1_introduction pete 478

8/18/2019 1_Introduction PETE 478

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PET E 478

Thermal Methods in Heavy OilRecovery

Andy LiUniversity of Alberta

Winter 2016


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Light and Heavy Oils


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World Oil Reserves

Oilfield Review, 2006


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Worldwide Heavy Oil Reserves byo!ntry

David Law, SPE Distinguished Lecture, 2011


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Canada’s Oil Sands

• Holds 1.8 trillion bbl. 169 billion bbl

eono!ially reoverable reserves

• 9"# of Canada’s oil reserves

• $inin% for & "0 !• 'n sit( !et)ods for * "0 !

JPT ug 201!


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Heavy Oil Recovery Methods



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TH"# $ Toe%to%Heel "ir#n&ection

Greeves et al., 2005


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'iscosity

Dr" #ave$ %arrant&n's Research (r&u), * &f +algar$


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Heat Trans(er $ )cience inthe *itchen

htt)s--www"$&utu.e"c&/-user-/rie)lains-featured

• Conduction

• Convection

• Radiation


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Trans(er )"-.

)team is !sed to heat !,reservoir/

www"a)e"c&")-


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Mass Trans(er $ How toTrans,ort 0it!men11

htt)--www"al.erta&il/againe"c&/-2013-03-.e$&nd4diluent-

Adding diluent (solvent)!


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" Per(ect E+am,le $ MassTrans(er

'a,or E+traction 2'"PE3

htt)--)trc"ca-)r&ects-ive-

research

Das 1998, SPE

ournal

tr"."a#ro$e"ts#$i

ve#resear"%

&ela"e stea' it% solvent (e.g., * gas)!


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ass rans er an aseE5!ilibri!m

nd$ Li's Research (r&u), * &f l.erta


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Three%Phase E5!ilibri!m


+!#5+O2#eav$ Oil S$ste/s


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Who invented these twomethods1

• +orn in 192" in 'lford, -n%land

• )/ in )e!ial en%ineerin% fro! Londons

'!erial Colle%e in 191

• '!!i%rated to Canada in 191

• He too3 a )e!ial en%ineerin% tea)in% ost

at 4(eens University in 5in%ston, Ontario.

•Wor3ed for '!erial Oil for 2" years sine 19

• 198, /iretor of te)nial ro%ra!s for t)e

Alberta Oil Sands 7e)nolo%y and esear)

A(t)ority

• -ndoed C)air of etrole(! -n%ineerin% at t)e

University of Cal%ary (ntil 199• 'n 1996, +(tler fo(nded GravDrain Inc., a

resear) and ons(ltin% o!any for t)e )eavy

oil ind(stry, and as its resident (ntil )e

assed aay in $ay 200.

Dr. &oger +. utler


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Two Historic Pa,ers

7utler R"8", 8c9a. ("S", L& #"%" :1;51< The&retical studies

&n the gravit$ drainage &f heav$ &il during stea/ heating" Can.

J. Chem. Eng. =;, 3==4360"


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7utler R"8", 8&>r$s, ?"J" :1;5;< S&lvent anal&g /&del &f stea/4

assisted gravit$ drainage" AOSTRA J. Res. = :1


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Why not Heat and MassTrans(er11



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)cience in the *itchen and0ac6yard

-/rid Stea'Solvent Pro"ess


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%Process

o!rse Ob&ective


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o!rse Ob&ective• :(nda!ental !e)anis!s of t)er!al !et)ods for

)eavy oil and bit(!en

• $at)e!atial desrition of t)ese !et)ods

• Aliation of vario(s !et)ods it)in Canadianonte;t

•$ost i!ortant t)ree ter!s in t)is o(rse<

=isosity

Heat 7ransfer

$ass 7ransfer


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ontents and Timeline

• Course Outline:• C)ater 1 'ntrod(tion to 7)er!al eovery

>Slides?

• C)ater 2 7)er!odyna!is >+oard?

• C)ater Cond(tion and Convetionit)in eservoirs >+oard?


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• C)ater @ Stea! :loodin% >+oard?

• C)ater Cyli Stea! Sti!(lation

>+oard?

• C)ater 6 Stea! Assisted ravity

/raina%e >SA/? >+oard?


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Re(erence 0oo6s

• o%er $. +(tler’s B+la3 +oo3< Thermal Recovery of Oil and

Bitumen. rentieDHall, 'n. 1991.

•reen /.W.E Will)ite ..< Enhanced Oil Recovery. S-’sBed +oo3. 1998.


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#TRO.T#O TO

THERM"L REO'ER9

-7 - @"8 C)ater 1.


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Recovery Methods


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EOR -!ideline

Aille/ Schulte, 200;


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Thermal Methods

• Aliation of )eat to reover oil – Heat !ay be alied by inFetin%

• Hot ater

• Stea!

– Heat !ay be %enerated inDsit( by• Co!b(stion

• -letrial resistane

• 7)er!al reovery !ay also bealiable to li%)t oils, b(t visosity

red(tion is less for li%)t oils.


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Thermal Methods

• Ao(nt for @1",6" +O/, 6# of t)etotal for all -O !et)ods >Oil and as

Go(rnal 2000?

• rod(tion rate )as been essentially flat

for !ore t)an 1 years

• Co!le; reovery roesses

Estimated ost o( a 0arrel o(


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Estimated ost o( a 0arrel o(#n&ectant


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) EOR Pro&ect om,arison


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EOR :;


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Oil Ty,es

• Oil tyes are %enerally defined by – /ensity >A' %ravity?

– )ase at standard onditions

–=isosity


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Light and Heavy Oils


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Pro,erties o( Heavy Oils

• =isosity

• /ensity – A' & 20 >no (niversal definitionsE e.g.,

A' & 0 aordin% to edersen?

• Sol(tion %as ontent – Us(ally lo

131"= 1!1"= API SG= −


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'age ourtes o3 ono"oP%ilis

Th l R


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Thermal RecoveryMechanisms

• =isosity red(tion >inl(din% t)er!alra3in% at te!erat(res above 00:?

• 7)er!al e;ansion

• Wettability )an%e• /istillationI=aoriJation

• 'nterfaial tension >':7? red(tion

• Sol(tion %as drive

• -!(lsion drive t)at i!rove see

effiieny

Th l R


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Thermal RecoveryMechanisms

Sch/idt 1;55


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Ty,es o( Thermal Pro&ects

• Hot ater drive• Stea! drive

• CSS >a.3.a. stea! soa3 and )(ff’n (ff?

• SA/• 'nDsit( o!b(stion

• Solvent SA/

• 'nDsit( eletrial )eatin% and

eletro!a%neti )eatin%


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Thermal Oil Prod!ction

• Canada – 2 lar%e yli stea! sti!(lation >CSS?

roFets >D200$+I/?

–6 lar%e stea!Dassisted %ravity draina%e>SA/? roFets >D120$+I/?

• =eneJ(ela – CSS >D0$+I/?

• 'ndonesia – /(ri stea! drive >D190$+I/?

Oil and (as J&urnal EOR Surve$ 2003 and 2005


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Hot Water .rive

• Si!lest t)er!al !et)od• Oil reovery en)aned by t)er!al

e;ansion and loered !obility ratio

• -ner%y ontent is !() loer t)anstea!

• $aFor o!!erial aliation in t)e

S)oonebee3 field, Holland, for oil of180 >+ober% 1969 Oil and Gas

Journal ?


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)team .rive

• Widely (sed, and is resent to so!ee;tent in all t)er!al roesses

• -ner%y ontent !() %reater t)an )ot

ater • Oil reovery !() )i%)er t)an )ot ater


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)team .rive

• Oil is ontated in seK(ene first byold ater, t)en by )ot ater, and finally

by stea!.

•Oil is !oved by old ater, F(st as in aater flood.

7&.erg 1;55


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))

• Sin%le ell roess – 'nFet stea!, s)(t in >Bsoa3?, t)en rod(e

– 7yial reovery 20D@0#

–Used as a re(rsor to stea! floodin%

– All ells an be rod(in% nearly all t)e

ti!e


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))

• H(ntin%ton +ea) :ield• :ive yles

• Little dro in ea3 rod(tion


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Motivations (or )"-.

• Canadian bit(!en is too viso(s to(s) (sin% inFeted fl(ids

• See effiieny of stea! floods anbe lo in e;traD)eavy oil and bit(!en – ravity override


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)"-.


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)"-.

• 7o )oriJontal ells >inFetor aboverod(er?

• Stea! ondenses at interfae

• Oil and ondensate drain to rod(er • ravity draina%e it)in )eated Jone

• Heated )a!ber %ros (ards and

sideays


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Preliminary )creening


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Preliminary )creening


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Thermal Methods

• Li!ited to det)s less t)an 2000 ! d(eto )ase be)avior of ater >or stea!?.

• onDt)er!al otions o(ld be

referred, if t)ey are viable.• redo!inant e;endit(res are in ne

ells and failities.


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EOR ost 0rea6down

Schulte, 200;


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)team%Oil Ratio 2)OR

• One of i!ortant eono!i ara!etersin t)er!al !et)ods

• +arrels of stea! in old atereK(ivalent reK(ired to rod(e a bbl of

oil. –

:or e;a!le, a SO of indiates t)at bbls of ater as (sed to %enerate t)e

a!o(nt of stea! reK(ired to rod(e a bbl

of oil.


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on%Thermal EOR Methods

• oly!er floodin% – 'nrease t)e vol(!e of reservoir ontated

by t)e dislain% fl(id

–

/oes not reovery resid(al oil traed byaillary fores

• C)e!ial and %as floodin% – $obiliJe traed oil in set re%ions

– See is an iss(e eseially for )eavy oils

%P


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Process• Syneri!e advantaes of steam and solvent

• Enhance oil rates and lo"er steam oil ratio

• Reduce CO# emission

David Law SPE Distin uished Lecture 2011

0est )olvent Pro,osed 0y


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est )o e t o,osed yLiterat!re

$iterature Best solvent to %e

added in S&GD

Reason

S)( and

Hart!an, 1988

'edium solvents 7)e res(lts are based on

stea! flood n(!erial res(lts.

(re !edi(!Dvolatility solvent

is s(%%ested.

asr et al.,200E Li and

$a!ora, 2010.

n(C) or n(C* Solvent it) a o!arablevaoriJation te!erat(re as

ater.

(ta and

ittins, 2012

n(C+ and n(C :o(nd to better solvents

o!ared to C and nDC6

based on t)eir analytial

sol(tions.


Ardali et al.,2010E 2012

n(C) -;eri!ental res(lts s)o t)at nDC6

%ives a )i%)er oil reovery t)an n


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2010E 2012 %ives a )i%)er oil reovery t)an nD

C6.

G)a et al.,

201

n(C- A li%)ter solvent it) a loer

visosity, a )i%)er volatility and a

)i%)er !olar onentration in

stea! is !ore referable.

5es)avarJ et

al., 201@

n(C-, n(C+ and n(

C)

7)e best solvents are nDC@, nDC

and nDC6 based on t)e synt)eti

si!(lation and fieldDsalesi!(lation st(dies.

alvao et al.,

201@

n(C /eter!ined based on t)e

o!arative analysis beteen nDC

and nDC9

7)is st(dy n(C+ Co!arative eval(ation of t)ree

solvents >nDC@, nDC and nDC6? in

ter!s of = of t)e solventD

assisted SA/ roFet.


)olvent sed in =ield


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Literat(re :ield test Solvent (sed eneral observation

S(nor

-ner%y 'n.,200

S(nor’s en)aned

t)er!al solvent roFetat :ireba% >2001?

ro/ane, %utane

and diesel

ositive

(ta and

ittins, 2006

-nCana’s solvent

aided roess >SA?

roFet< Senla SA/

>2002?

0+ "t1 of %utane ositive

Lea(te and

Corey, 200E

200"

'!erial Oil’s liK(id

addition to stea! for

en)aned reovery

>LAS-? it) CSS at

Cold La3e >2002?

) vol1 of C+2

condensate

3averae car%on

num%er: ).+4

ositive

(ta and

ittins, 2006

-nCana’s e;andin%D

solvent SA/ roFet

at C)ristina La3e

>200@?

Butane ositive



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Orr, 2009E

Orr et al.,

2010

e;en’s -S

SA/ roFet

>2006?

05 vol1 of C*(C0#

initially, and reduced to

+ vol1 later

diso(ra%in%

Lea(te and

Carey,

200.

'!erial Oil<

LAS-? it)

CSS at Cold

La3e >2002?

) vol1 of C+2

condensate

-no(ra%in%

+oone,2011E

-lliott,

2012

'!erial Oil<SA SA/ at

Cold La3e

>2010?

+(#5 vol1 of diluent"ith hydrocar%ons

mainly "ith car%on

num%er %et"een C+

and C)

-no(ra%in%

Orr, 2009 S(nor’s -SSA/ roFet

at :ireba%

6a/htha "ith averaecar%on num%er of 7

diso(ra%in%

4 tend to give /etter results in 3ield ilots!nd$ Li's Research (r&u), * &f l.erta


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How to hoose the 0est


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How to hoose the 0est)olvent

Balancin the three factors:

C)a!ber ed%e te!erat(re red(tion

effet

=isosity red(tion effet >li%)ter M better?

As)altene reiitation, otential

for!ation da!a%e >)eavier M better?

2


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2ect

%a et al., 2016

2


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2ect

7es%avar et al., 2014

2: 'iscosity red!ction e>ect


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2 y

as: -and/oo; o3


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2? "s,haltene ,reci,itatione>ect

uenrostroGonale et al., 2004

What is the 0est )olvent1


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What is the 0est )olvent1

+ar.&n 9u/.er

Stea'"%a'/er

edge


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The Trend -reener HeavyOil Prod!ction 2Waterless

•

SolarDt)er!al Stea! eneration-letro!a%neti Heatin%

Ai>i)edia A&rldBs first c&//ercial s&lar EOR )r&ect, l&cated in Cern +&untr$,

+, *S"

El t ti H ti


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Electromagnetic Heating

1_introduction pete 478

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