1.circulatory system (heart, blood, vessels) 2.respiratory system (nose, trachea, lungs) 3.immune...
TRANSCRIPT
1.Circulatory System (heart, blood, vessels)
2.Respiratory System (nose, trachea, lungs)
3.Immune System (many types of protein, cells, organs, tissues)
4.Skeletal System (bones) 5.Excretory System (lungs, large
intestine, kidneys) 6.Urinary System (bladder, kidneys) 7.Muscular System (muscles) 8.Endocrine System (glands) 9.Digestive System (mouth, esophogus,
stomach, intestines) 10. Nervous System (brain, spinal cord,
nerves) 11. Reproductive System (male and
female reproductive organs) 12. Integumentary System (skin, hair, &
nails- provide protection)
Basic Facts…
The human body is made up of a head, neck, torso, two arms and two legs.
The average height of an adult human is about 5 to 6 feet tall.
The human body is made to stand erect, walk on two feet, use the arms to carry and lift, and has opposable thumbs (able to grasp).
The adult body is made up of: 100 trillion cells 206 bones 600 muscles 22 internal organs
The skeletal system is made up of the bones and cartilage that form the framework of your body. The muscular
system helps you move!!
Notes:All humans have a stiff inner
skeleton made of bone and a hard, but flexible tissue
called cartilage.
The human skeletal system has 5 major functions:
1. To support your body and give it shape
2. To protect your internal organs
3. Muscles attach to bones & enable them to Move.
4. Red Blood Cells are formed in the marrow of some bones.
5. Calcium and Minerals are stored for later use in your bones.
Your knees, elbows, and hips are examples of joints.
Joints are parts of the body where two or more bones meet.
Bands of connective tissue called ligaments hold the bones of many joints together.
The joints in your skull are fixed and do not allow movement.
Joints in other parts of your body allow only certain kinds of movements.
The human skeleton is divided into two distinct parts:
The axial skeleton consists of bones that form the axis of the body and support and protect the organs of the head, neck, and trunk.
The Skull The Sternum
The RibsThe Vertebral Column
The appendicular skeleton is composed of bones that anchor the appendages to the axial skeleton.
The Upper ExtremitiesThe Lower Extremities
The Shoulder GirdleThe Pelvic Girdle—
(the sacrum and coccyx are considered part of the vertebral column)
Types of Bone!The bones of the body fall
into 4 general categories: 1. Long bones: are longer than
they are wide and work as levers.
2. Short bones: are short, cube-shaped, and found in the wrists and ankles
3. Flat bones: have broad surfaces for protection of organs and attachment of muscles (ex. ribs, cranial bones, bones of shoulder girdle).
4. Irregular bones: have varied shapes, sizes, and surfaces features and include the bones of the vertebrae and a few in the skull
1. Bones are covered with a tough, tight fitting membrane, called the periosteum.
2. Compact bone contains bone cells, blood vessels, protein and minerals.
3. Spongy bone contains small open spaces that make it light weight.
4. Openings in the center of the long bones are filled with fatty tissue called bone marrow. This tissue produces many red blood cells and few white blood cells.
Joints in the Human BodyPIVOT JOINT
NECK & ELBOW
BONES ROTATE AROUND EACHOTHER
GLIDING JOINT
WRIST, ANKLE & VERTEBRAE
BONES SLIDE OVER EACHOTHER
HINGE JOINT
KNEE, ELBOW, FINGERS & TOES
BACK & FORTH
BALL & SOCKET JOINT
SHOULDER& HIPS
ROTATIONAL OR CIRCULAR
The skeletal system determines the shape of our body, and it protects our organs!
It works closely together with the muscular system to allow us to move!
THE MUSCULARSYSTEMWorks mainly with 2 other
Body Systems!!Allows movement,
the bones and joints ofthe skeletal system
must work with the muscular system.
The muscular system in vertebrates is controlled
through the nervous system.
Muscles
A muscle is an organ that contracts and gets shorter!
Muscles Work in a Simple Way!
Muscles are bundles of cells and fibers. Muscles work in a very
simple way, they tighten up by contracting and relaxing.
You have two sets of muscles attached to many of your bones which allow them to
move. There are 630 active muscles in your body
and they act in groups. Muscles can only pull. They never push.
The Muscular System
The muscular system includes 3 types of muscle:
Skeletal Muscle Smooth Muscle Cardiac Muscle
Skeletal Muscles contains many nuclei, and is crossed by alternating light and dark bands called striations. Thus, skeletal muscles are composite structures composed of many muscle fibers, nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue .
Smooth Muscles form the muscle layers in the walls of the digestive tract, bladder, various ducts, arteries and veins, and other internal organs. Smooth- muscle cells are elongated and thin, not striated, have only one nucleus, and interlace to form sheets rather than bundles of muscles.
Cardiac (or heart) Muscles are a cross between the smooth and striated muscles,
comprising the heart tissue.
Voluntary Muscles: Skeletal muscles
contract to move
bones.Tough cords of connective tissue called tendons attach skeletal muscle to bones. Because you control the movement of skeletal muscles they are called voluntary muscles.
Skeletal muscles are controlled by nerves that tell it when to contract or relax.
Skeletal muscles often work in pairs to bend and straighten parts of your body. When one muscle contracts, the other relaxes, and vice versa.
Involuntary Muscles:Muscles not under your control!
Smooth muscles are found in the walls of many organs. The rumbling you feel in your stomach before lunch is caused by contractions of smooth muscles in your stomach.
Cardiac Muscles are only found in the heart. Cardiac muscles keep your heart pumping throughout the day and night.
SKIN!
SKIN is the largest organ of your body!
SKIN has 5 functions:
1)Protection2)Sensory response3)Formation of vitamin D4)Regulates body temperature5)Excretion of wastes
SKIN
The surface of your SKIN is the epidermis.
The cells of this layer are DEAD! Cells in this layer produce melanin
Melanin!Melanin is a pigment which gives your
SKIN color—the more you have, the darker your SKIN color is!
HAIR SHAFT
NERVE ENDINGS
BLOOD VESSSELS
FAT DEPOSITSSWEAT GLAND
HAIR FOLLICLE
OIL GLAND
DERMIS
EPIDERMIS
Function of Sweat: Homeostasis
Sweat is produced by glands in the deeper layer of the skin, the dermis. Sweat glands occur all over the body, but are most
numerous on the forehead, the armpits, the palms and the soles of the feet. Sweat is mainly water, but it also contains some salts. Its main function is to control body temperature. As the water in
the sweat evaporates, the surface of the skin cools.
The Circulatory System
The Circulatory
System
There are 3 kinds of circulation in your
body:
1) Pulmonary Circulation: the flow of blood through heart, lungs, and back to the heart again.
2) Systemic Circulation: Moves oxygen-rich blood to organs and body tissues and back to the heart again.
3) Coronary Circulation:
Describes flow of blood to
heart tissues.
There are 3 types of blood vessels in your
body:1. Arteries
Move blood away from heartHave thick & elastic walls, made of smooth muscles.Are connected to ventricles in the heart.
2. Veins
Move blood toward the heartHave one-way valves..Are squeezed by skeletal muscles.Carry blood with waste materials and that is oxygen-poor.
3. Capillaries
Are microscopic blood vessels.Connect arteries to veins.Their walls are only one cell thick!Nutrients and oxygen flow to body cells through capillary walls.
There are 3 types of blood vessels in your
body:
Blood Vessels Clip
CIRCULATION & THE HEART
Circulatory System by Brainpop
What is Blood Pressure?
Blood pressure is the amount of pressure your blood is exerting on your blood vessels.
It is highest in the arteries, lower in the capillaries, and even less in the veins.
A wave of blood pressure is your pulse.
Measure your resting pulse
Measure your pulse after exercise
A normal resting pulse is 65-80 beats per minute.
Blood pressure is always expressed in terms of two numbers, for example 112/60.
The first number is a measure of the pressure when ventricles contract. (pushing blood out of the heart)
The second numbers is a measure of the pressure when ventricles fill up.
Blood Pressure ClipBlood Pressure by Brainpop
HEART PARTS
The Human heart has 4 chambers
2 Atria 2 Ventricles
Atria
Atria
Ventricle Ventricle
The atria contract together and the ventricles contract together.
The left and right sides of the heart are divided by a muscular wall called the septum.
The atria contract together and the ventricles contract together
The left and right sides of the heart are divided by a muscular wall called the septum.
Label the parts of the heart:
Right AtriumLeft Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left Ventricle
Septum
SVC
IVC
Aorta Pulmonary Artery (to the lungs)
Pulmonary Vein (from the lungs)
Which two chambers always hold oxygen-rich blood?
Left atrium & left ventricle
Which two chambers always hold oxygen-poor blood?
Right atrium & right ventricle
Other Heart Parts to Know:Aorta: delivers
oxygen-rich blood from left ventricle to the rest of the body
Pulmonary artery: delivers blood from right ventricle to lungs
Pulmonary vein: delivers blood from lung into left atria
Superior vena cava & Inferior vena cava:
Veins (vena) that come from the body and deliver blood to the right atria
Vena C
avas
Heart Clip
The Heart by Brainpop
An Artificial Heartis a prosthetic device that is implanted into the body to replace the biological heart. It is distinct from a cardiopulmonary bypass machine (CPB), which is an external device used to provide the functions of both the heart and the lungs.The CPB oxygenates the blood, and therefore does not need to be connected to both blood circuits. Also, a CPB is suitable only for a few hours use, while artificial hearts have been used for periods longer than a year (as of 2007).
The Right
Atrium of your Heart!
Introduction to nervous system
There are 3 main parts to
your Nervous System1.Your
Nerves2.Your Brain3.Your Spinal
Cord
Your Nerves
Your nerves are made of
nerve cells that transmit messages. They carry messages from all parts of your body to your spinal cord and brain. They
carry messages away
from your spinal
cord and brain to
all parts of your
body.
Those nerve cells are called neurons.
Size-wise, these cells are among the smallest cells in your body, but can be the longest cells
as well. How can this be?
Cell bodies are small, but axons can be really long.
neuron
Cell Body Dendrit
es
Synapse Axon
Neuron Movie
Class Activity- Neuron Model
Here's the most simple model of a neuron I can think of...and you don't need any supplies. It's your hand! Hold out your arm and spread your fingers. Your hand represents the "cell body" (also called the "soma"); your fingers represent "dendrites" bringing information to the cell body; your arm represents the "axon" taking information away from the cell body.
The message that is transmitted through neurons is called an impulse.
It enters the neuron through the dendrite and is carried away from the cell body through the axon.
Why are there so many dendrites entering a neuron?
To receive messages from all sides/other neurons
Type of Neuron Location Recieves from:
Sends To:
SensoryNeuron
Sense organs
Stimuli from
environment/
Body
Brain or spinal cord
(it’s a receiver)
Interneuron Spinal cord Sensory neuron
Motor neuron(relays)
Motor neuron Muscle or gland
interneurons
Muscle or gland
(makes something happen)
There are 3 types of neurons:
An automatic response to a stimulus is known as a reflex.
Most reflexes cannot be controlled consciously
Why is this a good thing?
So that you don’t have to take time to think about it!
The path of an impulse when an object moves
toward your face and you blink in response to the
stimulus—Let’s say someone throws a ball at
you and it’s coming toward your face:
The stimulus is the moving object, which triggers a
sensory neuron in the eye to send a signal to the
interneuron in the spinal cord which then sends the impulse to the motor neuron which is
attached to a muscle that makes the eye blink.
Neurons don’t actually touch each other to transmit an impulse. The impulse must move across a small space called a synapse in order to move from one neuron to another.
A chemical must be present in this space in order for the signal to be transmitted
The signal will always move in the same direction: from the dendrite of one neuron to the dendrite of the next.
There are some diseases in which this signal is prevented from moving from one neuron to another.
What might be the symptoms of such a disease?
Slow reactions to stimulus Poor muscle movements or control
The Reflex:Spinal cord
Sensory neuron
Motor neuronMuscle
contracts
interneuron
Reflex Clip
Nerves by Brainpop
Nerve Game with Mr. Axon& Mr. Dendrite
Your Brain!Your brain is
made up of 3 main parts:
1.The Cerebrum2.The
Cerebellum3.The Brain
Stem
The Cerebrum The Cerebrum controls body
movements that you decide to make.
It also controls learning, thinking, memory and imagination.
The cerebrum is the part of your brain that receives information from your sense organs.
The CerebellumThe
Cerebellum coordinates
the movements
of your muscles. It also helps you keep
your balance!
The Brain Stem Your brain stem
controls your breathing, heartbeat and movements inside your digestive system.
This part of the brain functions automatically even when you are sleeping. (Autonomic)
Your sense organs are your eyes,
ears, nose tongue and skin. They get
information about your environment
and send the information to your
brain. Your brain then figures out what the information means and how
you should respond.
Draw a diagram of the human brain.
Label the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem.
Below the diagram compare & contrast the structures & functions
of the cerebrum, cerebellum, & brain stem.
Include the following functions: balance, involuntary muscle
movement, muscle tone, memory, voluntary muscles, thinking and
senses. List information in outline form.
How good is your short
term memory?
Short Term Memory Test
Your 5 Senses!
1. Sight2. Hearing3. Smell4. Taste5. Touch
Sense Sense Organ
What it does
Sight Eye Detects Light and Color
Hearing Ear Detects Sound
Smell Nose Detects Odor
Taste Tongue Detects sweet, salty, sour and
bitter tastes
Touch Skin Detects Pain,Pressure, Heat
and Cold
The Eye
Human eye and eyesight
In the human eye, light enters the pupil and is focused on the retina by the lens. Light-sensitive nerve cells calledrods (for brightness)and cones (for color) react to the light.
They interact with each other and send messages to the brain that indicate brightness, color, and
contour.
There are 2 photoreceptors in your
eyes:
1. Rods-detect light and dark
2. Cones-detect color
From the moment you wake up in the morning to the time you go to sleep at night, your eyes are acting like a video camera.
Everything you look at is then sent to your brain for processing and storage much like a video cassette.
This is a very simplified explanation, but as you read on, you will discover why the sense of sight is actually considered the most complex of the five senses.
How Your Eyes Work Take a moment to locate an object around you.
Do you know how you are able to see it?
Would you believe that what you are actually seeing are beams of light bouncing off of the object and into your eyes? It is hard to believe, but it is true.
The light rays enter the eye through the cornea, which is a thick, transparent protective layer on the surface of your eye.
Then the light rays pass through the pupil (the
dark circle in the center of your eye) and into the lens.
When light rays pass through your pupil, the muscle called the iris (colored ring) makes the size of the pupil change depending on the amount of
light that's available.
You may have noticed this with your own eye
if you have looked at it closely in a mirror.
If there is too much light, your pupil
will shrink to limit the number of light rays that enter.
Likewise, if there is very little light available, the pupil will
enlarge to let in as many light rays as it can.
Just behind the pupil is the lens and it focuses the image
through a jelly-like substance called the vitreous humor onto the back surface of the eyeball,
called the retina.
when rods and cones send the image to the brain, the image is upside down! It is the brain's job to turn the image right side up and then tell you what you are
looking at. The brain does this in a specific place called the visual cortex.
Color DeficientColor Normal
Lets do a colorblind test!Try to find a circle, star, and/or
square on the Demonstration Card
I hope you could see them all because you
are supposed to see all 3 shapes! Okay now for
the real test…
Now, can you find circle and triangle in 3 seconds?
Colorblind individuals should see the yellow square. Color normal
individuals should see the yellow square and a "faint" brown circle.
Try and find a circle and/or square in 3 seconds
Colorblind individuals should see the yellow
circle. Color normal
individuals should see the yellow
circle and a "faint" brown
square.
Last One!!
Look for these 4 things in the following card:
Colorblind individuals should see nothing. Color normal individuals
should see a "faint" brown boat. Many people think anyone labeled as
"colorblind" only sees black and white - like watching a black and white movie or television.
This is a big misconception and not true. It is extremely rare to be totally color blind
There are many different types and degrees of colorblindness - more correctly called color
vision deficiencies
Your Ears!Brain pop on hearing
The Digestive System
A Pinched Nerve
Respiratory System
The lungs, airways, diaphragm,
windpipe, throat, mouth, and nasal passages are all
part of the respiratory system. Respiration is the
process of breathing in and out through this system.
Smoking and air pollution are two
common causes of respiratory problems.
Endocrine System
Homeostasis
The maintenance of stable conditions inside your body.
Example: Your body’s ability to maintain a temperature of about 37 degrees C. (98.6 degrees F) even when temperatures outside are warmer or cooler.
The human body is made of mostly water, which means our cells are also! Of our bodies total mass, 2/3 comes from water. Your skin’s main job is to keep your body from drying out. Skin is made up of Epithelial tissue! Epithelial tissue is just one of the 4 main tissue types in your body.
4 Main Tissue Types:
Epithelial Covers the outside of the body and lines inner surfaces of the body
Found in your skin
Connective Fills in spaces and connects other tissues together; supports, protects, nourishes, and insulates organs.
Found in ligaments, cartilage, blood
Muscular Contracts and relaxes to allow movement; makes up some organs.
Found in your diaphragm, heart, biceps, triceps
Nervous Transmits messages through the body.
Found in your brain, spinal cord, nerves
Epithelial Tissue Epithelial tissue covers the whole
surface of the body. It is made up of cells closely packed
and ranged in one or more layers. This tissue is specialized to form the
covering or lining of all internal and external body surfaces.
Epithelial tissue that occurs on surfaces on the interior of the body is known as endothelium.
Epithelial tissue, regardless of the type, is usually separated from the underlying tissue by a thin sheet of connective tissue; basement membrane.
The basement membrane provides structural support for the epithelium and also binds it to neighboring structures.
Muscular Tissue
Nervous Tissue
Skeletal Tissue is the most abundant
in the body!!