presshttp://www.hyperionbooks.com/2001spring/mosquito.htm

From a world-renowned expert on mosquitoes and a prize-winning reporter comes afascinating work of popular science - a comprehensive study of the insect itself, itsrole in history, and its threat to mankind.

From its irritating whine to the sting and itch of its bite, the mosquito ranks near thebottom of mankind�s list of favorite creatures. But these tiny insects, once merely aseasonal annoyance, now are capturing headlines worldwide as new informationemerges about the diseases they carry, their migratory population, and their growingresistance to pesticides.

continued from page28

attorney, the company quickly reconsidered and re­sponded that they would cover us. No further action was taken by the claimant. Ironically, the claimant was a county jail inmate when the suit was filed. We are not certain if he was in jail when the alleged non-spray­ing occurred.

Elsewhere, there was an instance in which a tax­payer lawsuit was fi led against a mosquito control dis­trict for breach of fiduciary duty. The lawsuit also in­cluded the board members, both jointly and individu­ally. The case was resolved between the courts and the insurance company. However, approximately $8,000 in defense costs were incurred. The district's public officials liability pol icy included the board mem­bers as named insureds, so they did not have to cover those costs. Because legal fees today can be exorbi­tant, make certain that your policies include defense costs.

SUMMARY. When deciding on a new method of operations, frequently the question arises: "Will that action open us up to litigation?" While answering "yes" should not be enough to stop, it does put into perspec­tive consequences of even a well-intentioned action. If you have questions, before you act, have your insur­ance agent review your policy and point out any po­tential coverage gaps. Over the past several years, insurance policies have evolved to better address mosquito control organizations' needs. Carefully re­view your current policy to make sure you have the broadest coverage available to el iminate insurance "woes."

Douglas Carlson Indian River Mosquito Control District Vero Beach, FL 32961-0670 dcarlson1 @hotmail.com

Jean Craig Southwest Assurance Corporation of Florida Vice President, Underwriting Tampa, FL 33601-3364 jean.craig@protectorplan.com

The inclusion of this article in Wing Beats should not be construed as an endorsement of any particular insurance company by the AMCA or FMCA.

71&e &dtt~<r-4-

34 Spring 2001

From the

Editor-in-Chief Z'~~

We are looking for interesting technical or field-related articles about mosquitoes, mosquito control and related topics. The articles do not have to be "scientific" in nature and are usually not too long - usually a page or two (800 -1,600 words).

Forward articles and graphics to:

PHEREC Attn: Tom Floore 4000 Frankford Avenue Panama City, FL 32405-1933 Tel: (850)872-4184 ext 30 Fax: (850)872-4733 email: Floore _ T@popmail.frrn.edu

Tom Floore assisted in the production ofthis issue by helping with article solicitation, article selection, performing the initial layout oftext and graphics and help in editing. Give Tom a pat on the back when you get a chance.

Mosquitoes of Florida

Professor Jim Cilek, Florida A & M University, advises us that copies of the newly revised ~ Ia tlk tldalt .'7emafed and .'7awdli .7!Mf.alt .&wae at tlk .!lkdcptiloe.1 at .'7&vtida ( :Uiptem: &licidae) by R. F. Darsie, Jr. and C. D. Morris (2000), publ ished in the Technical Bulletin ofthe Florida Mosquito Con­trol Association, (159 pp.) as Vol. 1 (revised), are now available at $25.00 each. Contact Shelly Redovan, Executive Director, Florida Mosquito Control Association, P.O. Box 60837, Fort Myers, FL 33906. Tel: 941 .694.217 4

35Spring 2001Wing Beats

OPPORTUNITY TO HOSTAMCA ANNUAL MEETINGS

2005 � WESTERN 3RD OF UNITED STATES

2006 � MID-UNITED STATES

Contact the AMCA Central Office for bid submissionrequirements, procedures and deadlines:

e-mail Robby Kiley at amca@mosquito.org or phone her at732-932-0667

... ~··:·"' ........... "'~· ,. -~·,.,. ~ .. ··.··.'·

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The Florida Mosquito Control Association Foundation is now accepting applications for the T. Wainwright Miller, Jr. Florida Mosquito Control Association Scholarship. The purpose of the Scholarship is to encourage and assist students having a major in Biological, Ecological and/or Entomological studies who are seeking degrees relevant to arthropod control, with particular emphasis on Public Health fields.

The following criteria have been established to choose qualified applicants for the award:

1. The student shall be an undergraduate, have completed two years of academic study with a minimum of 30 credit hours.

2. The student shall be a United States citizen residing in the State of Florida.

3. The student shall have maintained an overall grade point average of 3.0 (out of 4.0) during the last 2 years of academic study.

4. The student shall be enrolled in an accredited College or University in the State of Florida.

5. The student shall be majoring in a field of study having relevance to arthropod control and/or public health.

6. The student shall be required to submit three letters of recommendation, two of which are from professors affiliated with an accredited College or University in which the student is enrolled.

7. The student shall be required to have a grade point average of 3.0, or better, in the major field of study.

8. The student shall be encouraged to seek summer employment with a local mosquito control district for at least one summer during the award period.

9. The scholarship recipient will be provided a gratis membership in FMCA during the period of the award. The recipient is expected to attend at least one of the two annual Florida Mosquito Control Association meetings.

PROCEDURE FOR SUBMITTING APPLICATION

A completed application must contain the following:

1. Name, address, telephone number of applicant, University or College where enrolled, major, overall grade point average, grade point average in major, and number of credit hours completed.

2. Statement from the student concerning interest in public health entomology, career goals, and other factors pertinent to scholastic ability which illustrate qualifications for the scholarship (limited to two typewritten pages [single or double-spaced] on one side only).

3. Three typewritten statements from three persons (two are which from professors from the person's academic institution) who are knowledgeable individuals attesting to entomological interests, character and aptitude.

4. An original copy of current official transcripts of college grades (this may be sent separately). Send only one set of original transcripts per application package.

36

5. One photograph (black and white, passport size) per application package.

Four copies of application materials should be mailed to the Executive Director, Shelly Redovan, Florida Mosquito Control Association, P.O. Box 60837, Fort Myers, FL 33906 and postmarked on or before August 31, 2001 .

Spring 2001

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38

To Spray or Not To Spray?

Ho~ do you 1nake your spray decisions?

We want to know!

The Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory w ill be conducting a survey of mosquito and vector control

agencies about spray decisions. We are interested in factors contributing to a decision to spray (or not to spray).

These might include trap catches, weather, anticipated mosquito populations, complaints, upcoming holidays (or where the commissioners live?). Whatever they are, w e

want to know about them!

The goal of this survey is a better understanding of how these decisions are made operationally, in the real w orld.

This information is critical to designing improved management programs and software, and to give us a

better picture of the current state of the art. The results will be disseminated to the mosquito control community.

We would like as much participation as possible, from a wide geographic area. We plan to disseminate the survey

by web site, email and snail mail.

Spring 2001

If you would like to participate, please contact us!

Roxanne Rutledge 561-778-7200 X 158

e-maii:CRR@GNV.IFAS.UFL.EDU or

Cynthia Lord 561-778-7200 X 157

e-maii:CCL@GNV.IFAS.UFL.EDU

Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory UF-IFAS 200 9th St. SE Vero Beach, FL 32962

.• ~! UNYVERSJn·· OF

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