1.embedded presentation final

An Insight into Embedded system DesignPantech solutions Pvt LtdChennai-17

2008 Pantech Solutions | All rights reserved

OutlineIntroductionApplication AreasESD Development CycleHardware Selection & Pitfalls ProtocolsWireless CommunicationsSummaryConclusionQuestions?



Intelligent SystemsGadgets are increasingly becoming Intelligent and Autonomous.

The Intelligence of these Smart Devices resides in Embedded Systems.

What is Embedded System in General?

It is a combination of Computer Hardware, Software and perhaps additional Mechanical Parts, designed to perform a Specific Function.


Desktop Vs. Embedded SystemIn contrast to Desktops that performs a Variety of Tasks, an Embedded System performs a Single, Well-Defined Task.

The System has a Processor, Associated Peripherals, and Software for a Specific Purpose.

For example, in a Mobile Phone the Embedded Processor needs to Process Voice (to Send and Receive Speech Signals) as well as implement Communication Protocols.

The Hardware is Custom Built for the Specific Purpose.


Generalization of Application AreasEmbedded Systems cover such a broad range of products that generalization is difficult. Here are some broad categories:Aerospace and Defense ElectronicsAutomotiveBroadcast and EntertainmentConsumer and Internet AppliancesData CommunicationDigital ImagingIndustrial Measurement and ControlTelecommunicationsMobile Data Infrastructures etc. 2008 Pantech Solutions | All rights reserved


Digital Consumer MarketsBroadband AccessCable, xDSL modems, Home GatewaysHome Media ServersInteractive Digital TVCable, Satellite and Terrestrial STBs HDTVsDigital ImagingDigital Cameras,Printers, MFPs, Scanners, FaxMobile & HandheldMobile phonesPDAsDigital Audio/VideoWeb-TabletsScreenphones 2008 Pantech Solutions | All rights reserved


Industrial Market and ApplicationsIndustrial AutomationMotion ControlSemiconductorManufacturingRoboticsProcess ControlChemicalSteel productionWaste & waterPaper & pulpBuilding AutomationEnvironmental controlsSecurity

Power ControlGenerationPower DistributionLoad BalancingDemand regulationMedical SystemsRadiationMRIUltrasoundInstrumentationSmart transducersRecordersOscilloscopes 2008 Pantech Solutions | All rights reserved


Market TrendsEmissions Regulations Safety Fuel EconomyAssembly Costs Connectivity Personalization (smart cards)



Automotive ElectronicsInfotainmentRadioCDDVDNavigationToll paymentSatellite radioTelematic transceiverConsumer DevicesCell phone/pagerPDAHeadsetMP3CamerasLaptopGamesUnder the HoodEngineTransmissionABS, VSC, TCAirbagsCruise controlHVACSecurity and entry 2008 Pantech Solutions | All rights reserved


Example Application: Fuel Cell Engine ControllerCompany:XCellsis Fuel Cell EnginesApplication: Fuel Cell Engine Controller (heavy-duty transit bus)Description:Fuel cell engine controller regulates power output from hydrogen fuel cells to drive train for a heavy-duty bus.Target CPU: MPC555Memory:26KB RAM (internal)448 KB flash (internal) Devices Used:TimerCAN busQADC (A/D)QSPI (on-board serial)SCI (RS232)TPU 2008 Pantech Solutions | All rights reserved


Increased Software ComplexityBrowser/GUIJavaAdvanced InterconnectAdvanced NetworkingHigh AvailabilityMemory ManagementMultiprocessingFile SystemNetworkKernelX WindowsWindNetMemory ManagementMultiprocessingFile SystemNetworkKernelFile SystemNetworkKernelKernelApplication and Kernel100 000 lines of codeApplication and Kernel1 000 000+ lines of code 2008 Pantech Solutions | All rights reserved


SW DEVELOPMENTHW DEVELOPMENTSW SELECTIONHW SELECTIONINTEGRATIONTESTING & TUNINGDEPLOYMENT

Compiler

RTOSs

Networking Protocols

Java Support

Graphics Support

Project & Code Mgmt. RTOS Simulation

Rapid Prototyping

Real-time Data Visualization

Memory Leak Detection

CPUProfiling

Post-mortem Debug

Semiconductor Co-funded Development

Hardware Coverage

Board Bring-Up

Board Diagnostics & Manufacturing Test

Source-level Debugging

Real-time System Analysis & Triggering

Execution Tracing

Code Coverage Analysis

In-field Debugging

THE EMBEDDED DEVELOPMENT 2008 Pantech Solutions | All rights reserved


Recap of Designing an Embedded systemDecide application,Features,cost of the productSelect the right processor and packages Design and fabricate PCB Components Assembly Choose IdeaC/ASM/GRAPHICAL Programming and testing 2008 Pantech Solutions | All rights reserved


2008 Pantech Solutions | All rights reservedChallenges in embedded system designHow much hardware do we need?How big is the CPU? Memory?

How do we meet our deadlines?Faster hardware or cleverer software?

How do we minimize power?Turn off unnecessary logic? Reduce memory accesses?


2008 Pantech Solutions | All rights reservedChallenges, etc.Does it really work?Is the specification correct?Does the implementation meet the spec?How do we test for real-time characteristics?How do we test on real data?

How do we work on the system?Observability, controllability?What is our development platform?


2008 Pantech Solutions | All rights reservedArchitecture designWhat major components go satisfying the specification?

Hardware components:CPUs, peripherals, etc.

Software components:major programs and their operations.

Must take into account functional and non-functional specifications.


2008 Pantech Solutions | All rights reservedDesigning hardware and software componentsMust spend time architecting the system before you start coding.

Some components are ready-made, some can be modified from existing designs, others must be designed from scratch.


2008 Pantech Solutions | All rights reservedSystem integrationPut together the components.Many bugs appear only at this stage.

Have a plan for integrating components to uncover bugs quickly, test as much functionality as early as possible.


2008 Pantech Solutions | All rights reservedSummaryEmbedded computers are all around us.Many systems have complex embedded hardware and software.

Embedded systems pose many design challenges: design time, deadlines, power, etc.

Design methodologies help us manage the design process.


Communication ProtocolsRS232/422/4851-wire, I2C, SPI, MicrowireBluetooth, ZigbeeRFid, Ethernet



Parallel Bus..Consists of multiple digital inputs/outputs. Most common types:4-bit8-bit ( e.g. Centronics )16-bit ( e.g. ISA )32-bit ( e.g. PCI )



Parallel Bus..Example LCD Interface 4-bit

Example LCD Interface 8-bit



1-wire

Originated by Dallas Semiconductor ( now part of MAXIM ) to address a variety of peripherals, sensors, and memory chips from a single wire interface ( DATA and Ground ).

One signal wire carries both operating power and signal.

Usually the network is built using a wire pair where one wire carries the signal and power and the other wire is ground. The system is sensitive to the right timing to operate well.



1-wireTypical Applications

Print Cartridge ID Medical Consumable ID Rack Card Calibration & Control PCB ID and Authentication Accessory/Peripheral Identification and Control 2008 Pantech Solutions | All rights reserved


SPI4-wire interface with one master and multiple slaves. Signals: DATA IN, DATA OUT, CLOCK, CS( Chip Select )Originated by Motorola, SPI bus is a relatively simple synchronous serial interface for connecting low speed external devices using minimal number of wires. SPI is full duplex: Data is simultaneously transmitted and received. 2008 Pantech Solutions | All rights reserved


SPIAdvantagesMultiple slave devices can be accessed with only few wiresLow-costImplemented in hardware or softwareEase to implement, many examplesCan be high speed (e.g.4MHz or higher if implemented in hardware)

DisadvantagesShort distanceData and clock lines can be shared but each device requires a separate Chip Selectsignal, limiting the number of devices inlimited I/O systems



I2C

2-wire interface with one master and multiple slaves ( multi-master configurations possible ).

Originated by Philips Semiconductor in the early 80s to connect a microcontroller to peripheral devices in TV sets. 2008 Pantech Solutions | All rights reserved


I2CAdvantagesMultiple slave devices can be accessed with only 3 wiresLow-cost to implementImplemented in hardware or softwareEase to implement, many examplesSupports multi-master configuration

DisadvantagesShort distanceSlow speed: 100 KHz although 400 KHz and 1 MHz slave devise exist. These can not coexist with slower devices.Limited device addresses 2008 Pantech Solutions | All rights reserved


RFID is an ADC technology.Uses Radio Frequency to transfer Data.Data is often transferred from a reader and a movable item.Mainly usedIdentifyCategorizeTrack.. And many more. 2008 Pantech Solutions | All rights reserved


Are all RFID Tags Same???Basic Types:Active Tag transmits radio signalBattery powered memory, radio & circuitryHigh Read Range (300 feet)

PassiveTag reflects radio signal from readerReader poweredShorter Read Range (4 inches - 15 feet)



Possible Threat to RFID SystemUnauthorized read out of DataIn order to duplicateOr Modify DataUsing a faked tag in order to get unauthorized accessEavesdropping of a communication and replay of the sequence of signals.Complexity of cryptographic function increases production cost and communication cost.Not all application need security (Industry Automation)Inversely forgoing security concerns may be critical in other applications. (ticketing, wireless payment, etc.,) 2008 Pantech Solutions | All rights reserved


BluetoothA cable replacement short range wireless communication technology.Named after the Danish King Harald Blatand.Appearance1994 Ericsson study on a wireless technology to link mobile phones & accessories.First specification released in July 1999.



2008 Pantech Solutions | All rights reservedCore Bluetooth ProductsNotebook PCs & Desktop computersPrintersPDAsOther handheld devicesCell phonesWireless peripherals:HeadsetsCamerasCD PlayerTV/VCR/DVDAccess PointsTelephone Answering DevicesCordless PhonesCars


Security ConcernsLink Level Encryption & Authentication.Personal Identification Numbers (PIN) for device access.Long encryption keys are used (128 bit keys).These keys are not transmitted over wireless.Further encryption can be done at the application layer. 2008 Pantech Solutions | All rights reserved


Bluetooth summarizedA new global standard for data and voiceIt is not just a radio, it is an end-to-end solutionEliminate CablesLow Power, Low range, Low Cost network devicesFuture ImprovementsMaster-Slave relationship can be adjusted dynamically for optimal resource allocation and utilization.Adaptive, closed loop transmit power control can be implemented to further reduce unnecessary power usage.



Specification of protocols for small, low-power radiosHistoryMay 2003: IEEE 802.15.4 completedDecember 2004: ZigBee specification ratifiedJune 2005: public availabilityZigBee AllianceCompanies developing and promoting the standard150+ members. 2008 Pantech Solutions | All rights reserved


2008 Pantech Solutions | All rights reservedIEEE 802.15.4 MACApplicationsIEEE 802.15.42400 MHzPHYIEEE 802.15.4868/915 MHzPHY802.15.4 / ZigBee ArchitectureZigBeePacket generationPacket receptionData transparencyPower Management


802.15.4 ArchitectureIEEE 802.15.4 MACApplicationsIEEE 802.15.42400 MHzPHYIEEE 802.15.4868/915 MHzPHYChannel acquisitionContention mgtNIC addressError CorrectionZigBee 2008 Pantech Solutions | All rights reserved


802.15.4 ArchitectureIEEE 802.15.4 MACApplicationsIEEE 802.15.42400 MHzPHYIEEE 802.15.4868/915 MHzPHYNetwork RoutingAddress translationPacket SegmentationProfilesZigBee 2008 Pantech Solutions | All rights reserved


Usage Scenarios 2008 Pantech Solutions | All rights reservedIndustrial & commercialConsumer electronicsToys & gamesPC & periphalsPersonal health carehome/building automation

Just everything you can imagine for wireless sensor nodes or in general short range communications




2001 United Technologies 2001 United Technologies 2001 United Technologies 2001 United Technologies 2001 United Technologies 2001 United Technologies 2001 United TechnologiesOne of the areas Wind River has seen tremendous growth is in the area of the build-out of the Internet infrastructure and consumer appliances. Everything is getting connected. But this requirement is not unique to just the commercial industry. We know that one of the challenges within the military is to have all the platforms connected as well.

Looking at this diagram, we can see that the Pentagon acts as a backend and command control that some of the data acquisition and platforms such as AWACS (Air Warning and Control System) connect to. Then on the periphery we have all our platforms, such as submarines in the Navy, land vehicles in the Army, and various avionics platforms for the Air Force, to name a few.

2001 United Technologies 2001 United TechnologiesIn addition just as in the commercial space the military/aerospace community is increasingly challenged by the amount of software complexity that is being built into their platforms.

For example, in 1980, there might have been a single kernel device running on an F16 or F4 aircraft. In the early 90s we saw things like file systems and networks being built, and today we see all kinds of interconnectivity, advanced networking stacks, browsers, and capability being built into the platforms.

2001 United Technologies* 2001 United Technologies

1.embedded presentation final

Documents

rights reserveddesktop

embedded processor

embedded systemin contrast

specific purpose

specific function

connected home

smart devices

broad categories