(1911) crown and realm: a review of the british empire, its builders & rulers

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Presented to the

LIBRARY of the

UNIVERSITYOF TORONTO

ty

ONTARIO



CROWN AND REALM

A REVIEW OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE

ITS BUILDERS AND RULERS

SOUVENIR OF THE

CORONATION

OF

KING GEORGE V.

With the Compliments of

BURROUGHS WELLCOME & Co., LONDON

NEW YORK MONTREAL SYDNEY CAPE TOWN MILAN

SHANGHAI BUENOS AIRES



2 19

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Acknowledgment is made to the following owners of copyright for

kind permission to reproduce the photographs and plates enumerated:

Messrs. BASSANO (page 145) ; Messrs. CHAPMAN & HALL (pages 73. 74.

76); Messrs. CHATTO & WINDUS (page 56); Messrs. CONSTABLE (pages

57, 58, 60. 61) ; Messrs. W. & D. DOWNEY (pages 13. 14, 15, 18, 107, 148) ;

Messrs. ELLIOTT & FRY (pages 140, 141, 156. 158. ICO, 161, 163, 164, 167,

169, 172, 177, 178. 179, 181, 182, 183, 184, 186, 188, 150, 193, 194, 196, 207,

208, 210, 212, 214. 216, 217, 218, 219. 220, 221, 222. 229, 238. 239. 241, 242,

244, 245, 247. 249); Messrs. FORTESCUE WETHERMAN & Co. (page 25);

the PROPRIETORS of"The

Graphic

"

(pages16, 17) ; Messrs. LAFAYETTE

(pages 197, 255) ; The LONDON NEWS AGENCY PHOTOS, LTD. (43, 45, 46,

158, 160, 191, 201, 221. 231, 259, 260, 261, 264. etc.); The LONDON

ELECTROTYPE AGENCY (pages 174, 223) ; Messrs. HAINES (page 160) ;

Messrs. ISAAC PITMAN & SONS (pages 42. 63, 64, 65, 66, 68. 78) ; Messrs.

RUSSELL (pages 108, 146, 147, 228, 252); Mr. H. X. KING (pages 21,

22) ; The LONDON STEREOSCOPIC Co. (pages 24, 28, 29, 30, 137, 143, -144);

The RELIGIOUS TRACT SOCIETY (page 77); Messrs. SEELEY & Co.

("Church's Stories of English History") (page 55); Mr. E. WALKER

page 136) ; Messrs. VALENTINE & SONS (pages 47, 48).

^

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SECTIONAL INDEX

(For full index, see pages 479-484)

Pages

Introduction 911

Portraits and Pictures 1330

Patron Saints of the United Kingdom 3135

Evolution of National Arms 37 40

Coronation Regalia and Scenes of the Ceremony 41 48

Some Notable Coronation Ceremonies 49 82

Some Wearers of the British Crown 83108

Some Builders of the British Empire 109148

The British Empire and some of its Rulers 149274

The King's Tours 275277

The Evolution of Weapons for the Battle of Life 279294

The March of Science 295357

Weapons of Precision produced by Science and Industry ... 359378

Some Historic Flights by Airship and Aeroplane 379389

Modern Methods in Photography 391401

The'

Wellcome'

Materia Medics Farm 402409

Historical Medical Equipments 410 439

Welfare Work . .. 440478



" That was a great moment

in the history of human

institutions when, for the

first time, soldiers upon the

battlefield, clearing a space

with their swords, lifted

their leader upon a shield

and acclaimed him their

King Kiinig ablest and

most knowing one."



INTRODUCTION

KING GEORGE V. takes his seat upon the throne of his

ancestors by hereditary right, and also by the deliberate

choice, and with the enthusiastic approval, of the entire race

over which he rules. The solemnity of his Coronation is

the natural expression of the desire to emphasise and

commemorate a pact of fealty of twofold character theloyalty of Britons to their King, and the loyalty of the King

to his people.

The family pedigree of His Majesty is a remarkable one,

rivalling in splendour and antiquity that of any monarch

among the present ruling houses of Europe, or among the

chronicles of authentic history.

The roots of it lie deep in the glorious annals of brave

and warlike peoples, the subsequent history of whose

struggles for freedom and for empire, reveals reverence for

the past, and determination to hold sacred the laws

which gave solidity and coherence to their growing state.

Not only is King George the direct lineal descendant of a

long line of Norman, Tudor, Plantagenet and Stuart Kings,

but he is also the veritable successor, through Edgar

Atheling's sister, the Princess Margaret, of Alfred theGreat, the far-seeing lawgiver and the founder of England's

sea power ;of Egbert and other worthies of the old Saxon

Monarchy, and also of the Malcolms and Kenneths of

Scotland;

of the heroic Bruce, and the mighty Alpin,

founder of the Scottish line.

Apart altogether from its connection with the throne of

England, the family of the Guelphs, to which His Majesty

belongs, has enjoyed, for over a thousand years and through

the varying fortunes of some thirty-three generations, a.

princely rank in Europe.

Guelph, or Wlph, was the name of an early leader of the

Scyrri, a Gothic people inhabiting the shores of the Baltic,

and some of the Danish islands of the Great Belt, when,



1NTRODUCTIO N c onti n u c it

in the days of Rome's decadence Attila, the Hun, swept like

the "Scourge of God" across Europe from the Caspian

Sea. At the middle of the fifth century, a Guelph was in

possession of Noricum, the classic Rha^tia of the antients,

now the Tyrol.

In the eleventh century, Albert-Azzo II., Lord of Este,

married Cunegonde, the heiress of Guelph, Duke of

Carinthia. Their son added to his patrimony the dominion

of Guelph of Bavaria, and a notable descendant of his,

Henry the Lion, married Maud, daughter of Henry II. of

England, and was the founder of the Brunswick family.

How the House of Brunswick, connected as it was

already by marriage with the antient royal dynasties of

England, came at last to the throne itself is a familiar

story.

The eldest daughter of James I. married Frederick V.,

the Elector Palatine, a brave but unsuccessful champion

of Protestantism. His daughter Sophia married ErnestAugustus, Duke of Brunswick-Luneberg, afterwards Elector

of Hanover. Upon the death of Queen Anne, without

surviving children, George Lewis, the son of the Electress,

was the sole protestant prince in the direct line of succession,

and, in accordance with the Act of Settlement, he was

proclaimed on August i, 1714, King of Great Britain and

Ireland.

As is to be expected in the ceremonials of an antient

people, deeply imbued with the love of historic tradition,

the coronation itself is based upon long-continued and oft

repeated precedents, dating back to a remote period, and is

full of symbolic significance.

The earliest coronation of a Christian prince within the

limits of Great Britain and Ireland is said to be that of

Dermot, or Diamid, who was crowned as supreme monarch

by his relative Columba, about A.D. 550.

The first Emperor of Britain was Claudius Albinus, whowas made Governor of Britain by Commodus, A.D. 192,

and declared Caesar by Severus in A.D. 193.

It is probable that the first form of actual diadem was a

simple string of beads, following which came the bead



INTRODUCTIO N c on till lied

fillet of some soft material which was worn as a mark of

authority. In Britain, about the tenth century, the bead

fillet gave way to a solid metal circlet, possibly due to thewish of the ruler to wear some distinctive mark of his rank

in battle. On an Anglo-Saxon coin bearing the head of

jEthelstan, the helmet is adorned with a solid circlet

bearing three pearls on raised stems. From this period the

evolution of our English crown can be followed with some

certainty.

William I. is represented on the Great Seal with a

coronet on which the single pearls on their stalks have

become triplicated. This triple arrangement of separate

pearl ordots became the single trefoil, which may be seen

on the head of Henry I., as represented on the Great Seal

in his time.

Since the time of Ethelred, the outward form of corona-

tion in Britain remained unaltered in its essential features

down to the time of GeorgeIV.

The following pages illustrate the rite of Coronation from

the earliest times, the crown and regalia of the British

Realm, its present extent, and some of its builders,

monarchs and rulers.

H. S. W.



Copyright] [\V. & D. DowneyHis Most Excellent Majesty

G E O R G 1C THE F I F T H

King of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond

the Seas, Emperor of India

Born June 3, 1865 ;succeeded to the Throne, May 6, 1910



Copyright]

Her Majesty QUEEN MARY

Born May 26, 1867

[\V.



Copyright] [W. & D. Dov

His Royal Highness

EDWARD ALBERT, Prince of Wales

Born June 23, 1894



QUKKS ALEXANDRA and her family, including KING GEORGEin 1875



c s

II



His ROYAL HIGHNESS THE DUKE OF CON NAUGHT

Who will proceed to Canada as Governor-General after the Coronation



*T- ^jS b -a



WESTMINSTER ABBEY

Where the Coronation of British Kings takes place

Founded on the site of an earlier Church by Edward the Confessor,

and rebuilt in the XIII century by Henry III. and Edward I.



a -a

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S-3

H .2 >

25



ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL

Designed by Sir Christopher Wren

Bet!un in 1675 and completed in 1710



THE PATRON SAINTS

OF THE

UNITED KINGDOM



ST. G K o K G r.

The Patron Saint of England

According to the Ada Sanctorum, St. George was born of noble parents

in Cappadocia, and became a distinguished soldier, but was tortured and

put to death by Diocletian at Nicomedia, on April 23, 303. TheSt. George of the Eastern Church was no doubt a real personage of

earlier date. The cult of St. George inspired many chivalrous orders

among the crusaders, and he was adopted as the tutelary saint of England.

Edward III. founded St. George's Chapel, Windsor, in 1318



ST. A N D R K w

The Patron Saint of Scotland

Said to have been martyred by crucifixion, 30 November, 69, at Patroe in

Achaia. His festival was instituted about 359.



ST. DAVIDThe Patron Saint of Wales

St. David (Dewi Sant) is believed to have been of royal descent, and is

said to have crowned Kinj" Arthur. He became Bishop of MoniJudeorum, or Menevia, afterwards St. David's, and presided over two

Welsh Synods. He died in 601.



A L B I N V S

Claudius Albinus, the first crowned Emperor of Britain, was appointedGovernor by Commodus, A.D. 192, and was declared Caesar by Severus

in the following year.

Reproduced by permission of Dr. A. SAMHON



THE EVOLUTION

OF

NATIONAL ARMS



T H K R o Y A i, ARMS OF E s G i, A s

From A.I). 1195 to 1689



THE R o v A i. \ RMS OF EN c; i. A N D

From A. D. 1689 to 1911



The White Horse Shield of the

An^lo-Saxons

Shield of Ireland

Shield of Wales

HERALDIC EMBLEMS



CORONATION REGALIA

AND

SCENE OF THE CEREMONY



S o M K FAMOUS CROWNS



Wl!.o StO--."^

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THE CORONATION CHAIR IN WHICH KING GEORGEWILL BE CROWNED

The Coronation Chair was made for Edward I. to enclose the famousstone of Scone, which he seized in 1297, and brought from Scotland to

the Abbey, where he placed it under the Abbot's care. Upon this chair

and stone, which are moved into the Sanctuary at Coronations, the

Sovereigns of England have ever since been crowned. The only occasion

upon which it has been taken out of the Abbey was when Oliver Cromwellwas installed in it as Lord Protector in Westminster Hall.



SOME NOTABLE

CORONATION CEREMONIES



AN TIE NT EGYPTIAN CORONATION CKREMONIES

Above is depicted the Coronation of Rameses II. ca. 1333 B.C. ; below, the

anointing of Khem by Seti I., and the ceremony of purification by water.



THE CORONATION OF KING DAVI

From a XV century MS.



THE CORONATION OF KING SOLOMON

From a XV century MS.



CORONATION OF A VERY EARLY KING

From a drawing of the XV century



CORONATION OF EDWARD THK CONFESSOR

From an MS. of the XIV century



ila



CORONATION OF HENRY III

From an antient drawing



!

Jm'.'

CORONATION OF A KINGProbably Richard II.

A.D. 1377

From an MS. ot the XV century



CORONATION OF HENRY VI.

A.D. 1422



CORONATION OF HENRY VII.

A.D. 1485

Reproduced by permission from the" ILLUSTRATED LONCON NEWS '



CORONATION OF QUEEN ELIZABETH

A.D. 1558

Reproduced by permission from the "ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS.



-:1 *



CORONATION OF GF. ORGE I.

A.D. 1714

Reproduced by permission from the "ILLUSTRATED LONCON NEWS"



CORONATIONOF

GEORGEIII

A.D. 1761



u



CORONATION OF QI;EEN VICTORIA



SOME WEARERS

OF

THE BRITISH CROWN



ALFRED "THE GREAT"

King of the West Saxons, 871-901



HENRY THE FIRST

Born 106P. Reigned 110C-1135

87



V--

RlCHARD THE FlRST

Born 1157. Reigned 1189-1199



EDWARD THE FIRST

Born 1239. Reigned 1272-1307



KINO HENRY VIII.:

HENRY THE EIGHTH

Born 1491. Reigned 1509-1547



QUEEN ELIZABETH

Born 1533. Reigned 1558-1603



CHARLES THE FIRST

Born 1600. Reigned 1625-1649

100



GKOKGK THE FIKST

Born 1660. Reigned 1714-17.27



GEORGE THE SECOND

Born 1683. Reigned 1727-1760



G F. O R G E THE THIRD

Born 1738. Reigned 1760-1820



"VICTORIA THE GOOD"

Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, and First Empress of India.

Born 1819. Reigned 1837-1901.



SOME BUILDERS

OF THE

BRITISH EMPIRE



SIR MARTIN FROBISHER

1535-1594

Navigator and discoverer of Frobisher Bay. Reached Labrador in 1576,

and in 1585 commanded a vessel in Drake's expedition to the West

Indies. Fought with distinction in the combat with the Spanish Armada.



SIR WALTER RALEIGH

1552-1618

One of the most interesting and romantic figures in English history

was born at Hayes Barton in Devon, in 1552. Court favourite, scholar,

historian, and world adventurer, he was by turns the darling and the butt

of fortune. On leaving Oriel College, Oxford, he volunteered, while but

a youth, for the Huguenot cause in France, and fought at Jarnac and

Montcontour.He accompanied his half-brother, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, on an ill-fated

voyage to the Indies, and, returning in 1580, went to Ireland at the head of

a little company of a hundred foot to act against the rebels and quickly

attracted attention by his courage and resource.

Going to the court of Elizabeth as a protege of Leicester. Raleigh

soon became prime favourite with the Queen who loaded him with gifts

and offices. He used his wealth to further the cause of exploration, and

fitted out three successive expeditions to America, commenced the

colonisation of Virginia, and introduced from thence tobacco and

potatoes into England.

In 1592 he set sail with five ships for Guiana and explored the coast of

Trinidad and the Orinocco River, and in 1596 published his"Discovery

of Guiana."

He was present at the taking of Cadiz, and with the Earl of Essex in

a great expedition, which started from Plymouth for the Spanish Main.

Later he captured Fayal, one of the Azores Islands.

Raleigh became governor of Jersey for three years, but on the death

of Elizabeth, being suspected of wishing to place Arabella Stuart on the

throne, he was imprisoned in the Tower for life. After thirteen years,

during which he wrote the first volume of his"History of the World,"

he was released in order that he might look for a gold-mine in

Guiana. In this last melancholy voyage he lost his son in a fight with

the natives, and, buffeted by storms and weakened by sickness, he

returned to England, only to receive his death at the hands of his

ungrateful country.

The value of Raleigh's work in the making of the Empire was far

greater than any permanent or material addition he made to its borders,

and consisted in the inspiration and impetus which he gave to his own

and each succeeding generation of Englishmen for the pioneer work of

colonisation.



SIR FRANCIS DRAKE

1540-1596

Famous for his exploits on the Spanish Main. First Englishman to

circumnavigate the globe. Commanded under Howard in the combatwith* the Spanish Armada. From his boyhood till the day when his body

was committed near Porto Bello, to that far western sea he loved so well,

Drake's life was a continuous succession of extraordinary adventures,

hair-breadth escapes and daring achievements, and he stands out as the

typical figure among the brave old Elizabethan sea-dogs who first pointed

out the pathway of colonial expansion, since followed by so many

Britons, beyond the seas.



ADMIRAL ROBERT B i. A K K

1598-1657

Commander of the Fleet in 1649, and Warden of the Cinque Ports in 1651-

In 1653 successfully contested the Dutch mastery of the seas against

Van Tromp, De Ruyter and De Witt.



JOHN CHURCHILL, DUKE OF MARLBORO UGH1650-1722

Genera] and Statesman

Captain-General of the British Forces in 1702. His victories at

Donauworth, Blenheim, Ramillies and Malplaquet paved the way for British

expansion in the eighteenth century.



ADMIRAL JOHN B E N B o w1653-1702

A dashing and successful commander in the wars against the French and in

the West Indies, 1689-1702.



GEORGE, LORD AN SON

1672-1762

A famous British Admiral who circumnavigated the globe, and by his

victory over the French at Cape Finisterre, helped to gain for England the

Empire of the Sea.



ADMIRAL LORD RODNEY, K. B.

1718-1792

Vice-Admiral of England

In 1762 captured Martinique. St. Lucia and Grenada. Served in the

the Seven Years' War, and defeated the Spanish Fleet off Cape

St. Vincent in 1780. He also gained a victory over the French in 1782.



VISCOUNT HOOD1724-1816

Commander-in-chief of the Navy in North America, 1767, and in the

Mediterranean in 1793. Contributed to the growth of colonial

empire by his victories off Dominica and St. Kitts.

121



LORD C 1. 1 v K

1725-1774

his extraordinary genius for war by the capture of Arcot (1751), which he

held against a vastly superior force.

This was followed by the victories of Ami and Kaveripak and the

capture of Kovilam and Chingalpat. After a brief period in England,

upon in a parliamentary enquiry.

In its final resolution, Parliament, while admitting his great andmeritorious services, passed at the same time some censure uponClive's conduct. This so preyed upon him, that ill in mind and body, he

died by his own hand on 22nd November, 1774.

Clive's splendid victories at a critical moment in the History of India

won for the British the virtual sovereignty of Bengal, Bahar and Orissa,

established their military prestige throughout the whole country, andTiQ\;i^1 thf* \\rav fnr an Tinnprujl ^n vfraint\rhe way for an Imperial Suzerainty



ROBERT, LORD CLIVE

123



WARREN HASTINGS

1732-1S18

This great Indian Administrator was born at Churchill and educated at

Westminster, he went to Calcutta in 1750 in the service of the East India

Company, and was appointed British Resident at Murshidabad in 1758.

In 1769 he became second in council at Madras, and three years later

Governor of Bengal and President of the Council.

As Governor-General, to which position he was appointed in 1773,

Hastings made an appraisement of the landed estates, revised theassessment, improved the administration of justice, organised the opium

revenue, waged vigorous war against the Mahrattas and made the

Company's power paramount in many parts of India. After violent

dissensions with the members of the council and a duel, in which he

wounded Phillip Francis, one of his opponents, he resigned office and

returned to England. Having been impeached at the bar of the House

of Lords, he was involved in a trial which lasted seven years, completely

stripped him of his fortune and would have reduced him to poverty had

not the East India Company for which he had, during troublous times,

accomplished so much, provided for his declining years.

By his generalship and diplomacy Warren Hastings established upon a

firm basis the British occupation of India.



WARREN HASTINGS

125



GENERAL WOLFE1727-1759

James Wolfe received an ensign's commission in 1742 and fought at

Dettingen, Falkirk and Culloden, and assisted in the capture of

Louisburg. Pitt entrusted to him the Canadian expedition of 1759.

The attack on Montcalm's strong position at Quebec was extremelydifficult, but at last, scaling the clifi at a point insufficiently guarded,Wolfe led his men on to the Plains of Abraham and took the city.

Wolfe's victory, in which both he and his heroic antagonist Montcalmperished, decided the political fate of Canada

127



SIR RALPH ABERCROMBY1734-1801

General and Commander-in-Chief of the British Forces in the West Indies,

1795-1797. He took Grenada, Demarara and Trinidad.

129



ADMIRAL SIR JOHN JERVIS, EARL ST. VINCENT, K. B.

1735-1823

Won distinction as a young lieutenant in the Quebec Expedition in 1759.

Commanded the naval part of the successful expedition, in 1793, against the

West India Islands. First Lord of the Admiralty, 1801.



THE MARQUIS W E L L E s i, E v

1735-1781

Richard Cowley Wellesley, eldest son of the first Earl of Mornington,

was appointed Governor-General of India in 1797. His victories over the

French and the followers of Tippoo Sahib, and later, assisted by his

brother (afterwards Duke of Wellington) over the warlike Mahrattas.

followed up by a far-sighted and vigorous administration, made Britain

the paramount power on the great Asiatic Peninsular

131



HORATIO, VISCOUNT NELSON1758-1805

Served under Hood, Hothamand

Jervis.After

destroyingthe French

Fleet in the Bay of Abukir, he was made Vice-Admiral. He defeated

the French at the battle of Copenhagen in 1801, and, as Admiral,

attacked the combined Franco-Spanish Fleets off Cape Trafalgar,

October 21, 1805, and vanquished them, thereby destroying Napoleon's

plans for the invasion of England.

"Brief, brave and glorious was his young career.

His mourners were two hosts, his friends and foes."



ARTHUR WELLESLEY DUKE OF WELLINGTON

1769-1852

Soldier and Statesman Field-Marshal and Commander-in-Chief of the

British Forces in the Peninsular, 1808-9 ;and at Waterloo, where he

defeated the French Army under Napoleon, on June 18, 1815. Prime

Minister of England from 1828-1830.

133



SIR C H A R L K s JAMES X A i1

1 1: R

1782-1853

A descendant of Napier of Merchiston the famous Mathematician.

Napier, after a distinguished record of service was ordered to India in

18*1, to command in the war with Sind, and succeeded in breaking the

power of the Ameers at the battle of Meanee. After the further victory

of Hyderabad, he was made Governor of the province. In 1847 he was

appointed Commander-in-Chief of the'forces in India, and accomplished

useful service in the Sikh war.



2 3

HEROES OF T H K INDIAN MUTINY

1 Colin Campbell, Lord Clyde, 1792-1863, Rescuer of Havelock and

Outram at Lucknow, and Reliever of Cawnpore.

2 Sir James Outram, 1803-1863 the " Bayard of India," Defender

of Lucknow.

3 Sir Henry Havelock, 1795-1857, Reliever of Lucknow, 1857.



BENJAMIN DISRAELI, EARL OF BEACONSFIELD1804 1881

Prime Minister in 1868, and from 1874-1880, his bold stroke of policy in

making Britain half owner in 1875 of Suez Canal, strengthened English

influence in Egypt. In 1876 he conferred upon the Queen the new title

of Empress of India, and obtained at the Berlin Congress (1878) peace

with honour and the cession of the island of Cyprus.



THE RIGHT HONOURABLE WILLIAM EWART GLADSTONE1809-1898

Prime Minister, 1868-1874 : 1880-1885 ;

Feb. to July, 1886; and from 1892-1894

The silver-tongued orator and unequalled parliamentary debater, who for

sixty-two years was a member of the House of Commons and PrimeMinister in more than four administrations, was famous rather for his

domestic reforms than for any additions to British territory effected by his

policy. Nevertheless, his generous and passionate championship of

oppressed nationalities won for England a place in the esteem of subject

races which has been favourable to British expansion.

137



SIR BART i. E FRERK

1815-1884

Was born at Chydach in Brecknock and studied at Haileybury. AsChief-Commissioner of Sind he kept order amid the turmoil of the

Indian Mutiny. From 1862 to 1867, Sir Bartle Frere was Governor of

Bombay, and in 1877 he signed a treaty with the Sultan of Zanzibar,

abolishing the slave trade. From that year till 1880 he was Governor of

Cape Colony and High Commissioner for South Africa. He was one of

the first to set up the ideal of a confederation of South African Colonies



MARQUIS OF D A \. H o u s i F.

1812-1860

One of the greatest of Indian Pro-Consuls, became Governor-General in

1847. His administration was not less successful in the acquisition of

territory than in developing Indian resources and in improving the

administration. Petiue and the Punjab were conquered ; Nagpur,

Oudh, Sattara, Jhansi and Berrar annexed, thousands of miles of

railways and telegraph wires laid, the Ganges Canal and important

irrigation works all over India opened during the nine short years of

his rule in India.

139



C E c 1 1- RHODES

1853-1902

Having gone to Natal for his health, Cecil Rhodes made a fortune in the

Kimberley diamond diggings and became a leading man in Cape Colony ;

he secured a charter for the British South Africa Company, of which he

was managing director, and whose territory is now Rhodesia. In 1890

he was Prime Minister of Cape Colony, and initiated and inspired to a

great extent the policy of a great Federal South African Dominion under

the British flag.

141



SIR HKSRY M. STANLEY

1841-J9C4

This intrepid explorer and brilliant descriptive writer was also an empire

builder, and probably accomplished more than any other man of his

generation to open up the vast mid-regions of Africa. Stanley made

urgent representations to the British Government to occupy the waste

lands of the East, West and Central districts, but the opportunity was

disregarded. Nevertheless, his work of exploration has been of immense

service in fastening the interest and attention of his fellow countrymen

upon the Dark Continent where he accomplished so much.



EARL ROBERTS OF KANDAHAR, PRETORIA AND WATERFORD-P. C., K.P.

Born 1832. After a long and splendid record of achievements in India,

including his famous march through Afghanistan and Relief of Kandahar,

Lord Roberts was sent out to assume chief command of the British forces,

in the Boer War. He relieved beleaguered Kimberley and, advancing to

Pretoria, secured the ultimate triumph of British arms.

Field-Marshal, Commander-in-Chief of the British Army, 1901-1904



VISCOUNT iWoLSELEY, K.P., G.C.B.

Born 1833. By his successful campaigns in Canada (Red River rebellion

1870), Ashanti, Natal, and especially Soudan 1884-5, has vastly extended

the sphere of British influence. Field-Marshal, Commander-in-Chief of

the British Forces in Egypt, 1882, and other Campaigns. Commander-in-

Chief ofthe British Army, 1895-1900.



SIR A. K. WILSON, G.C.B.

Admiral of tha Fleet, 1907

First Naval Lord of the Admiralty



ADMIRAL LORD FISHKR OF KM. VERSTONK, G.C.B.

Admiral of the Fleet, First Sea Lord of the Admiralty until January 1910

when he retired, but continues to serve as Member of Committee of

Imperial Defence.

147



ADMIRAL LORD CHARLES BERESFORD, K.C.B.

Commander-in-Chief Channel Fleet, 1906-1909

148



THE BRITISH EMPIRE

AND

SOME OF ITS RULERS



T H E EMPIRE

S r N N

M A F OF

Showing Britisl



THE

^BB^2P

WORLD(in red)



,,

"UNDER ONE FLAG

"

" United we stand, divided we fall "

Reproduced by special permission of the Proprietors of"PUNCH," from issue

dated October 18, i8yg



THE BRITISH EMPIRE

This great Anglo-Saxon league is not held down by force

of arms nor welded together against its will by the arts of

military strategy ;it is a free sisterhood of states linked in a

world-wide citizenship by the ties of kindred, religion,

language and literature, and inspired by common ideals of

law, of justice and of family life. For this Pan-Britannic

world the throne of England is a central and pivotal point

the symbol, not merely of glorious historic traditions, but

also of a real and practical union for mutual helpfulness

and defence.

These portions of the Empire are to be regarded largely

as a natural result of the overflow of Anglo-Saxon populations

its origin, into countries previously unoccupied, or but thinly peopled.growth Pioneer settlers have braved the ice floes of Canada, the

dangers of African jungles and of the arid plains and

tangled scrub of Australia to plant British homesteads,

British institutions and the British flag in those now pros-

perous but distant regions. Out of deserts they have made

fruitful gardens, and the rich and splendid states which

havegrown up

in what were once wildernesses are the

legitimate reward of greatly daring enterprise, immense

industry and a magnificent faith in the future.

Other portions of the colonial empire of Britain have come

into it through conquest, by voluntary association, andand Defence ,

. 1,11 . r ...through the sheer necessity of maintaining order among

primitive and lawless peoples upon lands contiguous to

British possessions.

TheEmpire

which has thus

growninto a

corporate unity,in spite of wide differences of race, climate and condition,

is defended by a thin red line of gallant soldiers whoencircle it with their swords, and by brave ships of battle

not a few whose keels ride the four seas and protect both

the shores of Greater Britain and the waterways of its

world- wide commerce.

These two arms of defence are mighty and well equipped,and behind them is the inexhaustible patriotism and loyalty

of the millions of people to whom the flag of Britain

is the beloved and venerated emblem of justice, of religious

tolerance and of equal rule.

154



THK BRITISH EMPIRE IN EUROPE

IN EUROPE

BRITISH ISLES

The British Isles form the centre of administration and

finance, and, in a considerable measure, of executive

government, for the whole Empire.

The total area is 121,377 square miles, and the population

in 1910 amounted to 45,469,564 persons.

The name Great Britain was not officially applied to

England, Scotland and Wales until the time of James I. of

England and Sixth of Scotland, who was styled at his

succession, King of Great Britain.

The political and industrial supremacy of Great Britain is

largely due to the geographical position and vast natural The centre

resources of these islands. They are situated almost inhemisphere

the centre of the landhemisphere

of the Globe and mineral

wealth has been found in apparently inexhaustible quantities

beneath their soil.

This unique position and these remarkable natural

resources have been exploited with unexampled energy and

success by a race whose mixed ancestry is derived from

various European sources; Celts, Saxons, Scandinavians

and Normans have, in turn, invaded the country ;the

strongest and most fearless gaining a footing in it have

become welded into the race and have contributed to the

vigour of the national character, and handed on traditions

of adventure and of enterprise to each successive generation.

Fortunately for her progress in the arts of peace,

Britannia's battles have been fought and her victories won,

for the most part, outside her own territories, in foreign

lands.

From the prolonged and incessant warfare within the

realm itself, which, in the end, debilitates races by cuttingoff their best manhood while, at the same time, interrupting

their commercial development, the United Kingdom has

155



THE RIGHT HON. H. H. ASQUITHPrime Minister



THE BRITISH EMPIRE IN EUROPE

been largely preserved by its insular position. This factor

was of immense importance during the growth of the

modern industrial movement which made great progress in

England at a time when the nations of Europe were exhaust-

ing their energies and resources in useless conflict.

The climate of the British Isles is mild and equable, the

winters being considerably warmer and the summers cooler

than at other places within the same parallel of latitude,

a circumstance which is probably due to the frequently

prevailing south-west winds which blow across the Atlantic.

The mean temperature of England is 4Q'5 and that of

Scotland 47'5.

ENGLAND is the largest and most populous part of the

United Kingdom, and is separated from Scotland by the

Solway Firth, the Cheviot Hills and the Tweed, and com-

prises within its borders the whole of Great Britain south of

that boundary and east of the mountainous peninsular of

Wales. It is divided from the mainland of Europe by the

North Sea and the English Channel and from Ireland bySt. George's Channel. In shape it forms an irregular

triangle, of which the eastern side measures, in a straight

line, 350 miles;the southern, 325 miles

;and the western, 425 ;

but its shores are deeply indented with bays and estuaries

so that its actual coast line is longer in proportion to the

area of the land than any other country, with the exceptions

of Scotland and Greece.

The people of England number three-fourths of the total

inhabitants of Great Britain and Ireland, and constitute the

"predominant partner" in the electorate which controls

the legislature and policy of the whole country.

The well-nigh universal use of the English tongue, the

common inheritance in English literature and English .. The

institutions, which is shared by all the inhabitants of the Expansion

British Isles alike, have made the name of Englandof En*Iand

synonymous in many minds with that of Great Britain, and

even of the British Empire itself, which, in its colonial

development, is spoken of in a phrase, rendered famous bySir Robert Seeley, as

" The Expansion of England !

"

157



LORD LOREBCRN

G.C.M.G.

Lord High Chancellor

THE RT. HON-.

Di^iD LI.OTD GBORGE

Chancellor of the Exchequer

SOME DISTINGUISHED MEMBERS OF THE BRITISH CABINET

158




The scenery of England is widely diversified and full of

charm. The eastern and southern counties consist mainlyof fertile plains, crossed by lines of low hills, but the north-

west is mountainous, the greatest elevations being in the

Lake District, where peaks of the Pennine range, Scawfell,

Helvellyn and Skiddaw, rise to a height of over 3000 feet.

WALES. The most westerly peninsular of Britain was

united politically to England by Edward I. in 1282. The

English monarch having had a son born at Carnarvon, pre-

sented him to the Welsh chieftains as a prince who could

not

speak

a word of

English.

Since then ' '

Prince of Wales "

has been the hereditary title of the heir to the British Throne.

It was among the fastnesses of the Welsh hills that the A distinct

Celtic inhabitants of Britain held out successfully againstnationality

the Saxon invaders of the fifth century. They divided the

country into ecclesiastical sections which still survive in the

antient Bishoprics of Wales, and by the seventeenth century

the Celtic tongue was spoken throughout the land west of

the Marches which were for long the scenes of sanguinary

struggles.

Welsh is still a distinct nationality with a language and

literature of its own.

The country is mountainous in parts and contains

Snowdon, the highest peak in South Britain, and manybeautiful lakes and rivers.

The minerals are extremely valuable, some of the most

important British centres of the coal and iron mining and

smelting industry beingsituated in

South Wales.

SCOTLAND. The Northern portion of Britain, divided

from England by the River Tweed, the Cheviot Hills and

the Solway Firth, is the Caledonia of the antients, and was

a separate and independent kingdom until the year 1603,

when James VI. of Scotland, in default of other heirs,

ascended the English Throne as great grandson of

James IV.'s English wife, the Princess Margaret, daughter

of Henry VII.The coast of Scotland is intersected at so many points by

arms of the sea that few places are more than 40 miles

159



RKOINAI, D M c K E N N

First Lord of the Adm

THE ET. HON.

AOOOSTINE BlRRE

Secretary for Ireland

THE RT. HON.

LEWIS HiRoooRT

Secretary for the Colonies

SOME DISTINGUISHED MEMBB:RS OF THE BRITISH CABINET




Lord Pentland

Secretary of State for Scotl

inland. No less than 787 islands, belonging mostly to the

Hebrides, Orkneys and Shetland, are scattered about its

shores.The greatest length of the

mainland, from Cape Wrath to

the Mull of Galloway, is 274

miles;its breadth varies between

24 and 146 miles.

Scotland is famous for its

romantic and picturesque scenery,

it abounds in hills, lakes and

rivers ; massive cliffs and broad

inlets of the sea. The loftiest

mountains are, Ben Nevis (4,406

feet) and Ben Macdhui (4,296

feet) ; altogether 184 peaks are

over 3000 feet above the sea level.

Loch Lomond, whose "bonnybanks

"are famous in song and story, is a freshwater lake

27 square miles in extent, and the numerous other Lochs

such as Ness, Awe, Shin and Tay, make up a total surface

of water amounting to 621 square miles.

The principal industries of Scotland are agriculture,

distilling, flax, jute and cotton spinning, shipbuilding,

engineering, dyeing, printing and brewing.

The Western, Eastern and Mid Lowlands are extremely

fertile;the total area under cultivation for the whole of

Scotland was recently estimated at 4,859,609 acres.

Coal mining and sea fisheries are also important sources of

wealth, and the Scottish people by their energy, thrift and

enterprising spirit have contributed very largely to the

development of the colonial empire of Britain as well as to

the prosperity of their own country.

The antient Celtic language of the country namely, Gaelic

has fallen almost entirely into disuse, English being

universally spoken with the admixture of many words and

phrases of Gaelic origin. In this Scottish tongue a literature

peculiarly rich in ballad and story has grown up.

Scottish

industries

161



THE RIGHT HON. A . J . B A i. K o u R

Prime Minister from 1902 to 1906




Scotland is remarkable for the educational facilities

afforded to all classes by her schools and universities, and

has contributed

many distinguished

sons to the service of

the Empire in war and peace.

IRELAND. The island of Erin, known to the antient

Greeks as lerne, and to the Romans as Hibernia, is situated

about 60 miles to the west of

England. It is for the most part

an undulating plain interspersed

with low hills, the highest point

(Carran-Tual, of the MacGilly-cuddy Reeks) being 3,414 feet

above the sea level. The total

area is 32,531 square miles. In

prehistoric times, Ireland, like

Britain, appears to have been

inhabited by people of Iberian

stock, who were invaded and

conquered by various Celtic

tribes. From one of these in-

vasions a Celtic language, Erse

or Goidelic, grew to be the common speech of the people of

Ireland, until gradually replaced by the English language.

The climate is similar to that of England, but slightly

warmer, the mean temperature being 50 F.

The Shannon, the largest river in Ireland (and in the

BritishIsles), rises in the Cuilcagh Mountains, county

Cavan, and falls, after a course of 254 miles, into the

Atlantic Ocean between Loop Head and Kerry Head.

The country is comparatively poor in minerals, the chief

exports being agricultural produce and animals. Bogs and

morasses occupy 1,772,450 acres, nearly one ninth the

entire area of Ireland, the largest being the Bog of Allen.

There are also many lakes, or loughs as they are called.

Lough Neagh, which has the largest area (100,000 acres) is

in the Province of Ulster ; and the lakes of Killarney,famed in song and story for their beautiful and romantic

scenery, in Munster.

163



H A L S B D R '

SOME DISTINGUISHED MEMBERSOF

MR. BALJOUR'S ADMINISTRATION, 1902 TO 1906




The manufacture of iinen is a staple industry in the north

of Ireland, shipbuilding on a great scale is carried on at

Belfast, andbrewing

anddistilling

are also

amongthe

important industries of the country.

Ireland has had an eventful and, in some respects, a

tragic history, having been the scene of fierce dissensions

and frequent bloodshed in the past. From the days when An

Brian Boru fought with the Norse Sea Rovers in the eleventheventful

history

century to the massacre of 1641 and Cromwell's terrible

vengeance, and later, the battle of the Boyne in 1691, the

country has been constantly torn by feuds, to which racial

and religious differences have imparted added bitterness.

In 1801, the parliament of Ireland, previously separate,

was joined to that of England by the Act of Union and is

now represented by 103 members in the House of Commons

and 28 elected peers in the Upper Chamber.

Whether this union is to be reversed by the establishment

of a separate Irish legislature in Dublin has been one of the

permanent pre-occupations of British politics during the

last thirty years.

THE CHANNEL ISLANDS include Jersey, Guernsey,

Alderney and Sark, with a total area of 73 square miles, Part of the

situated close to the north west coast of France (12 milesf No"mand

at the nearest point). These islands had a population of

95,841 in 1901, and have been an appanage of the British

Crown ever since the Norman Conquest, having formed

part of the old Duchy of Normandy. French is the official

language of the local legislature called the States, and a

local modification of the old Norman-French is still spoken

by the people. Agriculture and horticulture are among the

principal industries, and the islands are famous for excellent

breeds of horned cattle.

THE ISLE OF MAN (MONA) is situated in the North

Sea, 27 miles S.W. of St. Bees Head, and the same distanceeast from the coast of Ireland. The mild and equable

climate and picturesque scenery of Man attract every year a



THK BRITISH EMPIRE IN EUROPE

large number of visitors, and the fisheries afford employ-

ment to about 4000 persons. The island is 33^ miles long

and 12^ miles wide, and has a population of 55,598.

The Isle of Man was ruled by Welsh Kings from the sixth

to the end of the ninth century and then by Scandinavian

Kings until Magnus, King of Norway, ceded his rights in

it to Alexander III. of Scotland. On Alexander's death

the Manx placed themselves under the protection of

Edward I. of England. In 1406 the island was granted

to Sir John Stanley in perpetuity, to be held of the Crown

The sovereigntyf England.

of the The Stanley family continued to rule it as Kings of Mantan ey ami y

until 1651, when the style of lord was adopted. This

sovereignty descended to the Dukes of Athol, and was

ultimately purchased by the British Government for

^"493,000, but the island still has its own laws, law offices

and courts of law. The legislative body is called the Court

of Tynwald and consists of the Lieutenant-Governor and

Council and the elected House of Keys. The Isle of Man is

rich in

minerals such as lead, iron,blende and

slate,and

also exports large quantities of agricultural produce. The

Manx speech, which belongs to the Goidelic group of Celtic

languages, is now little used, but laws are still promulgated

according to antient usage in both English and Manx from

the Tynwald Hill.




GIBRALTARHISTORY. Called by the antients Mons Calpe, Gibraltar

was regarded as one of the pillars of Hercules, the other

being Abyla, fourteen miles awayon the opposite shore of Africa.

Its present name is derived from

Tarik, a Saracen warrior who cap-

tured the rock in 711 (Gebel-el-

Tarik). Having been taken from

the Moors by Henry of Castille

in 1462, it was strengthened by

Charles V. in the next century and

regarded as impregnable, but was

captured by the British and Dutch

combined fleets under Sir George

Rooke and the Prince of Hesse-

Darmstadt during the war of the

Spanish succession in 1704, and

held in spite of a fierce siege in which 10,000 men are said

to haveperished.

In1713

it was ceded to Britain

bythe

Treaty of Utrecht.

Of the subsequent efforts to retake Gibraltar the most

famous was the siege of 1779-1783, when General Elliott

(afterwards Lord Heathfield) successfully held out for

three and a half years against an enormous force of

Spanish and French allies. During this siege for weeks

together 6000 shells were thrown daily into the town.

DATE OF ANNEXATION. 1713.

AREA. 1| square miles.

CLIMATE. Tropical.POPULATION. 18,351, excluding the garrison, which in

1909 numbered 5,564.

CAPITAL. Gibraltar is the name of the fortress town as

well as the peninsula.GOVERNMENT. The Governor is in command of the

garrison and exercises all the functions, both of governmentand legislation ;

there is no executive or legislative council,

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. The civil population is under

British law, administered by the Chief Justice (Sir H. R.

Pipon Schooles).COLONIAL SECRETARY. Sir F. Evans.

167




Gl BR A LTAR continued

RACES. English, Spaniards, Jews and Moors.

DEVELOPMENT. The harbour and dock improvementsin progress from 1900 to 1910 (mainly for naval purposes)were estimated to cost ^6,500,000.

RELIGION. Since 1842 has been the See of an Anglican

Bishop.LANGUAGE. English and Spanish.PRODUCTS. Gibraltar has no exports of its own but

conducts a brisk transit trade.

MALTA

HISTORY. A crown colony, antiently called Melita. Anisland situated in the Mediterranean, about 28 miles south

of Sicily. Has had an eventful history, and has been the

scene of frequent invasions in antient and modern times.

Was held by the Phoenicians, Carthaginians and Romans,

conquered by the Vandals, and again wrested from them

by the Arabs, A.D. 870. In 1090 was captured by Roger

the Norman, and during succeeding centuries frequently

changed hands. In 1530 Charles V. gave it to the

Knights Hospitallers on their expulsion from Rhodes. After

being held by them till 1695, it was surrendered to the

French. Captured by the British during the Napoleonic

wars in 1800, its cession was formally confirmed by the

Treaty of Paris, in 1814, and the Congress of Vienna, in 1815.


AREA. Including two small islands, 117 square miles.

CLIMATE. Warm, resembling that of Africa more than

Europe. Duringthe

prevalenceof the

sirocco (S.E. wind)the temperature rises to 95 F.

POPULATION. For the Maltese group, 215,879, excludingthe garrison, which numbers 8,296. Malta alone contains

188,000 inhabitants.

CAPITAL. Valetta, population about 31,000. A fine city,

picturesque but antiquated, commanding two spacious

harbours, and surrounded by massive fortifications. Malta

is the chief coaling station of the Mediterranean fleet, and

is provided with extensive dockyard accommodation.

GOVERNMENT. Is administered by a Governor (military),advised and assisted by an Executive Council. Legislation is

carried on by a Council of Government, consisting of the

Governor (president), the Lieutenant-Governor and Chief

168



THK BRITISH EMPIRE IN EUROPK

MALT A c onti n u e d

Secretary of Government, the Crown Advocate, with other

official and elective members.

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. Canonlaw is recognised as the civil

law of Malta.

RACES. Maltese, with a sprink-

ling of British and foreign

residents.

DEVELOPMENT. Population in

1881, including Gozo, numbered

149,782 ;in 1904 it had risen to

197,070, including 20,000 British

and foreign residents. Greatprogress has been made duringthe last 60 years in regard to

the water supply, the plantingof trees, improvement of roads,

and the harbour.

RELIGION. Roman Catholic.

fLANGUAGE. The vernacular is

a dialect of Semitic origin, derived

from the Carthaginian and Arabic tongues, but contains

a large admixture of corrupt Italian terms. The betterclass speak English or Italian. Italian is the official

language of the law-courts, but parents of pupils in the

public schools may choose whether their children shall

learn English or Italian. About 90 per cent, learn English.EDUCATION. Free in the day and night elementary

schools (average enrolment, 19,100). Secondary education

is provided at a moderate rate. The university is attended

by about 240 students, and the Lyceum by about 600 boys.There are also many private schools.

PRODUCTS. Potatoes, onions, cummin seed, and orangesare the principal products exported.

CYPRUS

HISTORY. A large island in the Mediterranean once

famous for its copper mines, the metal itself being named

after the island, aes cyprium, or copper.

Cyprus was called by the classic poets by many different

names, such as Marcaria, Amathusia and Pappos, and wassuccessively held by Phoenicians, Persians and Egyptiansuntil 58 B.C., when it became a Roman province. In 1570

169



THE BRITISH EMPIRE IN" EUROPE

C Y P R U S continued

it was conquered by Turkey and is still nominally a part

of the Turkish empire, butin

1878 was occupied bythe

British, and has been administered by them since then under

a constitution, the excess of revenue over expenditure being

retained as part payment for losses in connection with the'

guaranteed Turkish loan.

AREA, 3,584 square miles.

CLIMATE. Varies according to altitude; tropical but

healthy, except in the low-lying jungle.

POPULATION. 261,587.

CAPITAL. Nicosia.

GOVERNMENT. Cyprus still nominally forms part of the

Ottoman empire, but the government is administered by

England. The inhabitants have been granted a political

franchise, which extends to every man who pays taxes.

There is a High Commissioner, assisted by a legislative

council of 18 members, six official and 12 elected.

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. Each of the six administrative

districts of the island has a Court of Law, presided over by

an English judge, assisted by two native judges, one a

Christian and the other a Mohammedan. There is also a

Supreme Court for the whole island, consisting of two

English judges.

RACES. Turks, Greeks and Armenians.

DEVELOPMENT. A new harbour has been made at

Famagusta, and a railway built to Morphon, a distance of

60 miles.

RELIGION. Greek Christians and Mohammedans.

LANGUAGE. Turkish and Greek.

EDUCATION. There are two Boards of Education, one

Christian and the other Moslem. The total number of

elementary schools is 561 (376 Christian and 185 Moslem).

There is also a Moslem "Idadi

"school at Nicosia, a Greek

gymnasium and several high schools.

PRODUCTS. Grain, sesame, linseed, wine, silk, olives,

locust beans, cotton, wool, hides, aniseed, sponges, etc.

170



THE BRITISH EMPIRE

IN

ASIA



THE RIGHT HON. LORD HARDINGE OF PENSHORST

Viceroy and Governor-General of India



THE BRITISH EMPIRE IN ASIA

INDIA

This great Asiatic peninsular, stretching from the southern

slopes of the Himalayas for 1900 miles southward to Cape

Comorin, and on the west from the mountainous frontier of

Afghanistan and the Gulf of Oman, to the borders of French

Indo-China and the Malays, is by far the most important

dependency of the Britibh Crown.

The manner in which this great empire grew to be a part

of the king's dominions, constitutes at once the strangest

and most fascinating chapter in British history.

India is a land of many races and of many tongues, the A iand

aboriginal inhabitants have long since been displaced in a * many

large measure by successive waves of invasion from the

north, the most primitive peoples now remaining, being

probably the Dravidian hill tribes, represented by the

Gonds;and Kolarians such as the Santals and the Bhils.

The lingua franca of India is Urdu or Hindustani, a com-

pound of Persian and Hindi, which is spoken Ly some

87millions of the inhabitants and understood in all the

populous cities. In addition there are a very large number

of languages and dialects, the principal being Bengali

(44 millions) ; Telugu (20 millions) ;Mahratti (18 millions) ;

Punjabi (17 millions) ;Tamil (16 millions).

More than three thousand years ago an Aryan race of

Indo-Germanic type swept down upon the wide fruitful plain

of the Indus from Central Asia, and it has been from across

the great natural barrier of the Himalayas that each of the

desolating invasions of India, including those of Alexander

and of Tamerlane, has come.

The system of caste originated in the attitude of this

conquering Aryan race from the north of Hindu Kush,

towards the yellow-skinned dwellers in the Himalayan

districts, and the shorter dark-skinned races of the south.

The antient vedas and upanishads, books on the religion

and metaphysics of the Aryans, are written in Sanskrit, and

aresupposed to date back to 1500 B.C.

In the sixth century Gautama, a Prince of the Kshetriya rise Of

caste, became the founder of a new religion called Buddhism, Buddhism

173



THE BRITISH KMPIRE IX ASIA

which after exercising an immense influence over the

Hindus, and existing for a long period side by side with

Brahmanism, at length lost ground in India itself, and gave

way to a fresh revival of Brahmanism in a modified form.

A religion closely-allied to Buddhism still survives, however,

in the sect of the Jains. After the Greek conquest of 326

B.C., many successive waves of Scythians inundated northern

India, and between the years 165 B c., and A.D. 320, left a

lasting impression on the character of the population.

A long period of strife and anarchy followed after the

death of the Emperor Harsha, who had secured towards.

the end of his life the mastery over a vast area.

The successors of Muhammed began to storm the northern

frontiers and paved the way for the rule of the Afghan

dynasties, who, for 500 years, were the most powerful

monarchs in India.

In 1206 Kutb-ud-din, whose memory is still preserved by

the Kutb Minar near Delhi, had reached the zenith of his

power. In 1398 the mighty Tamerlane (or Timur) burst

into India at the head of a great host of Tartars and

captured Delhi, laying waste a great part of Hindustan,

and about a century-and-a-half later, Babar, a direct

descendant of Timur, overthrew the last of the Afghan

kings at Panipat and founded the Mogul Empire. This,

the greatest unification of government among the diverse

races and tribes of India, prior to the British occupation

reached its

highest developmentunder the famous Shah

Jehan (1627-1658), the builder of the Taj Mahal of Agraand many other splendid monuments and public works.

The dynasty of the Grand Moguls, in many respects

glorious, degenerated rapidly, and in another hundred years

the empire was bsing torn in pieces by fresh assaults from

without. In 1738 Nadir, Shah of Persia, captured Delhi,

gave orders for a general slaughter of the inhabitants, and

carried off enormous plunder.

Ths Mahrattas under their Peishwas conquered Gujarat,

Malwa, Berar and Orissa, and became for some time the

foremost power in India, but their rule was tyrannical and

175



THE BRITISH KMl'IRE IN ASIA

formed the administration, added greatly to the territory

under British influence, and laid the foundation of the

political suzerainty of Britain.

Under the able administration of

the Marquess Wellesley, the policy

of forming alliances with subsidi-

ary native states was developed,

and the doctrine of the necessity of

a paramount power in India for

the common welfare, definitely

promulgated.

The last year of the eighteenth

century saw the fall of Tippoo

Sahib, the capture of Seringapatam,

and the successful conclusion of

the fourth Mysore war.

Thus, partly by inheritance,

partly by conquest, and partly by the inevitable converg-

ence of isolated principalities towards the protection of onestrong and central government, Britain grew to be the

custodian of India, and the guardian of her peoples.

Up to the year 1858, the affairs of British India were

administered by the officials of the East India Company,certain members of the board of control being nominated

for this purpose by the British Cabinet, but in the year

after the great mutiny the government was formally

transferred to the crown, and, in

1877, QueenVictoria was

proclaimed Empress of India.

The climate of India is extremely varied, owing to the

wide extent of the country, and the differing degrees of

elevation existing in it, from the snow-covered peaks of the

Himalayas to the torrid plains of the south.

There are well-marked seasons, the cool, the hot, and the

rainy. The occasional failure of the monsoon, causes

periodical

famine.

Further details concerning the most important of the

great provinces into which the country has been divided

for administrative purposes, are given in the following pages.

Victoria,

Queen

Empress



THE BRITISH EMPIRK IN ASIA

BOMBAYHISTORY. The western province of India takes its name

from the island of Bombay, which became a British

possession in 1662, as part of the

dowry of Catherine of Braganza,wife of Charles II. The greater

part of the present territory was

obtained by annexations from the

Mahrattas, and by the lapse of the

Satara State. Sind was con-

quered in 1843 and its administra-

tion is, in some respects, separate

from the remainder of the presi-

dency.


AREA. 122,98^ sq. miles.

CLIMATE. The coast districts

are hot and moist with a heavy

monsoon. Meantemperature

at

G. S. Clarke

.C.I.E.. F.R.S.

the

Governor, assisted by

rainfall

duringBombay, 72F.POPULATION. 18,515,587.

CAPITAL. Bombay.GOVERNMENT. Consists of a

executive and legislative councils.

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. The administration has its base in

the village officer, the patel, he reports to the mamlutdar,

and he in turn to the deputy collector, who is responsible to

the assistant collector or collector.

On the judicial side there are magistrates, small cause

court judges, special and assistant judges, and finally, the

High Court of Bombay and the Judicial Commissioner in

Sind.

RACES. Especially the home of the Mahrattas.

DEVELOPMENT. Very advanced, the capital is a magnifi-

cent city and a great centre of commerce, possessing

railways, newspapers, cotton mills, and many magnificentpublic buildings.

RELIGION. Mohammedan, Hindu, Parsee.

LANGUAGES. Marathi, Gujarati, Sindi and Canarese.




B O M B A Y c ontinned

EDUCATION. Is at a high level, numerous schools exist

throughoutthe

province,and in the

cityof

Bombaythere is

a fine university, also several art colleges, veterinary and

technical schools.

PRODUCTS. Oil seeds, millet, rice, sago, sugar, pepper,

cotton, coal, iron, silver and gold.

Manufacturing industries have become very active in

recent years.

BENGAL

HISTORY. The old Presidency of Bengal comprised, in

pre-mutiny times, the greater portion of northern India,

but the province now under this administration consists of

a part of Bengal proper with Behar, Orissa and Chota

Nagpur. Fifteen districts of Eastern Bengal were detached

from the province in 1905, and combined with Assam,

while one district from the Central Provinces was added

to Bengal.


AREA. 115.819 sq. miles.

CLIMATE. Hot and humid on the plains. Mean tem-

perature 77 F.

POPULATION. 50,722,067.

CAPITAL. Calcutta.

GOVERNMENT. The Lieutenant-Governor is assisted by a

Legislative Council. An Executive Council is being created.

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. There are nine divisional com-

missioners under the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal, who

superintend the revenue, criminal and executive adminis-

tration of their respective divisions. These divisions are

again sub-divided into districts, each under its district

officer, who, besides exercising general supervision, is also

the chief magistrate in his district.

RACES. Most of the people are descended from the

Aryan stock. There are also representatives of the

aboriginal races, such as the Santals, Gonds, Kols and

Bhuiyas.




B ENG A L continued

DEVELOPMENT. Good railways, canals, and irrigation

works have been constructed.

RELIGION. Hinduism and

Mohammedanism are the pre-

vailing religions.

LANGUAGES. The principal are

Bengali, Hindi and Bihari.

EDUCATION. In every village

of any size there is a vernacular

school called a pathsala, and in

every district secondary schools

affiliated to the Calcutta University,

which teach up to the matriculation

standard.

PRODUCTS. Rice, opium,

indigo, oil seeds, sugar, tobacco,

silk, tea and jute.

EASTERN BENGAL AND ASSAM

HISTORY. Assam, the region of the Surma and Brahma-

putra valleys, was ceded to the British after the first

Burmese war in 1826, but it was not until 1838 that, in

consequence of the mifcgovernment of the native rajah,

the entire country was placed under British administration.

It was for many years a separate province, but in 1905 was

linked to Eastern Bengal.


AREA. 106,130 sq. miles.

CLIMATE. There is an abundant and well distributed

rainfall.


CAPITAL. Dacca.

GOVERNMENT. Is vested in a Lieutenant-Governor and

a Legislative Council.

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. Thereis

a regular system of sub-ordinate and superior courts of justice, culminating in the

High Court of Calcutta,which is the Supreme Court of Appeal.

Trial by jury has been successfully introduced in Assam.

181




elot Hare. K. C.S.I.

icutenant-Govemor

EASTERN BENGAL AND ASSAM continued

RACES. Mohammedans and Hindus.

DEVELOPMENT. Alarge part

of this north-eastern tract

is still forest, but there are now

over 600,000 acres of tea planta-

tions, and this industry has

become one of the most important

in India. Railways, telegraph

lines and canals, furnish the means

of communication.

RELIGION. - - Mohammedans,

Hindus and some Christian

converts.

LANGUAGES. Bengali and As-

samese, are the chief among a

great variety of languages.

EDUCATION. About 20 per cent,

of the boys, and 2 per cent, only

of the girls, attend school. The Welsh Calvinistic Methodist

Mission and other missionary bodies are actively engagedin educational work.

PRODUCTS. Rice, tea, jute, wheat, oil seeds, sugar,

tobacco, coal and iron.

THE UNITED PROVINCES OF AGRA AND OUDH

HISTORY. Forming the upper part of the great Ganges

plain to the west of Bengal, these provinces correspond

with the Hindustan of the old Mohammedan historians,

and contain many famous cities of Indian history and

myth within their borders. These include Benares, the

most sacred city of the Hindus, Agra and Allahabad.

From the conquest of Delhi, by Kutb-eb-den, in 1191, to

the advent of the English, a period of 600 years, the

Mohammedans were the rulers of this part of India.

Seven years after Clive's famous victory at Plassey,

Sir Hector Munro conquered the combined forces of the

Emperor Shah Alim and his ally, Shujah-ud-dowlah, at

Baxar. In the absence of any natural military frontier

it became necessary to occupy strategic points in Oudh in




THE UNITED PROVINCE s c on tinned

order to protect Bengal. After the Mahratta war of 1803,

Doab, and the country on both sides of the Jumna, was

brought into the sphere of British

influence. The whole area was

placed under one administration

in 1877.


AREA. 107,164 square miles.

CLIMATE.Hot,

but well watered

and extremely fertile.

POPULATION. 47,691.782.

CHIEF CITIES.-Allahabad (A.gra);

Lucknow (Oudh).

GOVERNMENT. Consists of a

Governor and a legislative council.

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. British

law, modified by special Indianenactments and local customs, is administered in civil and

criminal cases. The habits of the Hindus, especially in

regard to marriage and food, are regulated by the law

of caste, all the septs of the same caste resident within

a traditional area, are under the rule of a pnnchayat, or

council of elders.

RACES. Hindus of Aryan and Dravidian extraction, and

Mohammedans who are divided

by historyand descent into

three great communities the Pathans of the south-eastern

districts, the Moguls of the Upper Doab, and the Afghans

in Rohilkland.

DEVELOPMENT. Railways now traverse almost every

district in the provinces, and a net-work of roads connects

them with every village of importance. Two great canals

on the Upper Doab have been constructed.

RELIGION. Hindu and Mohammedan.

LANGUAGE. Hindustani;also Bihari.

PRODUCTS. Wheat, rice, barley, pulse, tobacco, millet,

cotton, sugar, oil seeds, iron and lead.




PUNJAB

HISTORY. The province of the Five Rivers, which

occupiesthe north west

angleof the

greatnorthern

plainof

India, remained without a break,

under the rule of Mohammedan

dynasties of foreign extraction,

from the beginning of the eleventh

century till the latter half of the

eighteenth, when the Sikhs re-

volted and established a Sikh

kingdom. In 1848, after the Sikh

war, Dulip Singh's territory

became a British province, with

Sir John Lawrence as chief com-

missioner. During the mutiny,

many of the Sikh soldiers helped

to fight the rebels, and when

peace was restored, Delhi and its

territory, were added to the Punjab.

DATE OF ANNEXATION. 1849.AREA. 97,209 square miles.

CLIMATE. Very hot from May to September in the

plains ; varies according to the elevation in the hilly

regions.


CAPITAL. Lahore.

GOVERNMENT. Consists of a Lieutenant-Governor and a

legislative council.

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. The inheritance of land proceeds

throughout a large part of the Punjab, according to

the custom known in England in Saxon time as gavelkind,

that is, all the sons take equal portions of their father's

estate. This custom has produced village communities

of peasant proprietors, the descendants of a common

ancestor.

RACES. Rajputs, Jats, Pathans and Beluchis.

DEVELOPMENT. Railways with bridges spanning the great

rivers, canals, and irrigation works have been constructed

in many parts of the province.

184




P U N .1 A B c oniinued

RELIGION. About half the population is Mohammedan,and half Hindu or Sikh

;the Buddhists, Jains and Christians,

together, only number about 100,000.

LANGUAGES. Punjabi and Hindi are the chief languages ;

the native language of the Pathans and Beluchis is Pashtu,

and is quite distinct from Indian dialects.

EDUCATION. The Khatris and Kashmiri Pandits have a

special aptitude for education and many members of these

two races have distinguished themselves in commerce, in

the civil service of the government and in the learned

professions.

PRODUCTS. Wheat, millet, barley, maize, pulse, oilseeds,

sugar, cotton and salt.

BURMA

HISTORY. A Buddhist Burman dynasty was established

on the Irawadi as early as the eleventh century. Thegradual extension eastwards of the borders of British India

brought its frontier into proximity with Burma, and, owingto border raids by the Burmese, war broke out in 1824. At its

conclusion Assam, Arakan, and Tenasserim, were ceded

to the British government. The second and third Burma

wars resulted in the deposition of the King of Ava, and the

complete annexation of Lower and Upper Burma, which were

placed under one administration in 1886.


AREA. 236,738 sq. miles.

CLIMATE. Very trying to Europeans, in the delta and

along the coast;

the rainy season lasts five, six, and

sometimes even seven months. From February to April

it is dry and hot, the temperature sometimes rising to

iooF. in the shade.


CHIEF CITIES. Rangoon (Lower Burma), Mandalay

(Upper Burma).

GOVERNMENT. Vested in a Lieutenant-Governor and a

legislative council.

185




B U RM A continued

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. Woman occupies a higher position

i Burma than in other parts of India, and the laws

affecting marriage contracts are

more equitable. The Burmese

are extremely fond of music,

dancing and social entertain-

ments.

RACES. Burmans, Karens and

hill tribes, such as Kachins,

Singphos, Paloungs and Chins.

DEVELOPMENT. Several rail-

ways are in operation, including

one from Rangoon to Mandalay.The trade of the country has made

immense progress during the last

forty years.

RELIGION. Buddhism is the

religion of nearly go per cent, of the people.

LANGUAGE. Burmese.

EDUCATION. The primary schools of the country are the

Buddhist monasteries, where every Buddhist lad is expected

to serve a novitiate. There are also numerous government

schools. Over 60 per cent, of the males in Lower Burma

can read and write.

PRODUCTS. Rice, teak, bamboo, cotton, iron, copper,

lead, tin, coal and petroleum.

THE CENTRAL PROVINCES AND BERAR

HISTORY. The Central Provinces, which include the

Vindhyan and Satpura tablelands and the great plain

of Nagpur, were formed, in 1861, out of territory taken

from the north-west provinces, and from Madras, and

originally belonging to the old Mahratta kingdom of

Nagpur.Previous to the rise of the Mahratta power in India, this

region was ruled by native Gond dynasties, the most famous

186




THE CENTRAL PROVINCES AND BERAR continued

being that of Garha Mandla, in the sixteenth century. It

still contains an unusually large proportion of aboriginal

tribes, whose ancestors retreated to the hilly fastnesses of

Gondwana, before successive waves of Aryan invasion, in

early times.

DATE OF ANNEXATION. The northern part of the

provinces in 1818; Nagpur and its dependencies in 1854;

Berar was leased, in perpetuity, from the Nizam of

Hyderabad in 1902.

AREA. 82,635 square miles. Berar 17,710 square miles.

CLIMATE. Hot and dry, except during the south-west

monsoon (June to September).

POPULATION. 9,237,654. Berar, 2,754,016.

CAPITAL. Nagpur.

GOVERNMENT. Under a chief commissioner. All legis-

lation is enacted by the Governor-General's council.

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. British law as modified by special

Indian enactments prevails, the chief difficulties lie in the

direction of the enforcement of sanitary reforms and of

forest conservation.

CHIEF COMMISSIONER. The Hon. R. H. Craddock, C.S.I.

RACES. Mahrattas, Rajputs and Gonds.

DEVELOPMENT. Much has been done, by the construction

of roads and railways, to open up the country.

RELIGION. Most of the people are Hindus ;about one-

seventh belonging to aboriginal or non-Aryan tribes still

adhere to their primitive faiths.

LANGUAGES. Mainly Hindi and Marathi.

EDUCATION. There are2,500

State schools and colleges

at work in the provinces.

PRODUCTS. Rice, wheat, millet, pulse, oil seeds, cotton,

coal and manganese ore.

187




. E. McCall

,

CEYLON

HISTORY. An Aryan invasion from the valley of the

Ganges established a Cingalese dynasty in Ceylon in the

fifth century, B.C. Buddhismwas introduced two centuries

later. The Portuguese formed

settlements on the western and

southern coasts of the island

in 1505, but were subsequently

dispossessed by the Dutch. The

British occupation dates from

1795-6, when the settlementswere annexed to the Presidency

of Madras. They were formally

ceded at the Peace of Amiens in

1802. Owing to a treacherous

massacre of British troops war

was declared, in 1815, against

the government of the interior, whereupon the last Kandyan

king was taken prisoner, and the whole island came under

British rule.



CLIMATE. The heat is less oppressive than in Hindustan.

Mean temperature along the coast 80 F.


CAPITAL. Colombo.

GOVERNMENT. Is that of a Crown colony, and is in the

hands of a Governor, assisted by executive and legislative

councils.

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. The basis of the law is Roman-

Dutch, but the criminal code has been remodelled from the

Indian penal code. In addition to the district courts, there

are Gansabawas, or village councils, empowered to deal

with petty offences and trifling claims.

RACES. Cingalese, Tamil, Moormen (Arabs), Burghers,

Eurasians and Malays. About 9000 European residents.

In the interior are the vestiges of an aboriginal nomadic

race, the Veddahs.

188




C E Y L O N continued

DEVELOPMENT. 576 miles of railways are owned and

worked by the government. Colombo harbour is strongly

fortified.

RELIGION. Buddhism, Brahmanism and Mohammedan-

ism are the chief religions, but Christian missions are

making good progress.

LANGUAGE. The Cingalese speak an Aryan language

closely allied to the Pali, or modernised Sanskrit.

EDUCATION. Unsectarian, and in the vernacular schools,

free.

PKODUCTS. Tea, coffee, cinchona, cocoa, cinnamon,

cardamoms, ebony, vanilla and the cocoanut palm.

HONG-KONGHISTORY. The island of Hong-Kong was first occupied by

the British in 1841, and was formally ceded by the Treaty of

Nankin in the following year.

The opposite peninsular of Kowloon was ceded to Great

Britain by treaty in 1861, and in 1898 a portion of theKwongtung province was added. The commercial im-

portance of the colony was greatly enhanced by the

discovery of gold in Australia in 1851, and later, by the

opening of the Suez canal. It has become the great depot

for Chinese emigration and immigration and for trade with

the interior.


AREA. Including the leased portions of the mainland, 390

square miles.

CLIMATE. Temperature ranges from 87-3 to 54'9 F.

The rainy season extends from May to October. Typhoonsare prevalent during the months of July to October.

POPULATION 428,888.

CAPITAL. Victoria.

GOVERNMENT. Is that of a Crown colony administered

by a Governor, aided by executive and legislative councils.

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. Up to 1899, Chinese officials

exercised jurisdiction within the walled city of Kowloon,

but this has now ceased and a district officer resides there.

RACES. 11,390 Europeans, the remainder are Chinese.



THK BRITISH EMPIRE IN ASIA

HONG-KON G c ontinued

DEVELOPMENT. The waterways of the colony form one

of the most magnificent harbours

in the world and areprovidedwith docks which will accommodate

the largest ships.

RELIGION. Buddhism, Confuci-

anism, Taoism among the Chinese

population.

LANGUAGE.-English and Chinese.

EDUCATION. The Hong - KongUniversity for the promotion of

Christian civilisation in China,

was founded in 1910.

PRODUCTS. The island itself

produces little or nothing, but its

position has made it the centre of a

Governor very large export and import trade.

WEI-HAI-WEI

HISTORY. A portion of the Chinese territory of Shantung,

including the town of Wei-hai-wei, the island of Lui Kung,

the bay and a belt of land ten mileswide along the coast, was ceded bythe Chinese government in 1898,

in order to provide Great Britain

with a suitable naval harbour in

north China, and for the better

protection of British commerce in

the neighbouring seas.

DATE OF ANNEXATION. i

AREA. 285 sq. miles.CLIMATE. Winter is cold, but

dry and bracing, and the summerheat not excessive.

POPULATION. 150,000.sirj. K. lockiiart CAPITAL. Wei-hai-wei.

GOVERNMENT. Vested in a

Commissioner who makes ordinances subject to the approvalof the Secretary of State for the Colonies.

RACES. English, Chinese.DEVELOPMENT. The territory has been surveyed by the

Royal Engineers, but has not as yet been strongly fortified.




STRAITS SETTLEMENTSHISTORY. Penang, Singapore and Malacca, called the

Straits Settlements, from their proximityto the Straits of

Malacca, are now under one

colonial administration, havingbeen transferred from the control

of the Indian government in 1867.

Malacca is one of the oldest

European settlements in the east,

having been taken possession of

by the Portuguese, under Albu-

querque, in 1511. They were suc-

ceeded bythe

Dutch, who handedover their rights to the East India

Company in exchange for Bencoo-

len, on the west coast of Sumatra.



CLIMATE. Hot, with little vari-

Govemor ation of seasons;mean tempera-

ture 82-7 F.;

the rainfall is pretty

evenly distributed throughout the year.


CAPITAL. Singapore.

GOVERNMENT. Is vested in a Governor aided by execu-

tive and legislative councils.

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. The law in force is contained in

local ordinances, and in such English and Indian Acts, and

Orders in Council, as have been made applicable to the

colony, from time to time. There is a Supreme Court

which holds assizes at Singapore, Penang and Malacca.

RACES. Europeans, Chinese, Malays, and natives of India.

DEVELOPMENT. Singapore is a very important port of

call for vessels trading between Europe or India and the Far

East;

it possesses capacious docks and a fine harbour.

RELIGION. Differs according to race;

there is an

Anglican Bishop of Singapore, chaplains and missionaries.

LANGUAGE. Malay, Chinese, Hindu dialects.

EDUCATION. Is under the control of an Education

Board; there are 215 schools, . vernacular instruction is

provided for Malays, free of charge.

PRODUCTS. Tin, sugar, pepper, nutmeg, mace, sago,

tapioca, rice, buffalo hides and horns, rattans, india-rubber,

dye stuffs, tobacco.

191



THE BRITISH KMPIRE IN ASIA

THE FEDERATED MALAY STATES

HISTORY. Owing to the anarchical conditions prevail-

ing in some of the States on the mainland of the Malay pen-

insula, notably Perak, the Pangkor Treaty of 1874 was

entered into, and British residents were stationed in Perak,

Selangor and Sungei Ujong. In 1889 a protected State,

known as the Negri Sembilan (Nine States), was

formed. In 1895 a further treaty was signed by the native

rulers of the four States constituting their country a

federation to be administered under the advice of the British

Government.

AREA. 26,375 scl- rniles.

CLIMATE. Hot, moist and very uniform, average

maximum shade temperature 90, minimum 70 F.

POPULATION. 977,000

CAPITAL. In Perak, Tai-Ping ;in Selangor, Kwala

Lumpur.GOVERNMENT. Legislation for matters affecting the whole

territory is enacted by a federal council, presided over bythe High Commissioner of the Straits Settlements, and

consisting of the Resident-General, the Sultans of Perak,

Selangor and Pahang, the Yam Tuan of Negri Sembilan,

the four British residents, and four unofficial members.

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. There is a Chief Judicial Commis-

sioner, and the States are policed by a mixed force of Indians

and Malays officered by Europeans.

RESIDENT-GENERAL. Sir W. Taylor, K.C.M.G.

RACES. Malay, Chinese, Hindu.

DEVELOPMENT. There are, at present, 542 miles of

railway, chiefly in Perak and Selangor, all owned and

managed by the government.

RELIGION. Among the Malays, Mohammedanism has

been largely superimposed upon the old pagan beliefs, some

of which still survive, however, in the were-tiger superstition,

the belief in magic, evil spirits, witchcraft and sorcery.

LANGUAGE. Malay, Chinese and Hindu dialects.

EDUCATION.Theie are numerous

Malayvernacular

schools, and a few Tamil schools.

PRODUCTS. Tin, coffee, cocoanuts, sugar, rice and rubber.




NORTH BORNEOHISTORY. The northern

portion

of the island of

Borneo,with a coast line of 900 miles, was ceded to a British syndicate

in 1878, by the Sultans of Brunei

and Sulu. The syndicate's rights

were acquired in 1881, by the

British North Borneo Provisionial

Association, and transferred in the

following year to the British North

Borneo Company. The government

assumed a formal protection over

the country by agreement in 1888.



CLIMATE. Tropical, but eq-

uable; temperature varies from

70 to 90 F.


CAPITAL. Sandakan.GOVERNMENT. Is in the hands of a Governor assisted

by a council.

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. The law of the country is based

upon the Indian penal, criminal and civil codes, with the

adaptation in special instances of Acts in force in the

British colonies. There is also an Imam's Court for the

administration of Mohammedan law.

RACES. Dyaks, Malays, Kyans, Papus or Negritos, and

other tribes.

DEVELOPMENT. Internal communication is mainly by

water;some 120 miles of railway have been constructed.

RELIGION. Animistic Paganism, with barbarous rites

which included head-hunting, was the old religion of the

native dyaks. The settlers along the coast are mainly

Mohammedans. There is a Church of England and a

Roman Catholic mission.

LANGUAGE. Dyak.PRODUCTS. Sago, timber, coffee, pepper, gutta-percha,

india-rubber, camphor, resin, cutch. Coal and large

deposits of iron ore have been discovered.

193



THK BRITISH EMPIRE IN ASIA

SARAWAK

HISTORY. A large strip of country on the north-west

coastof

Borneo, which washanded over

bythe Sultan of

Brunei, in 1842, to Sir Charles

Brooke, who ruled as Rajah till

1868, when he was succeeded by

his nephew, H. H. Rajah Sir

Charles Johnson Brooke, G.C.M.G.

In 1888 Sarawak was placed under

British protection.


CLIMATE. Tropical.


CAPITAL. Kuching.

GOVERNMENT. Vested in the

Rajah and a supreme council, of

which he is president.

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. Under

the just and equitable rule of theBrookes, Sarawak has been reclaimed from a condition

of barbarism.

RACES. Malay, Dyaks and Chinese.

DEVELOPMENT. There are good roads round the capital,

and from thence to the mining districts in upper Sarawak.

Internal communication is largely by means of the numerous

rivers.

RELIGION. Mohammedanism and paganism, but Chris-tian missions, both Protestant and Roman Catholic, are

well represented.

EDUCATION. Mission schools exist at Kuching, under the

superintendence of the Bishop of Singapore and Sarawak

and the Roman Catholics.

PRODUCTS. Rubber, pepper, sago, coal and gold.



THE BRITISH EMPIRE

IN

AFRICA



VISCOUNT GLADSTONE

First

Governor-Generalof the Union of South Africa

196



THE UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA

UNDER the terms of the South African Act passed by the

Parliament of the United Kingdom on September 20,

_ 1909, the Colonies of Cape of

Good Hope, Natal, the Trans-vaal and the Orange Free State

were united into one government

under the name of The Union

of South Africa.

General Louis Botha

Prime Minister of the South

The first formal steps towards

the execution of this Act, de-

signed as a magnanimous ap-

peasement of racial animositiesafter a long and terrible conflict,

was the Royal Proclamation on

December 3, 1909. A few weeks

later the name of Mr. Herbert

Gladstone, now Viscount Glad-

stone, was announced as the first Governor-General of this

great congeries of South African States.

On the arrival of Viscount Gladstone in the Colony,

General Botha was invited to form an executive council,

and became Prime Minister of the first Administration.

Union day, May 31, 1910, on which the Union actually

came into being, was observed as a public holiday through-

out South Africa, with great rejoicings and thanksgiving.

A message was received from King George, expressing His

Majesty's"earnest hope and strong confidence that the

new Constitution will, under Divine Providence, further

the highest welfare of South Africa, and add strength to

the Empire."

The lamented death of King Edward having prevented the

proposed voyage of King George (then Prince of Wales) to

South Africa, that duty was delegated to the Duke of

Connaught, who, with the Duchess, visited the Colony,

arriving at Cape Town on October 31, 1910.

The Duke of Connaught opened the first Union Parlia-

ment in the name of theKing

withgreat ceremony

on

November 4, and afterwards made an extensive and

interesting tour of the South African Colonies.

197



THE BRITISH EMPIRE IN AFRICA

THE PROVINCE OF THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE

HISTORY. As early as 1486, Bartholomew de Diaz, a

Portuguese commander, landed at Algoa Bay, and Vascode Gama doubled the Cape eleven years later. The

British first visited it in 1561, and, in 1620, two English

East India Commanders took formal possession of the

Cape in the name of Great Britain, but no settlement

was formed. For many years the Dutch East India

Company were the most active colonisers in this region.

In 1795, Holland having yielded to the French Revolu-

tionary Government, an English force, proceeded to the

Cape to secure it for the Prince of Orange, and General

Craig, the commanding officer, became Governor. After

the Peace of Amiens, the colony was restored to the Batavian

Republic, but was again captured in 1806, and finally

ceded to the British at the general peace of 1814.



CLIMATE. Dry and bracing, mean temperature 62'2 F.

POPULATION. As estimated in 1907, was 2,507,500, of

whom 610,680 were Europeans.

CAPITAL. Cape Town.

GOVERNMENT. An Administrator is appointed every five

years by the Governor-General;he is assisted by an elective

Provincial Council andby

an Executive Committee of four

members.

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. Roman-Dutch law prevails in the

Colony, as modified by Colonial legislation.

ADMINISTRATOR. His Hon. N. F. de Waal.

RACES. British, Dutch, French and other Europeans,

Malays, Hottentots, Fingoes and Kaffirs.

DEVELOPMENT. The diamond fields of Griqualand West,

centering round Kimberley, have been extensively worked.

The province now contains 3,262 miles of railway.

199 M




CAPE OF GOOD HOPE continued

RELIGION. There is an Anglican Archbishop of Cape

Town, and,beside the

Episcopalian,there

are the DutchReformed, Independent, Presbyterian, Wesleyan and RomanCatholic Denominations.

LANGUAGES. English and Dutch.

EDUCATION. University of the Cape of Good Hope,and numerous schools are assisted by Government grants.

The number of schools in operation in 1909 was 3,681,

attended by 172,225 scholars. There are also five colleges.

PRODUCTS. Gold, diamonds, copper, wool, wheat, cattleand ostriches.

NATAL

HISTORY. Discovered by Vasco de Gama in 1497, the

coast of Natal was colonised by a small company of Dutch

settlers in 1721, but soon afterwards abandoned. In

1837, Boers from Cape Colony migrated to Natal and they

obtained a decisive victory over the Zulus in 1839. Owing

tc disturbances in the district, in 1842 a military expedition

was sent to Natal from Cape Colony, and, after suffering

defeat, was reinforced by a contingent under Colonel

Cloete, who received the submission of the Boers at

Pietermaritzburg on July 5, 1842. The military power of

the Zulus was broken at the battle of Ulundi in 1879, and

Cetshwayo, their King, was captured. He was afterwards

restored, but, being unable to maintain a stable government,

Zululand was, in 1887, with the general consentof the in-

habitants, declared British territory. The Amaputaland

Protectorate was added ten years later.



CLIMATE. Healthy, heat seldom oppressive, mean tem-

perature 64-71 F.


CAPITAL. Pietermaritzburg.

GOVERNMENT. By an Administrator aided by an elective

Provincial Council and an Executive Committee of four

members.

200




N A T A L c onti n u e d

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. Modification of the old Dutch law.

A NativeHigh

Court administersjustice

and deals with all

crimes arising out of native law

and custom.

RACES. Europeans, Kaffirs and

Asiatics.

DEVELOPMENT. Railways to

Orange Free State and Transvaal

have been constructed. Sugar

and Assam tea have been largely

cultivated since 1863, and the im-

migration of Indian Coolies has

been encouraged.

RELIGION. Is well provided for

by denominational bodies.

LANGUAGES. English, Dutch,Administrator -,7 rr

Kaffir.

EDUCATION. -- Two Government High Schools, 41

Primary, 5 Indian and 2 Government Schools for colouredchildren.

PRODUCTS. Wool, cereals, coal, iron and sugar.

THE TRANSVAAL

HISTORY. The Transvaal was for a long period an in-

dependent State, and, from 1884 to 1900, was officially

styled the South African Republic, The region hadbeen occupied, as early as 1856, by pioneer Boers from

Cape Colony who had driven out or subdued the native

Basutos. In 1877, owing to chronic was with the natives,

and accumulated debts, the Republic war on the eve of

dissolution when the British undertook the subjugation of

the rebellious tribes, and put the finances of the State in

order. Owing to disagreements there followed the war of

1880-8 1, marked by the defeat and death of General

Colley at Majuba Hill. The Republic continued under the

suzerainty of Great Britain, but, in 1886, the discovery of

gold on the Wietwatersrand caused a large addition of

201



THE BRITISH KMPIKK IX AFRICA

THE TR A NSV A AL continued

outlanders to the population, and their discontent at the

denial of political status ultimately led to the second Boer

War, which commenced October,

1899. After a long struggle,

British Arms were at length

victorious, and terms of peace

were signed May 31, 1902.



CLIMATE. -- Salubrious; rain

copious on the eastern side, the

interior and west very dry.


CAPITAL. Pretoria.

GOVERNMENT. By an Admini-

strator, aided by a Provincial

Council (elected for three years), and an Executive

Committee of four members.

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. For local administration there are

elective municipalities.

RACES. British, Boers of Dutch descent, aboriginal and

other coloured races.

DEVELOPMENT. Immense progress has been made in the

gold mining centre round Johannesberg, now the largest

city in South Africa.

RELIGION. English Episcopal and Free Churches, andthe Dutch Reformed Church.

LANGUAGES. English, Dutch and native dialects.

EDUCATION. Elementary education free and compulsory

for white children;both English and Dutch is taught in

the schools.

PRODUCTS. Gold, wool, cattle, hides, grain and ostrich

feathers.

>02




ORANGE FREE STATE PROVINCE

HISTORY. Founded by the Boers who trekked from

Cape Colony in 1836, and recognised in 1854 as an inde-

pendent Dutch Republic, the Orange Free State joined

the Transvaal Government in October, 1899, in its dispute

with the British, and commenced hostilities. After its

occupation by Lord Roberts, the country was formally

annexed, and has since become one of the constituent

provinces of the South African Union.


AREA. 50, 392 square miles.

CLIMATE. Hot, especially in the middle and western

divisions where the temperature often rises to 105 F. and

108 F. The eastern division is cooler and more

humid.

POPULATION. At census of 1904, 387,315, of whom

142,679 were Europeans.

CAPITAL. Bloemfontein.

GOVERNMENT. By an Administrator, aided by a

Provincial Council (elected for three years). There is an

Executive Committee of four members.

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. Roman-Dutch law prevails. The

Resident Magistrates' Courts have both civil and criminal

jurisdiction.

ADMINISTRATOR. His Hon. A. E. W. Ramsbottom.

RACES. British and Dutch, Kaffir and other natives.

DEVELOPMENT. Nearly 1000 miles of railway have been

constructed.

RELIGION. Chiefly that of the Dutch Reformed Church.

LANGUAGES. English and Dutch.

EDUCATION. Administered by a Government Department

at Bloemfontein. There are 377 free Government schools

in the colony.

PRODUCTS. Horses, cattle, ostriches, grain ; diamonds,

garnets and other precious stones;coal.

203




BASUTOLAND

HISTORY. A native province which was separated from

Cape Colony in 1884, after a great national Pitso of the

Basutos had taken place, in which their representative

chiefs had agreed to comply with the terras offered them

by the Imperial Government.



CLIMATE. Excellent, mean temperature 58-76 F.

POPULATION. The census of 1904 showed 347,731

natives, and 895 white people.

CAPITAL. Maseru.

GOVERNMENT. The territory is governed by a Resident

Commissioner under the direction of the High Commis-

sioner for South Africa, the latter possessing the legislative

authority which is exercised by proclamation.

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. The chiefs adjudicate on cases

between natives ; appeals lying to the Magistrates' Courts.A hut tax is levied.

RESIDENT COMMISSIONER. Herbert Cecil Stoley, C.M.G.

RACES. Basutos, a people belonging to the Bechuana

stock, or closely allied to it.

DEVELOPMENT. The roads are now in good condition;a

bridge has been constructed across the little Caledon River.

RELIGION. Christian Missions are making good pro-

gress.

LANGUAGE. Suto or Sesuto.

EDUCATION. There are 254 schools, with 13,000 scholars,

a large proportion being in the schools of the French

Protestant Mission. Grants in aid of education to the

extent of .9,100 were made in 1905-10.

PRODUCTS. Immense herds of cattle and horses are

reared, and it is one of the finest grain-producing districts

in South Africa.

204



THK BRITISH EMPIRE IN AFRICA

BECHUANALAND PROTECTORATE

HISTORY. A large region to the north of Cape Colony,

which was placed under British protection in 1885, when

Sir Charles Warren visited the principal chiefs, Khama,

Gasitsive and Sebele. The limits of the Protectorate were

more clearly denned in 1891, and since the annexation of

British Bechuanaland to the Cape, the Protectorate has been

governed as a separate territory.



CLIMATE. Healthy during the summer which lasts for

seven months of the year.


CHIEF TOWNS. Francistown, Gaberones, Tati. The

centre of administration is at Mafeking in Cape Colony.

GOVERNMENT. By a High Commissioner assisted by two

Assistant Commissioners.

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. The principal native chief is Khama,chief of the Bamangwato. The Bechuanaland Protectorate

Police Forceis

under the direct control of the ResidentCommissioner.

RESIDENT COMMISSIONER Lieut. -Col. Pauzera.

RACES. Bechuana Kaffirs, of Bantu race.

DEVELOPMENT. The railway to Bulawayo runs along the

eastern border of the Protectorate. Little has been done

as yet to develop the country, a large portion of which is

taken up by the Kalahari Desert.

RELIGION. Totemic, but Christianity is making good

progress.

LANGUAGE. Chuana or Sechuana.

PRODUCTS. Maize, cattle and wood.

SWAZILANDHISTORY. Swaziland or "

Kwangwane"

as it is called bythe natives, is a somewhat mountainous region adjacent to

the Transvaal and Natal. The natives are the descendants

of early Bantu invaders. The independence of Swaziland

was expressly stipulated for in the Conventions of Pretoria

(1881) and London 1884. In 1890, with the consent of the

205



THK BRITISH EMPIRK IN AFRICA

S W A z I L A N D continued

Swazis, a provisional government was set up under a Con-

vention between Great Britain and the South African

Republic. After the Boer war, the country passed with the

Transvaal under British rule.



CLIMATE. \Vell watered and healthy except in the Low

Veldt.

POPULATION. 86,381 including 890 whites.

CAPITAL. Mbabane.

GOVERNMENT. A native Queen Regent, Lonatsebeni.A Resident Commissioner, with Assistant Commissioners

and other Officers, administer justice and collect taxes.

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. The jurisdiction of the Paramount

and other chiefs is retained in civil cases affecting aboriginal

natives only. For Europeans the Roman-Dutch CommonLaw as modified by Statute prevails.

RESIDENT COMMISSIONER. R. T. Coryndon, Esq.

RACES. Ama-Swazis, a section of the Zulu race.

DEVELOPMENT. Tin mining is carried on extensively in

the neighbourhood of Mbabane. Experiments are being

conducted in cotton growing.

RELIGION. The English Church Mission, the South

African General Mission and the Scandinavian Alliance

Mission have representatives in the country.

EDUCATION. Schools for Europeans and native children

exist at Bremersdorp, Ferreira's Hluti and Zambodi.

PRODUCTS. Tin, gold (small quantity), and agricultural

produce such as millet, maize, pumpkins and ground nuts.

RHODESIA

HISTORY. A Royal charter was granted in 1889 to the

British South Africa Company conferring upon it large

administrative powers in the region north of the Transvaal.

This vast territory, as yet only partially developed, wasnamed Rhodesia after the distinguished South African

political leader, Cecil Rhodes.

206



THE BRITISH KMPIKK IN AFRICA

R H o D E S I A continued

In 1893, the Matabeles, having made a raid upon

Mashonaland, were defeated at Bulawayo.

A second rebellion of the nativesled to the war of 1896. Duringthe Boer war, Southern Rhodesia

raised a company of volunteers,who

took part in the relief of Mafeking.


AREA. Southern Rhodesia,

184,000 square miles. North-

Eastern Rhodesia, 109,000 square

miles.

CLIMATE. Sub-tropical, the

Uplands of Southern Rhodesia

are healthy and bracing.

POPULATION. A little over a

million, of whom about 1000 are

Europeans.CAPITAL. Salisbury.

GOVERNMENT. An Administrator assisted by an ExecutiveCouncil, consisting of four members who hold office for

three years, and a Legislative Council, consisting of the

Adminstrator, the Resident Commissioner and 14 members.

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. As those in force in the Cape of

Good Hope Province as far as they are applicable.

RACES. British; Matabeles, an offshoot of the Zulu

nation, and Mashonas.

DEVELOPMENT. In 1905, 1,900 miles of railways were

open, and the Cape to Cairo line reached the Victoria

Falls in 1904. There are about 300 registered companies

interested in mining and development work in the territory.

RELIGION. Totemism and Fetishism still linger amongthe natives.

LANGUAGES. Ndau, Shona and Tabele.

EDUCATION. There were in 1908, 22 State-aided schools

and 50 native schools.

PRODUCTS. Gold, silver, copper, blende, antimony,arsenic, lead and coal, ivory, tobacco, rubber, cotton,

cereals, hides, and skins.



THE BRITISH KMPIRK IN AFRICA

George C. Denton

WEST AFRICAN DOMINIONS

GAMBIA

HISTORY.The

Gambia,one of the

greatrivers of Western

Africa, was discovered by^Portuguese navigators in 1447.

Queen Elizabeth granted a charter

to a British company to trade, and

in 1686, a fort was built upon a

rocky island. The settlement was

recognised as British, by the

Treaty of Versailles, 1783, and, in

1807, was put under the government

of Sierra Leone. It became a

Colony in 1843, and was con-

stituted a separate government in

1888, under which are now

included the Island of St. Mary,

British Combo, Albreda, the Ceded

Mile, McCarthy's Island and various

other islands and territories on the banks of the river.


AREA. Including additional protected areas, 3,980

square miles.

CLIMATE. The best part of the year is from the end of

November to the middle of May. Unhealthy during the

rainy season.


CAPITAL. Bathurst.

GOVERNMENT. Administered under a Governor with an

Executive and a Legislative Council.

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. Travelling commissioners go for

200 miles up the river, there are also magistrates and native

courts. A hut tax of about 43. per family is imposed in the

Protectorate.

RACES. Negroes of theJollof, Mandingo, Sarahouli,

Fullah and Jolah tribes.

DEVELOPMENT. Communication with the interior is

easy, owing to the numerous steamers on the river. Thereare good roads. No railway systems, or local telegraph

have been opened up yet.




G AMBI A continued

RELIGION. Mohammedans and Pagans.

LANGUAGE. Jollof and Mandingo are the chief native

dialects.

EDUCATION. There are eight elementary Government-

aided schools, also a Wesleyan secondary, and a technical

school.

PRODUCTS. Ground nuts, beeswax, hides, rice, millet,

sweet potatoes, cotton and india-rubber.

THE GOLD COAST COLONYHISTORY. The first European settlement on the Gold

Coast was established in 1482, when the Fort San Jorge da

Mina was built and garrisoned by the Portuguese. Later,

the Dutch and other nationalities set up trading stations on

the coast In 1807 the Ashantis conquered the Fantis, a

tribe friendly to the British, and, in 1824, defeated Sir Charles

McCarthy at Accra. Two years later the Ashantis were

totally defeated by Colonel Purdon, and a treaty of peacewas subsequently concluded by the governor, Mr. Maclean,

who greatly strengthened British influence on the coast, and

became Judicial Assessor to the native chiefs. By the

convention made between England and Holland in 1871, the

Dutch transferred all their forts and possessions to the

English. After the victories of Sir Garnet Wolseley in

the Ashanti war of 1873, the Gold Coast Colony was

separated from the West Africa Settlements, and placed

under a Governor-in-Chief.


AREA. Including Ashanti and Protectorate, about

82.000 square miles.

CLIMATE. On the low and swampy coast, very unhealthy ;

better inland.

POPULATION. 1,500,000, of whom about 1000 are

Europeans.

CAPITAL. Accra.

GOVERNMENT. Administered by a governor with an

Executive and a Legislative Council.

209



THK HRITISH EMPIKF. IN AFRICA

THE GOLD COAST COLONY continued

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. British Common Law and Equity

modified by local ordinances. Native law is administered

in all the courts, in so far as it

is not incompatible with statute

law.

RACES. Ashanti, Fanti.

DEVELOPMENT. Great efforts

are being made to improve sanitary

conditions of the coast towns.

Telegraph and railway systems

have been established.

LANGUAGE. Accra or Ga,

Ashanti, Fanti and Ewe are the

chief native dialects.

RELIGION. Fetishism amongthe more degraded coast natives,

but the number of Mohammedans

and Christians is steadily increasing.

EDUCATION. The Government assists the

Wesleyan,Roman Catholic and German missionaries in educational

matters, and has established schools of its own.

PRODUCTS. Gold, rubber, ivory, gum-copal, cocoa,

cotton, lumber, grains and oil.

J. F. Thorburn, Esq.. C.il.

SIERRA LEONE

HISTORY. This old-established British colony dates from

the cession, by King Nembana, of certain coast lands to

Captain John Taylor and a company of settlers in 1788.

During the period when England was struggling to sup-

press the over-sea traffic in slaves, Sierra Leone was

much used as a settlement for Africans rescued from slave

ships.

The eastern frontier of the colony was settled by an

agreement made between Great Britain and France in

January, 1895, by which the colony relinquished all control

of the head waters of the Niger.




THE BRITISH EMPIKK IN AFRICA

SOUTHERN NIGERIA continued

West African Settlements. Later, Palma, Leckie, the King-

dom of

Appaand parts of the Mahin Ogbo and Jekri

territories were added. In 1890,

Kotonu was exchanged with the

French for the kingdom of Pokra.

A military expedition in 1892 against

the Jebus resulted in the inclusion

in the protectorate of a portion of

their country and the opening upof an important trade route to the

interior. In 1899, Ikorodu wasceded and the protectorate extended

to the boundaries of Northern

Nigeria. It was constituted the

colony of Southern Nigeria by

Royal Letters Patent, in 1906.



CLIMATE. Unhealthyfor

Europeans;

thereare four

seasons : the wet, the dry, and two tornado seasons. Mean

temperature 80*5 F.

POPULATION. Approximately, six millions; Europeans,

1120.

CAPITAL. Lagos.

GOVERNMENT. Governor, assisted by Executive and

Legislative Councils.

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. There is a Supreme Court for the

whole colony, presided over by the Chief Justice ;the laws

in force have been codified. Native law is administered

when not incompatible with any statute nor repugnant to

natural justice. There is a superintendent of native affairs

at Abeokuta.

RACES. Europeans, Jejis, Yorubas, and Benins (or Benis).

DEVELOPMENT. Railways, steam tramways, telegraph

and telephone systems have been instituted. Rubber,

cocoa and cotton planting are being actively developed.

RELIGION. Paganism, but Christianity is making

progress.




SOUTHERN NIGERIA continued

LANGUAGES. (Native) Yoruba, Hausa, Ibo.

EDUCATION. Government has instituted asystem

of

primary and secondary schools. There are also grammarand high schools.

PRODUCTS. Palm oil and kernels, ivory, gum-copal,

rubber, coffee, cocoa, cotton, hides and fruit.

NORTHERN NIGERIA

HISTORY. British traders visited the Niger and adjacent

rivers and creeks known as the Oil Rivers in the iyth

century, and made successful settlements during the follow-

ing century. Early in the igth century, Mungo Park traced

the course of the Upper Niger from Bamako to Boussa. In

1852, McGregor Laird established stations and endea-

voured to bring the country under British influence.

Largely owing to the exertions of Sir George Goldie,

who visited theNiger

in1877,

the National African

Company was formed to take over local mercantile

interests and secure a charter. This company, after-

wards re-organised as the Royal Niger Company, raised a

military force and extended the sphere of influence,

successfully resisting the attacks of the Fulah tribes and

actively discouraging the slave trade In 1895 the rights

and powers of the Company were transferred to the

crown, and in 1900 the whole of Northern Nigeria was

constituted a British Protectorate.



CLIMATE. Fairly healthy in the inland regions.

POPULATION. Estimated at 8,000,000.

CHIEF TOWN. Kamo;centre of administration, Zungeru.

GOVERNMENT. A Governor and Commander-in-Chiefcontrols the Protectorate, which_is divided into provinces,

each under the supervision of a resident.

213



THK BRITISH KMPIRF IN AFRICA

NORTHERN NIGERI A c ontinued

LAW AND CUSTOMS. There is a supreme court, presided

over by the Chief Justice, also provincial and native

courts, under the supervision of

residents.

RACES. Negroes of the Haussa,

Fulah and other tribes.

DEVELOPMENT. A railway exists

from Barijuks to Zungeru and

another is being constructed from

Baro to Kano, a distance of 400

miles.

RELIGION. Mohammedanism is

widely diffused, and in some parts

Paganism. Protestant and Catholic

sir :-:. Beaketb :missions are at work.

LANGUAGE. Principal native

language is Hansa.

EDUCATION. Projects are under consideration for the

formation of a comprehensive school system.

PRODUCTS. Cotton, indigo, rubber, hides, ivory and

minerals.

BRITISH EAST AND CENTRAL AFRICA

THE SOMALILAND PROTECTORATE

HISTORY. A Protectorate was established over the tribes

on the Somali coast in 1884. It was administered till 1898

by the Resident at Aden as a dependency of the Govern-

ment of India. In 1901, Captain Swayne led a successful

expedition against the fanatical Somali leader the Mullah

Mohammed Abdullah. Hostilities were continued until

1904, when the dervishes were finally defeated by British

and native troops under Sir C. E. Egerton at the battle of

Jidballi. In the following year, an agreement was concluded

whereby peace was declared between the dervishes and the

neighbouring tribes.

2H




SOMALILAN D continued


AREA. About 68,000 square miles.CLIMATE. Intensely hot and dry ;

there is a great desert

in the south known as the Haud.


CHIEF TOWN. Berbera.

GOVERNMENT. By a Commissioner appointed by the

Colonial Officer.

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. The people are nomadic in habits,

being chiefly engaged in hunting and cattle herding.

COMMISSIONER AND COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF. Brig.-Gen.

W. H. Manning, K.C.M.G., C.B.

RACES. The Somalis are regarded as consisting of

mingled arab and negro grafts on the original Hamitic

stock.

RELIGION. Mohammedan.

LANGUAGE. Somal is a language whose structure and

vocabulary are essentially Hamitic with affinities in the

Galla and Dankali dialects, spoken by neighbouring tribes.

It has no written standard, and but little in the way of oral

literature, save a few proverbs, brief stories and songs.

PRODUCTS. Skins and hides, ostrich feathers and gum.

THE EAST AFRICA PROTECTORATE

HISTORY. The East Africa Protectorate extends from

German East Africa to Abyssinia, and as far inland as the

borders of Uganda. The original concession was made

to a company called the British East Africa Company,but the territory was transferred, in 1895, to the British

Government, and in 1905 was placed under the supervision

of the Colonial Office.


AREA. Estimated to be 200,000 square miles.

CLIMATE. Fairly healthy for the tropics;

the highlandsor central plateaux have a temperate climate

; mean

average temperature 78 F.



THE BRITISH EMPIRE IX AFRICA

EAST AFRICA PROTECTORATE continued

POPULATION. Estimated at 4,000,000.

CAPITAL. Mombasa.

GOVERNMENT. By a Governor

and Commander-in-Chief assisted

by Legislative and Executive

Councils.

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. The Indian

Codes are followed as much as

possible; the High Court is situated

at Mombasa,

RACES. A few Europeans and

Eurasians;Asiatics. On the coast

Arabs and Swahilis predominate ;

farther inland Bantu and non-

Bantu tribes, such as the Masai,

the Somalis and the Gallas.

DEVELOPMENT. The Uganda

railway connects Mombasa with Lake Victoria Nyanza.

Agriculture is flourishing in the highlands.

RELIGION. Paganism is prevalent, but Mohammedanism

has made great progress. There are many Christian mission

stations.

LANGUAGES. Swahili, Soga, Kikuyu.

EDUCATION. Elementary schools are established at the

mission stations.

PRODUCTS.Ivory, grain, rubber,

fibre and timber.

Sir E. P C.

K.C.M.G., Go\

THE UGANDA PROTECTORATE

HISTORY. This fertile region extending along the north-

west shore of the Victoria Nyanza, and called by Stanley" The Pearl of Africa," was first visited by Speke and Grant

in 1862. At the request of King Mtesa, English Protestant

missionaries settled in the country in 1877, but Mtesa's son and

successor, Mwanga, persecutedthe

Christians,and

BishopHannington was murdered at his instigation in 1855. Bythe Anglo-German agreement of 1887, Uganda was recog-




UGANDA PROTECTORATE continued

nised as being within the British sphere, and a protectorate

was proclaimed in 1894, when the Government took over

the administrative functions of the

British East Africa Company.



CLIMATE. Mild; average maxi-

mum temperature 78-2 ; minimum

66-9 F.

POPULATION.3,240,000.

CAPITAL. Mengo ; headquarters

of British administration, Entebbe.

GOVERNMENT. The Governor

and Commander-in-Chief exercises

general control;

there is also a

native king, or"Kabaka," H. H.

Daudi Chua, and the native kings

and chiefs are encouraged to govern their ownsubjects.

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. There is a High Court for the

Protectorate, with an Appeal Court at Zanzibar;the native

king is at present a minor, and is under a regency of three

chiefs;there is also a native council of 80 chiefs called the

Lukiko.

RACES. The Waganda.

DEVELOPMENT. The railway runs from Mombasa on the

coast, to Port Florence, on the Victoria Nyanza, a distance

of 584 miles.

RELIGION. Christianity has to a large extent replaced the

primitive paganism of the natives.

LANGUAGE . Bantu.

EDUCATION. There are schools in connection with the

various missions.

PRODUCTS. Ivory, skins, chillies, cotton, rubber, ground

nuts and sugar.

217



THE BRITISH KMPIRK IN AFRICA

NYASALAND PROTECTORATE

HISTORY. This territory was first opened up to British

influence by Dr. Livingstone in 1859. In 1889 an applica-

tion was made for a charter bythe British South Africa Company,and an expedition under MajorPinto, was despatched to the UpperZambesi and Lower Loangwa. In

the same year Sir H. H. Johnstonarrived at Mozambique as H.B.M.

Consul, and, travelling into the

interior, arranged important treaties

with the native chiefs of the Nyasa

region. The Anglo-Portugueseconvention of 1891 ratified the

work of Sir H. H. Johnston, Sir

Alfred Sharpe, and other pioneersof British Central Africa. Troubles

with Arab slave traders and hostile

tribes resulted in three gunboats

being placed upon the Lake Nyasa.



CLIMATE. Tropical ; temperature reaches i2ocF. in the

summer, but the Shire highlands are cooler.


CHIEF TOWNS. Blantyre, Zomba (headquarters of the

Government).GOVERNMENT. By a Governor and Commander-in-Chief,

assisted by an executive and a legislative council.

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. Local ordinances and such British

Acts as are of general application. There is a High Courtand also a Court of Admiralty.

RACES. Europeans, Indians and natives (Arabs,

Wahengas, Yaos).

DEVELOPMENT. A railway has been opened up, and a

telegraph line connects the Protectorate with Cape Town,At Zomba a system of official telephones has been installed.

LANGUAGES. Nyanja, Nya?a and Yao.

EDUCATION. There are 839 schools, with 75 European

teachers, and ten Christian missions are at work.PRODUCTS. Ivory, tobacco, india-rubber, oil seeds,

coffee, wheat and rice. Merino sheep thrive well.




Cavendish. Boyle

MAURITIUS

HISTORY. An island in the Indian Ocean, 500 miles east

of Madagascar. It was uninhabited when discovered, in

1507, by Mascarenhas. The Portu-

guese held it till 1598, when it

passed to the Dutch, who namedit Mauritius, after their Prince

Maurice, but abandoned it in 1712.A French Governor Mahe de

Labourdonnais laid the foundation

of the prosperity of the colony bythe introduction of the sugar cane

(1735-1746).The island was captured by the

English during the Napoleonicwars, and its possession confirmed

by the Treaty of Paris, 1814.

Among the dependencies of the

colony are Rodrigues, the Oil

Islands, and the St. Brandon group,with a total area of 172 square miles,and apopulation of 4,859.DATE OF ANNEXATION. 1810.

AREA. 705 square miles.

CLIMATE. Hot, but not unhealthy, except in a few low-

lying districts. Mean temperature 78 F.

POPULATION. 375,385.CAPITAL. Port Louis.

GOVERNMENT. Administered by a Governor, aided byexecutive and legislative councils.

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. The law is based upon the code

Napoleon and other French laws, modified by colonial

ordinances.

RACES. There are many residents of French descent;

also negroes, Malagasy, Cingalese, Malays and Chinese, but

the greater part of the population consists of Indian coolies.

DEVELOPMENT. Railways, tramways, telegraph and

telephone systems exist. The capital is strongly fortified.

RELIGION. Christian denominations, of which the RomanCatholic is the chief. Hinduism and Mohammedanism.LANGUAGE. French is spoken all over the island, English

and French in the Council, and English in the Courts of

Justice.

EDUCATION. There are government elementary and

secondary schools.

PRODUCTS. Sugar, rum, vanilla, aloe fibres and cocoa-

nut oil.

219



THE BRITISH EMPIRE IN AERICA

Esq.. C.il.

THE SEYCHELLES

HISTORY. A group of eighty-nine islands in the Indian

Ocean, situated about 935 miles north of Mauritius. Their

position was first defined in

1743, when Labourdonnais wasGovernor of Mauritius and M.Picault took possession of themin the name of the King of France.

Later the group was named the

Seychelles in honour of the

Vicomte Moreau de Seychelles,a Minister of Louis XV. Duringthe war of the French revolution

Mahe was captured by CaptainNewcombe, and, in 1810, was

formally taken possession of bythe appointment of an Agent. In

1903 the Seychelles became a

separate crown colony.

DATE OF ANNEXATION'. 1810.


CLIMATE. Tropical but healthy, temperature 70 to 93 F.

POPULATION. 22,409.

CAPITAL . Victoria.

GOVERNMENT. The government is vested in the

Governor, assisted by an executive and a legislative

council. The Governor is president of both Councils.

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. Similar to those of Mauritius.

RACES. French Creoles, Negroes, Coolies.

DEVELOPMENT. There is a good road system in Mahe,and further road-making is in progress in other islands.

RELIGION. Roman Catholic.

LANGUAGE. English and French.

EDUCATION. There are 24 Roman Catholic and Church

of England primary schools, and a Government school (the

Victoria School) where education of a higher class is

provided.

PRODUCTS. Cocoanuts, vanilla and cacao.

ASCENSION

HISTORY. A solitary island in the middle of the South

Atlantic, 685 miles north-west of St. Helena. Said to have

received its name from having been discovered by a

220



THK BRITISH EMPIRK IN AFRICA

A S C E N S I O N c onti n u e cl

Portuguese explorer on Ascension Day, 1501. Ascension

island was first occupied by the British in 1815, when

Napoleon was at. St. Helena ; it is

now used as a sanatorium.



CLIMATE. Dry and salubrious

up to i, 800 feet, but above that

height to its limit it is damp and

foggy.

POPULATION. 266.

GARRISON STATION. George-town.

GOVERNMENT. The island of

Ascension is rated on the books

of the Admiralty as a warship.

RACES. The inhabitants consist

of seamen, marines, officers and

their families and Kroomen.

PRODUCTS. Turtles, turtle eggs, fruit and vegetables.

FALKLAND ISLANDS

HISTORY. East Falkland, West Falkland, and about 100

small islands are situated in the south Atlantic Ocean some

480 miles north-east of Cape Horn.

They were discovered by Davis in

1592, and visited by Hawkins two

years later.

In 1764, the islands were takenpossession of by France, but the

small colony settled by Bourgain-

ville, on E. Falkland, was broughtout by the Spaniards. The British

maintained a settlement with some

interruption from 1767 to 1774,

but after that date no formal

occupation was made until 1832,

when the Government took pos-

session of the islands for theprotection of the whale fishery.


221



THE BRITISH EMPIRE

IN

NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA



224



THE RIGHT HON. EARI, GRKVGovernor-General of the Dominion of Canada

226



THE BRITISH EMPIRE IN AMERICA

in British Columbia, and in the great north-west territories

beyond Saskatchewan.

The climate is favourable to the white race and to agri-

culture. Theair is

dry, bracing and exhilarating. Thecold in winter, and the heat in summer, are greater than in

England, but the conditions for the rapid growth of cereals,

namely, warm sunshine and a sufficiency of rain, are present,

and combine to produce abundant crops throughout the

great wheat-growing belt.

Among the immense mineral deposits which appear prac-

tically inexhaustible are coal, iron, nickel, copper and gold.

In 1867, the provinces of Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia

and New Brunswick were united under one federal govern-

ment; in 1870, Manitoba and the north-east territories were

added, British Columbia joined the Confederation in 1871,

and Prince Edward Island in 1873. Territory not comprisedwithin any province, for instance, the north-east territory

and the Arctic Islands, is administered by the Minister of

the Interior.

AREA. 3,745,574 square miles.

POPULATION. (In 1909) 7,184,000.

CAPITAL. Ottawa.

GOVERNMENT. The political institutions of Canada are

modelled upon those of the Mother Country, there is aFederal Parliament with a Senate whose members are

nominated for life, a House of Commons consisting of 221

members elected quinquennially by ballot.

The Governor, .representing the King, is assisted by a

Privy Council chosen by himself. In each of the provincesthere is a Lieutenant-Governor appointed by the Governor-

General in Council.

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. The Dominion Parliament has

executive and legislative power in all matters, including

finance, trade, postal service, currency, banking, naviga-tion, defence, except those specifically delegated to the

Provincial legislatures.

RACES. Canadians of British and French descent,

Germans, North American Indians.

DEVELOPMENT. Means of transit have been greatly

developed in recent years. In 1909 there where sixty-five

railway lines in the Dominion, with a total mileage of 24,104.

In addition to the magnificent natural waterways provided

by the lakes and rivers, a great system of canals has been

constructed.RELIGION. Roman Catholic, Methodist, Presbyterian,

Church of England, Baptist.

227



THE R T . HON. SIR WILFRID L A u R i ic R

Premier and President of the Privy Council of Canada

228



THK BRITISH EMPIRE IN AMERICA

ONTARIOHISTORY. After the cession of Canada to Great Britain

by the Treaty of Paris, 1763, Ontario was governed by

military authority for several

years. In 1791 an act was passed

dividing the country into two

provinces, Upper Canada (now

Ontario), and Lower Canada

(Quebec). Ontario was largely

founded by the immigration of

Loyalists from the United States

after the War of Independence.

Some dissatisfaction arose owingto the governors and executive

councils not possessing the

confidence of the provincialHon. sir j. P. Whitney, assemblies. This culminated in

a rebellion in 1837-38. Lord

Durham having been sent out from England with special

powers, he recommended a union of the provinces

and foreshadowed the larger confederation which has since

been adopted.



CLIMATE. Dry, bracing and very healthy, although the

range of temperature is very great. Mean temperature at

Toronto is 45 F.


CAPITAL. (Of the Dominion) Ottawa. (Of the Province)

Toronto.

GOVERNMENT. Is vested in a Lieutenant-Governor and

legislative assembly composed of 106 members, elected for

four years. The executive council consists of eleven

members, eight of whom act as the ministry of the Province,

and three are without portfolios.

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. The law has its basis in British

Common Law, with such modifications as have been

introduced by the Federal and Provincial Legislatures.

229




ONTARIO c on tinned

LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR. Col. John Morrison Gibson,

K.C., LL.D.

RACES. Mainly of British descent.

DEVELOPMENT. There are between 6000 and 7000 miles

of railway in the province. Farming, mining, fisheries and

manufactures are all very important and successful

industries.

RELIGION. Methodist, Presbyterian, Roman Catholic,

Church of England and Baptist.

LANGUAGE. English.

EDUCATION. Is under the control of the Minister of

Education. There are 6,418 elementary and high schools

in the province, and a fine university at Toronto. The

Ontario Agricultural College at Guelph supplies a general

education, together with a technical training in agriculture.

PRODUCTS. Wheat, barley, oats, rye, peas, corn, cheese,

butter and fruit.

QUEBECHISTORY. Quebec (formerly called Lower Canada) lies

to the east of Ontario on either side of the St. Lawrence

River. It is the historic home of French Canada, and

80 per cent, of the present inhabitants are of French

descent. The early settlers, missionaries and fur traders

who landed in 1608 suffered many hardships and were

frequently engaged in conflicts with Indian tribes.

From 1629to

1632, Quebecwas in

English possession,having been captured by David Kirk.

When Quebec was finally ceded to the British in 1763,

religious freedom for both Protestants and Roman Catholics

was secured, and at the same time the rights of the

Catholic clergy recognised. In 1791, a constitution was

established for Lower Canada, consisting of a legislative

council and house of assembly. When the Dominion of

Canada was formed, these bodies were merged in the

Federal Parliament. Quebec sends 24 members to the

Federal Senate and 65 to the House of Commons.

230




Q U E B E C c ontinued


AREA. 346,928 square miles.POPULATION. 1,620,974.

CLIMATE. Dry, bracing, and

very healthy ;mean temperature

at Montreal 42F.

CAPITAL. Quebec.

GOVERNMENT OF THE PROVINCE.

Is vested in a Lieutenant-Gov-

ernor and a Legislative Council

consisting of 24 members and a Leg-

islative Assembly of 74 members

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. Based on

British Common Law.

Hon. Sir I.omer Gouiu LIEUTENANT - GOVERNOR. SirPremier and Attorney-General -,-, T i-

Francois Langeher.

RACES.Canadians, chiefly

of French descent.

DEVELOPMENT. Far advanced ; Montreal, a splendid

city on the St. Lawrence, is the chief seaport and most

populous town in the Dominion.

RELIGION. Roman Catholic, Church of England,

Presbyterian, Methodist and Baptist.

LANGUAGE. French, English.

EDUCATION. Is under a Superintendent of PublicInstruction assisted by a council and 35 members. There

were, in 1908, 6,511 schools including high schools. The

Catholic University of Laval is situated in the City of

Quebec. There are also two protestant universities, McGill

College, Montreal, and Bishop's College, Lennoxville.

PRODUCTS. Beside the immensely valuable produce of its

farms, forests, mines, and fisheries, Quebec is a great

manufacturing country, its industries representing 47 percent, of the total capital invested in manufactures

throughout Canada.

231 o



THE BRITISH EMPIRK IS AMERICA

NOVA SCOTIA

HISTORY. A well-watered province, consisting of a long

narrow peninsular, and the island of Cape Breton.

It was discovered by Cabot in 1497, and partly colonised

by the French, who called it Acadie. It was ceded to the

British Crown in 1714, and entered the Confederation of the

Dominion of Canada in 1867.



CLIMATE. Temperate.


CAPITAL. Halifax.

GOVERNMENT. By a Lieutenant-Governor, executive and

legislative councils.

LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR. Hon. J.D. McGregor.

PREMIER AND PROVINCIAL SECRETARY. Hon. GeorgeH. Murray.

RACES. British; many loyalist immigrants settled in

Nova Scotia after the American War of Independence.

DEVELOPMENT. Coal mining and extensive steel and

iron works are carried on ;Halifax has a magnificent

harbour, and is one of the terminals of the inter-colonial

railway.

RELIGION. Protestant.

LANGUAGE. English.

EDUCATION. Compulsory, 2,465 schools, also a technical

college and schools.

PRODUCTS. Agricultural produce, fish, apples; minerals

and manufactures.

NEW BRUNSWICK

HISTORY. A province nearly as large as Scotland, which

lies between the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the State of

Maine. It was part of the antient French province of

Acadie, and was ceded to England by the Treaty of Utrecht

in 1713. First colonised by British subjects in 1761, and

in 1763 by disbanded troops from New England.


. AREA. 27,105 square miles.

232




NEW BRUNSWICK continued

CLIMATE. Healthy, mean temperature 41 F.


CAPITAL. Fredericton, but the largest commercial centre

is St. John.

GOVERNMENT. By a Lieutenant-Governor and executive

and legislative councils.

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. New Brunswick is represented in

the Canadian Senate by ten members, and sends thirteen

members to the House of Commons.

LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR. Hon. L.J.

Tweedie.

PREMIER AND ATTORNEY-GENERAL. Hon. J. D. Hazen.RACES. Chiefly of British descent.

DEVELOPMENT. A great portion of the province is

covered with forests of pine, spruce, hemlock, and other

timber.


LANGUAGE. English.

EDUCATION. 1,820 schools; university at Fredericton,

also at Sackville and Memramcook.

PRODUCTS. Coal, copper, iron, mineral oil;also wheat,

Indian corn and other cereals.

MANITOBA

HISTORY. The Earl of Selkirk brought a party of High-

land settlers to this region in 1812. It was called the Red

River Settlement until 1868, and was part of the territory

placed under the control of the Hudson Bay Company.After the Company had surrendered their charter to the

Crown, an insurrection, headed by Kiel, occurred in the

colony, but was suppressed by Sir Garnet Wolseley.

During the last few years Manitoba has received a constant

stream of immigrants from Europe and the United States,

and bids fair to become the greatest wheat-growing province

of Canada. Its soil appears inexhaustibly rich and fertile,

and produces enormous crops.


AREA. 72,864 square miles.vfc*

*

233




M A N I TO B A c onti n it e d

CLIMATE. Cold but health}', mean temperature 33 F.

POPULATION.360,590.CAPITAL. Winnipeg.

GOVERNMENT. By a Lieutenant-Governor, a ministry

and legislative assembly.

LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR. The Hon. Sir D. H. McMillan,

K.C.M.G.

PREMIER. Hon. R. P. Roblin.

RACES. Mainly British.

DEVELOPMENT. There are at present 4,500 miles of

railway in the province, all built since 1879.

RELIGION. Protestant and Catholic.

LANGUAGE. English.

EDUCATION. There is a Board of Education controlling

2,014 schools, and a University of Manitoba, with examining

and degree conferring powers.

PRODUCTS. Wheat, horses, cattle, sheep and swine;

gold is worked in the east; coal, iron and timber.

BRITISH COLUMBIA

HISTORY. British Columbia was constituted a Crown

Colony in 1858, owing to the large immigration on the dis-

covery of gold in that year.

Vancouver Island was leased to the Hudson Bay Companyin 1843, and made a Crown Colony in 1849.

In 1866 the Colonies of British Columbia and Vancouverwere united, and in 1871 entered the Canadian Confederation.


CLIMATE. Cold, but healthy.


CAPITAL. Victoria.

GOVERNMENT. By a Lieutenant-Governor, a ministry and

legislative assembly.

LIEUTENANT - GOVERNOR. Hon. Thomas William

Paterson.



THE BRITISH KMPIRE IN AMERICA

BRITISH COLUMBI A c o n t i n e d

PREMIER. Hon. Richard MacBride, K.C.

RACES. In addition to the white population there are

about 29,000 Indians, 17,000 Chinese, 16,000 Japanese and

5,000 Hindus.

DEVELOPMENT. There are 1,750 miles of railway (mainly

C.P.R.) in the province. Only one-tenth of the available

agricultural and fruit lands have as yet been settled upon,

and the coal mining industry is in the early stages.

EDUCATION. There is a Council of Public Instruction.

The schools (numbering in 1908, 422) are free and non-

sectarian.PRODUCTS. Minerals (chiefly gold, silver, copper and

coal) ;fisheries (salmon, halibut, herrings, whale products

and oil) ; lumber, furs, skins, etc.

SASKATCHEWANHISTORY. In the very centre of Canada, immediately west

of Manitoba, lies the great new province of Saskatchewan.

It comprises the eastern half of Athabasca and the greater

part of the old districts of Assiniboia and Saskatchewan, andwas constituted a separate province in 1905.


CLIMATE. Similar to that of Manitoba.


CAPITAL. Regina.

GOVERNMENT. By a Lieutenant-Governor, a ministry

and a legislative council.

LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR. Hon. A. E. Forget.

RACES. British, North American Indians.

DEVELOPMENT. It is computed that there are over

150,600,000 acres of land suitable for cultivation and

awaiting settlement in Saskatchewan and Alberta. The

Canadian Pacific Railway runs through Regina.

ALBERTAHISTORY. A new province of Alberta was proclaimed on

September ist, 1905. It lies between Saskatchewan and

British Columbia, and formed part of what was formerlycalled the North-West Territories. It includes the former

235



THK KKITISH EMPIRE IN AMERICA

ALBERTA continued

district of Alberta, the western half of Athabasca, and a strip

of Assiniboia and Saskatchewan.


CLIMATE. The mean temperature is slightly higher than

at Winnipeg.


CAPITAL. Edmonton.

GOVERNMENT. By a Lientenant-Governor, a ministry and

legislative assembly.

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. The Dominion Government retains

control of thepublic lands,

andpays

an annual allowance

to the Provincial Government in consideration thereof.

LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR. Hon. G. H. V. Bulyea.

PREMIER, TREASURER AND MINISTER OF PUBLIC WORKS.

Hon. Arthur Lewis Sefton.

RACES. British, and immigrants of other nationalities are

rapidly taking up lands;Indians.

DEVELOPMENT. A branch of the C.P.R. runs through

the province, which is becoming a great wheat-growing

territory, the area in crops in 1909 was 1,262,644 acres.


LANGUAGE. English.

EDUCATION. The Attorney-General is also the Minister

of Education.

PRODUCTS. Wheat, cattle and dairy produce,

NEWFOUNDLAND

HISTORY. A large island on the north-east side of theGulf of St. Lawrence, discovered by John Cabot in 1497.

It was visited as early as 1500 by Portuguese, Spanish

and French for its fisheries. In 1623, Sir G. Calvert,

afterwards Lord Baltimore, established himself in the

Peninsula of Avalon, and appointed his son as governor.

The French established a station at Placentia about

1620. The sovereignty of the island was acknowledgedto belong to Great Britain by the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713.

Disputes between the English and French fishermen were

finally settled by the Anglo-French Convention of 1904.

236



THE HRITISH EMPIRE IN AMERICA

NEVVFOUNDLAN D c onti n u e d

Labrador on the mainland, from Hudson's Strait to Blanc

Sablon, is included in the colony of Newfoundland.



CLIMATE. Salubrious. The

thermometer seldom falls below

zero in the winter, and in the

summer ranges from 70 to 80 F.

in the shade.


CAPITAL. St. Johns.GOVERNMENT. Is administered

by a Governor, executive and

legislative councils, and a House

of Assembly..lorris GOVERNOR. Sir Ralph Champ-

neys Williams, K.C.M.G.

RACES. British, also a few residents of French extrac-

tion.

DEVELOPMENT. 638 miles of railway have opened up

large tracts of rich agricultural land.

RELIGION. Church of England, Roman Catholic,

Methodist, Presbyterian and other denominations.

EDUCATION. There is a government system of primary

education with 918 schools. Grants are also made in aid of

secondary and technical schools.

PRODUCTS. Fish, potatoes, turnips, barley, oats, iron,

copper and coal.

JAMAICA

HISTORY. The largest of the British West Indies,

Jamaica was discovered by Columbus in 1494. He called

it St. Jago, after the patron Saint of Spain, but its native

name (Xaymaca, well watered) has survived.

The island remained in the possession of the Spaniards

for 161 years, until captured by an English force sent by

Cromwell in 1655. It remained under military rule for

some years, but in 1660 a civil government was established.

237



THE BRITISH UMPIRE IN AMERICA

THE BAHAMAS

HISTORY. A chain of islands 600 miles in length, between

Cuba and Florida. San Salvador was the first land dis-

covered by Columbus on his

voyage in 1492. The Spaniards

took possession of the Bahamas

and transported the aboriginal

Caribs to Cuba to work the mines.

In the seventeenth century a few

settlers from the Bermudas, came

to Eleuthera and New Providence.

Charles II. granted the islands to

a company, but no regular system

of government was set up, and in

1703 the French and Spaniards

annihilated the settlement. For

some years the islands became the

haunt of pirates, and were surren-

dered to Spain in 1781, but, at the

conclusion of the war, wereagain

annexedby

Great Britain

and their possession confirmed by the Peace of Versailles.



CLIMATE. Salubrious; temperature ranges from 57 to

113 F.

POPULATION. 61,277.

CAPITAL. Nassau.

GOVERNMENT. Is vested in a Governor, aided by an

executive council, a legislative council, and a representative

assembly.

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. British law, as modified by local

ordinances is administered by a Chief Justice and two

stipendiary magistrates.

RACES. The majority of the population is of Negro race.

DEVELOPMENT. There are no railways (except at Abaco

in connection with the lumber industry). New Providence

has plentyof

good roads. The islands are in telegraphiccommunication with Florida.

RELIGION. Protestant and Roman Catholic.

239




THE BAHAMAS continued

LANGUAGE. English is universally spoken.

EDUCATION. There are 46 government schools, also

Church of England, Roman Catholic and private schools.PRODUCTS. Fruit, vegetables, sponges ; mahogany and

other hard woods.

THE LEEWARD ISLANDS

HISTORY. The Leeward Islands form the most northerly

group of the Lesser Antilles;those under the British flag

comprise Antigua, Montserrat, St. Kitts, Nevis, Dominica

and the Virgin Islands. They were discovered by

Columbus on his second voyage in 1493, and have all

been colonised from St. Kitts as a centre. An Englishman

named Warner commenced tobacco growing in St. Kitts

in 1623. Several fierce encounters have taken place

between the French and British for the possession of

this island. It was captured by the French in 1782, but

restored by the Treaty of Versailles, 1783.

AREA. Antigua, 108 square miles; St. Christopher (St.

Kitts), 68 square miles; Dominica, 291 square miles;

Montserrat, 33^ square miles; the Virgin Islands, 58 square

miles.

CLIMATE. Dry and fairly healthy ;mean temperature

80 F.


CAPITAL. St. John.

CHIEF TOWNS. Antigua St. Johns ; St. Kitts

Bosseterre; Dominica Roseau

;Montserrat Plymouth ;

the Virgin Islands Road Town.GOVERNMENT. The Leeward Islands Confederation

has representative government with a Governor, executive

and federal legislative councils, each presidency retaining

its own local constitution.

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. British law modified by local

ordinances. Some acts passed by the Colonial Legislature

in the time of William and Mary affecting land tenure

anticipated by nearly a century and a half reforms onlyeffected by the home government in 1833.

RACES. British and Negro.



THE BRITISH EMPIRE IN" AMERICA

THE LEEWARD ISLAN DS continued

DEVELOPMENT. There are no railways or internal tele-

graphs. Two telegraphcables connect Dominica and St.

Lucia (via Martinique), and two

cables connect St. Kitts with

Antigua and St. Thomas.

RELIGION. Anglican, Moravian,

Wesleyan, and Roman Catholic.

LANGUAGE. English.

EDUCATION. There are 144

aided and government primary

schools, also grammar and

secondary schools.

PRODUCTS. Sugar and mo-

lasses, lime juice, arrowroot, rum,

fruit, cocoa and cotton.

THE WINDWARD ISLANDS

HISTORY. The southern group of the West Indian

islands, known as the Windward Islands, includes

Barbados, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Grenada, The Grena-

dines, and Tobago. Of these, Barbados has a separate

government, and Tobago is now attached for administrative

purposes to Trinidad. The remaining three islands with

their small dependencies are under one government which

has its seat in Grenada.

GRENADA is a mountainous and picturesque island,

situated about 96 miles to the north of Trinidad, and 100

miles south-west of Barbados. Discovered by Columbus on

August 15, 1498, and named by him Conception, it was left

in the undisturbed possession of its aboriginal inhabitants

for more than a hundred years, but in 1609 a party of some

208 colonists, sent out by a company of London

merchants, landed on the coast.

Their efforts to subdue thewild Caribs were, however,

unsuccessful, and the remnant of the band returned to

England in the same year. Since then Grenada has had

241




THE WINDWARD ISLAND s c onti n u e d

TOTAL AREA. 524 square miles.

CLIMATE.--Very

fire in thedry season,

which lasts from

December to June.

POPULATION. 78,000.

CHIEF TOWN. In Grenada St. George ;St. Lucia

Castries ;St. Vincent Kingstown.

GOVERNMENT. The islands are under one Governor and

Commander-in-Chief, but each has its own administrator

and separate institutions. Administrator of St. Lucia,

E. J. Cameron, Esq., C.M.G.;Administrator of St. Vincent,

Hon. C. G. Murray.

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. Each administration has its own

legislature, but there is a Common Court of Appeal, con-

sisting of the Chief Justices of the Islands and of Barbados.

The civil law is based upon the old French code.

RACES. The majority of the inhabitants are of Negrorace

;a few Caribs still remain in St. Vincent, and there are

about 5,000 Indian coolies.

DEVELOPMENT. There is a small coast railway, 56 milesin length, on St. Vincent, and good roads in Grenada, also

telephone and telegraph lines.

RELIGION. The Roman Catholic faith predominates

LANGUAGE. English is usually spoken except in Grenada

and St. Lucia, where the prevailing language among the

peasantry is a French patois.

EDUCATION. There are 119 elementary schools on the

islands, beside government agricultural schools.

PRODUCTS. (Grenada). The soil of Grenada is extremely

fertile, and cocoa, spices, rubber, cotton, coffee and

numerous fruits are grown. The forests are rich in valuable

timbers such as bullet wood, mahogany, white cedar and

galba. Vanilla and several kinds of gum-bearing trees are

indigenous, and along the coasts turtles are caught and

exported. (St. Lucia). Arrowroot, sugar, cocoa, cotton,

live stock.(St. Vincent). The

chiefproducts

aresugar,

molasses, rum, arrowroot, cassava, cocoa, coffee, cotton

and spices.

243



THK BRITISH KMPIKK IN AMKRICA

BARBADOS

HISTORY. Barbados is said to have received its name

from the Portuguese, who found it almost uninhabited,

but abounding in bearded fig-trees.

The island was nominally taken

possession of in 1605 by the British

ship"Oliph Blossome," and in

1625 Sir William Courteen, a

London merchant, sent out a party

of colonists. The island was

granted by James I. to the Earl of

Marlborough, and afterwards byCharles I. to the Earl of Carlisle

in a general grant of all the

Caribbee islands.

On the downfall of Charles many

royalist families found refuge in

Barbados, and Lord Willoughbybecame Governor, but was banished during the Common-

wealth. After the Restoration, the proprietary government

was dissolved and the sovereignty of Barbados annexed to

the British Crown.



CLIMATE. The healthiest of the West Indian Islands;

temperature varies from 75 to Sy F.

POPULATION. Estimated at 196,287.

CAPITAL. Bridgetown.

GOVERNMENT. Consists of a Governor aided by an execu-tive council and executive committee, a legislative council

and a house of assembly.

RACES. British and Negro.

DEVELOPMENT. There are 470 miles of roads and 28

miles of railway. A telephone system is in vogue.

RELIGION. Church of England, Wesleyan, Moravian

and Roman Catholic.

LANGUAGE. English.

EDUCATION. Liberal provision is made for elementaryeducation and at Harrison's College for higher education.

PRODUCTS. Sugar, molasses, rum and cotton.



THE BRITISH KMFIRK IN AMERICA

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGOHISTORY. Trinidad is a beautiful island situated about

N. of the equator in the southern part of the Caribbean

Sea, and separated from the coast

of Venezuela by the Gulf of Paris.

It was discovered by Columbus in

1498, at which time it was peopled

by several tribes of Indians, the

chief being the Arouacks and the

Chaimas.

Columbus gave the island the

name of Trinidad, from the threesister peaks of Moringa, which

rise from it. Prior to this it had

borne the Indian name of lere,

or the land of humming birds.

Both the Spanish and French

colonised Trinidad, but in 1797 the

British, being then at variance with Spain, sent an

expedition under Sir Ralph Abercromby and Rear Admiral

Harvey to capture the island. For over a hundred years it

has been a British colony.

The chief towns are Port of Spain, one of the finest in the

West Indies, San Fernando and Princestown.

The soil is remarkably fertile, and owing to the wealth of

its natural resources, and the variety of its crops, Trinidad

has suffered less than other cane-growing West Indian

islands during the last thirty years from the competition of

beet sugar.


AREA. Trinidad, 1,750 square miles. Tobago, 114 squaremiles.

CLIMATE. Healthy; mean temperature 78 F.

POPULATION. (including Tobago), 351,422.

CHIEF TOWN. Port of Spain.

GOVERNMENT. Is vested in a Governor, an executive

council, and a legislative council.

RACES. The white population is composed of English,

Germans, French and Spanish ; there is also a large

proportion of East Indians.

245




TRINIDAD AND TOBAG o c on tinned

DEVELOPMENT. There are about 80 miles of railways in

the island all constructed and worked by the government.

RELIGION. Protestant and Roman Catholic.

LANGUAGE. English, a French patois peculiar to the

West Indies is spoken and also Spanish.

EDUCATION. There are numerous elementary and private

schools and several colleges.

PRODUCTS. Its staple product in addition to sugar, rum,

and molasses, is cocoa, but cocoanuts, coffee, bananas,

oranges, rubber and tobacco are also exported, and the

forests of the island abound in treesyielding

valuable hard-

wood timber such as the poui, roble, purple-heart, balata,

leopard wood and cyp, some of which have a very fine

grain, and are capable of a brilliant polish. There is a

remarkable lake of pitch near the village of Le Brea, noacres in extent, and containing an apparently inexhaustible

supply. Coal has been found in Manzanilla, and increasing

attention is being paid to the rich petroleum deposits of

Guapo and Guayaguayare in the south and south-east of

the island.

BRITISH GUIANA

HISTORY. Since the days when Sir Walter Raleigh

brought back to the court of Elizabeth the news of the

' ' Wild Coasts"

of South America, the region bordering

the Atlantic ocean, and immediately to the north of the

Lower Amazon Basin has been called "Guyana" or

" Guiana."

Of the three colonies, British, Dutch and French

Guiana, which constitute the only European possessions on

the vast continent of South America, the British is the

most westerly, and lies between Venezuela and Dutch

Guiana, with its southern borders touching Brazil.

The frontier extends inland from the Atlantic seaboard

some 540 miles on the west of the colony, and 300 miles

on the eastern side.

Guiana was the Indian name for the country between theOrinoco and the Amazon, probably derived from the root

word wina, meaning water.

246



THE BRITISH KMPIRF. IN AMERICA

Sir F Mitchell Hod^s

K.C.AI.G., Governc

BRITISH GUIANA continued

The coast was sighted by Columbus in 1498, and two

yearslater

by Pinson,but no

Spanish voyagerseems to have

landed on what is now British

Guiana. In early maps the country

was marked as Cannibalor Terra.

Raleigh's book, "The Discoverie

of Guiana," aroused great interest,

and led to trading voyages to the

coast by English, Dutch and

French. The Dutch attempted to

A ? settle on the Pomeroon as early

^H as in 1580. In 1650 the Governor

^^k of Barbados founded a British

^ ^frjf^ colony on the Surinam river, and

it is a curious historical fact that

in 1667, after the war between

England and the Netherlands, this little colony of Surinam

was exchanged for what is now New York.

A few white settlers and slaves were living in Guiana at

the commencement of the next century, but it was not until

1740, when, at the instigation of Governor Gravesande, the

river Essequibo was opened to all nations, and free land

and freedom from taxes for ten years offered, that any

considerable increase in the number of white residents

took place.

In 1781, the country was again captured by the British,

who, duringa brief

occupation, chosea site for a

new townnear the mouth of the Demerara. This settlement, after

being held by the French and Dutch successively, the latter

giving it the name of Stabroeck, reverted to the British, and

took the name of Georgetown in 1812.

Thereafter the colony has grown and prospered in spite of

a slight set back due to economic disturbance on the

liberation of the slaves in 1834.

Populationand

agricultureis

chiefly

centred on the coast

lands which lie between the Pomeroon and the Courantyne.





BRITISH GUIANA continued


CLIMATE. The seasons are divided into dry and wet, the

two dry seasons lasting from the middle of February to the

end of April and from the middle of August to the end of

November. The climate though hot, its temperature

ranging from 75 to 95 F., is not unhealthy.


CAPITAL. Georgetown.

GOVERNMENT. Consists of a Governor, a Court of Policy

and an Executive Council.

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. The Civil law is modified Roman-

Dutch, criminal law is based upon that of Great Britain.

RACES. About 10,000 aboriginal Indians are resident in

the colony, belonging chiefly to the Arawatk, Acawoi, Carib

and Warau tribes. The population has been recruited by

immigrants of various nationalities. Besides British and

European settlers there are Africans from Sierra Leone,

Madeirans and a few Maltese. Since the immigration of

East Indian coolies has been put upon a sound footing, the

number of persons in the colony has grown from 100,000 to

over 300,000.

DEVELOPMENT. There is a good net-work of roads and

about 100 miles of railway ;the rivers and canals also furnish

means of transit. Telegraph and telephone systems are

established. The area under cultivation amounts to

140,930 acres, of which 69,827 acres are in sugar-cane.

RELIGION. The Church of England, the Church of

Scotland, the Roman Catholic and Wesleyan denomina-tions are represented in the colony.

EDUCATION. A state-aided system of elementary education

is established. There are 223 schools and a government

college which is situated in Georgetown.

PRODUCTS. Sugar, rum, coffee, gold, diamonds and

timber.

BRITISH HONDURASHISTORY. A well-wooded

regionon the east coast of

Central America south of Yucatan, which attracted adven-

turers from Jamaica as early as 1638. In 1739, the native

248



THE BRITISH F.MPIRK IN AMERICA

BRITISH HONDURAS continued

king made a treaty ceding the country to Great Britain, and

forts were built on the island of Ruatan and at Black River.

By the Treaty of Paris, 1673, it was

agreed to abandon these settle-

ments, and the garrisons were

withdrawn. The settlers chiefly

engaged in the wood -

cuiting

industry remained, in spite of

attempts by the Spaniards to expel

them by force. The last attempt

to establish the sovereignty of

Spain was defeated by the inhabi-

tants at the"Battle of St. George's

Cay"

in 1798. The settlement was

declared a British Colony in 1862.



CLIMATE.Sub-tropical;

maximum shade temperature

98, minimum, 50 F.

POPULATION. Estimated at 42,406.

CAPITAL. Belize.

GOVERNMENT. Is vested in a Governor, assisted by

executive and legislative councils.

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. For many years the settlers

elected magistrates who discharged all executive and

judicial functions, and resolutions passed at public

meetings formed the laws of the community. These

were codified and were known as"Burnaby's Laws" and

still form, together with English common law, the basis

of judicial decisions in the colony.

RACES. Besides white residents, there are aboriginal

Indians, Caribs, Negroes, East Indians and Chinese.

DEVELOPMENT. Arailway

is in

processof construction.

Belize and the most southerly town of the colony, Punta

Gorda, are connected by telegraph and telephone wires.

249




BRITISH H o N D u R A s c o n t i n u e d

RELIGION. There is an Anglican and also a RomanCatholic Bishop of Honduras

;the Church of Scotland

;

the Wesleyan Methodist and Baptist denominations are

represented.

LANGUAGE. English, Carib.

EDUCATION. The primary and secondary schools (chiefly

denominational) receive grants from the Colonial govern-

ment.

PRODUCTS. Mahogany and logwood, sugar, rubber and

fruit.

BERMUDA

HISTORY. The Bermudas or Somers' Islands form a group

of about 300 islands 580 miles to the east of Cape Hatteras

in North Carolina. They were discovered by a Spanish

mariner, Juan Bermudez, in 1515, and named after him.

The Spaniards did not, however, form a settlement, and

in 1609 Admiral Sir George Somers' ship "The Sea

Venture," bearing colonists to Virginia, was wrecked on

this coast. This event stimulated British interest in the

islands which were granted by James I. to the Virginia

Company, who afterwards transferred them to the

"Governor and Company of the City of London for

the plantation of the Somers' Islands."

Owing to their geographical position the Bermudas

have become an important naval station, and they possess

a remarkably fine floating dock which was towed out

from England in 1869.



CLIMATE. Celebrated for its mildness and salubrity ;there

is practically no winter, the temperature never falling below

40 F., while in summer it does not rise beyond 85 F.

POPULATION. 17,535.

CAPITAL. Hamilton.

GOVERNMENT. Is vested in a Governor aided by executive

and legislative councils.

250



252



THE BRITISH EMPIRE

IN

AUSTRALIA



His E X C E I. L K N C V T H K R T . H O N . T H K EARL OF D I' I) I. E Y

P.C., G.C.M.G., G.C.V.O.Governor -General of the Australian Commonwealth



AUSTRALIA

Australia was the last of the great discoveries which

opened up a New World to the astonished gaze of the Old.

Rumours of amysterious

"Terra Australis," or great

southern land, had begun to reach Europe in the sixteenth

century, and a vague shape, sometimes styled "Java le

Grande," appears in maps of the world as early as 1555.

In 1605, Pedro Fernandez de Quiros, a Spanish seaman

'who had sailed as pilot with Alvaro de Mandana, on his its

voyage to Santa Cruz, reached the New Hebrides, and discovery

his lieutenant, Louis Vaez de Torres, sailed through the

straits which still bear his name, landing at New Guinea,

and doubtless sighting the northern shores of Queensland.

A few years later, Dirck Hartog, and then Abel Janszoon

Tasman, sailed along the west coast to New Zealand and

Tasmania.

In 1688, Dampier explored 1000 miles of the north-west

coast and re-visited it in 1699 in" H.M.S. Roebuck."

Yet so little had been definitely ascertained about the great

island continent of the southern seas as late as the end of the

seventeenthcentury,

thatDampier, who

at thatperiod

certainly knew more about it than anyone else, wrote " NewHolland is a very large tract of land. It is not yet deter-

mined whether it is an island or a main continent ;but I am

certain that it joyns neither to Asia, Africa nor America."

The first great impetus towards British occupation of

the country was given 70 years later, when James Cook,

having set out in 1768, as Lieutenant-in-Command of

H.M.S. "Endeavour" with a party of men of science to

observe the transit of Venus from Tahiti, determined

to return by the Pacific route.

He sailed through the narrow strait separating the NewZealand Islands, explored their coast line, and reached the

eastern shore of Australia.

The spot where he landed was covered with the abundant

verdure of the Australian autumn season, and the voyagerscalled it

"Botany Bay."

Captain Cook made two subsequent voyages to thesouthern seas, and before his death in 1779, had cleared upmost of the problems of Australasian exploration.

255



256



THE BRITISH EMPIRE IN AUSTRALIA

The voyages of the"Investigator

"and the "Beagle," and

the discovery of the channel between Tasmania and the

mainland,by Surgeon

Bass in 1798, served to complete, in

main outline, the coast map of Australia.

The practical task of colonisation was commenced in

1788, when Captain Phillip landed with a party numbering colonisation

about 1,100 persons. He disembarked at Botany Bay, but

almost immediately transferred his followers to Port

Jackson, near the site of the modern city of Sydney. The

prosperity of the infant colony was greatly enhanced by

the introduction, by Captain MacArthur and Captain

Waterhouse, of breeds of Spanish and other sheep. Sheep-

breeding has been one of the staple industries of Australia

ever since.

Having surmounted some early difficulties, including a

mutiny against Governor Bligh, the colony rapidly advanced

in wealth and in numbers.

The nineteenth century witnessed enormous progress in

many directions.

Vastfertile

plains to the west of the Blue Mountains werediscovered, and in addition to the original settlement of New

states

South Wales, great and nourishing States grew into being.

Western Australia was formed in 1829, Victoria in 1837, and

in the same year the city of Adelaide, destined to be the

capital of the great central State of South Australia. In

1842, Brisbane was established and the number of white

inhabitants of the Australian colonies had risen to a total of

145,000.

The practice of sending convicts to Australia was dis-

continued in 1841, and the discovery of gold, ten years later,

gave an immense stimulus to immigration.

The various sections into which Australian territory had

been divided became self-governing States, with representa-

tive institutions and separate responsible administrations.

The need for a co-ordinating and central organisation for

common purposes having made itself felt, these States com-

bined with Tasmania to form the Commonwealth of

Australia, while retaining their several provincial govern-

ments for local purposes.




The Commonwealth thus formed was sanctioned by the

British Government on July 9, 1900, and was proclaimed in

Sydney on January i, 1901.

With the exception of a slight set-back, due to a wave of

financial depression in 1893, the progress of Australia has

been rapid and continuous, and as yet only the fringe of its

vast territory and the first fruits of its boundless natural

resources have been exploited.

The great plains of the centre, and the illimitable desert

reaches of the north-west may yet be subjugated by the art

of man, and fertilised by the new aids which mechanical

science will place at his disposal.Millions of acres have already been brought under

cultivation or utilised for pasturage, and the results

obtained, together with those of mining and manufacturing

industries, during little more than one century of effort,

serve but as the index of the magnificent possibilities of the

future.

A great and vigorous nation of British ancestry, and

strongly imbued with British traditions, is growing up under

the Southern Cross and is rapidly pressing forward in

civilisation and in material wealth beneath the banner

inscribed" Advance Australia."

NEW SOUTH WALESHISTORY. The oldest colony of Australia received its

name from Captain Cook, who visited the coast in 1770.

The settlement of New South Wales, which was started by

Captain Phillip in 1788, was at first held to include the wholeeastern portion of the continent. The States of Victoria

and Queensland were afterwards delimited. During its

early years the colony suffered somewhat from scarcity of

food, but the introduction of free colonists, to whom grants

of land were given, soon stimulated agriculture and

sheep-breeding to a point which rendered the colony

self-supporting. The black aborigines belong to a very

primitivenomadic

type,and have not offered

anyserious

resistance to British colonisation. Gold was discovered at

Bathurst in 1851, and the deposits extend over a wide




NEW SOUTH WALES continued

area. Up to 1903 the value of the gold output

alone was 53,000,000.



CLIMATE. Temperature varies

from the coldest to be met with in

the British Isles, to the genial

warmth of the Mediterranean ;

the rainfall decreases as the

distance from the coast increases.


CAPITAL . Sydney.

GOVERNMENT. Is vested in a

Governor appointed by the Crown,

a legislative council and a legisla-

tive assembly.

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. Owing to

the preponderance of the British element in the population,

laws and customs follow

very largelythose of the Mother

Country.

There are two forms of local government organisation,

namely, shires and municipalities. The shires are again

subdivided into ridings. The franchise extends to all males

over the age of 21 years.

LIEUT.-GOVERNOR. H. E. Lord Chelmsford, K.C.M.G.

RACES. The Australians, born of British descent, are in

the majority ;there are also many immigrants from the

United Kingdom ;Chinese

;Germans and other foreigners ;

about 7000 aboriginals and half-castes.

DEVELOPMENT. There are government railways, tram-

ways, telegraph and telephone systems.

RELIGION. All religions are free. Church of England,Roman Catholic, Presbyterian and Methodist are the chief

denominations.

LANGUAGE. English.

EDUCATION. Is compulsory and free. In addition to the

State schools, there are private colleges and schools, and the

University of Sydney.PRODUCTS. Sheep, cattle and horses. Cereals, hay,

fruits, wine, silver, gold, coal, tin, copper and iron.

259




The Hon, Johr

Premier, Chief Se

VICTORIA

HISTORY. Victoria is the smallest of the Australian States,

with the exception of Tasmania, in geographical area but

not in wealth. It was administered

from Sydney until 1851, when it

was constituted a separate colony.

Responsible government wasintroduced in 1857.

Very large deposits of gold havebeen discovered at Clunes, Bal-

larat, Forest Creek and Bendigo,the quantity mined up to 1904

being valued at ^269,970,746.DATE OF ANNEXATION. 1788.


CLIMATE. Warm, dry and

healthy.


CAPITAL. Melbourne.Alinister for Labour /^ T , -,


Governor aided by an Executive Council and a Parliament

consisting of a legislative council and a legislative assembly.LAWS AND CUSTOMS. Universal adult suffrage exists :

women being eligible as voters. Members of the Legislative

Assembly are paid an official salary of ^300 a year. The

immigration of coloured persons into the Colony is restricted.

GOVERNOR. Sir Thomas D. Gibson Carmichael, Bart.,

K.C.M.G.RACES. Almost all the Victorians are of British descent

;

there are a few aboriginal "black fellows" in the countrydistricts.

DEVELOPMENT. Well advanced, government railways

(3,401 miles), telegraph and telephone systems are in full

operation.

RELIGION. Church of England, Roman Catholic, Pres-

byterian, Methodist, Baptist.

LANGUAGE. English.EDUCATION. Educational establishments in Victoria are

of four classes, namely: The Melbourne University, with its

three affiliated colleges ;State schools for primary education,

private schools for both primary and secondary education,

and technical schools for instruction in various arts.

PRODUCTS. Wool, wheat, grapes, fruit, gold, tin, copper,

coal, sheep, horses and cattle.




Hon. J. Verrar

?tnier and Comrni

of Works and Mi

SOUTH AUSTRALIA

HISTORY. When first constituted a British province by

Act of Parliament of William IV., South Australia was

bounded on the north by the

26th degree of south latitude,

and on the west by the i32nd

degree east longitude. The south

coast of the State was surveyed

by Flinders in 1802, and Stuart

discovered the Murray river and

its upper tributaries in 1829.

The first settlements were formedat Kangaroo Island, and at Ade-

laide, in 1836. Copper was dis-

covered in 1842. Responsible

government was established six

years later, and Stuart reached

Port Darwin in 1861. The

Northern Territory was then

added to the State,

makingits northern

boundarythe

Indian Ocean, and the western boundary was advanced to

the i2gth degree of east longitude, thus embracing the

territory formerly known as" No-man's Land."


CLIMATE. Dry and salubrious.


CAPITAL. Adelaide.

GOVERNMENT. Is vested in a Governor aided by anExecutive Council and a Parliament consisting of a Legisla-

tive Council and a House of Assembly.

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. The franchise for both houses is

open to all adults, male and female, who are natural born

or naturalised subjects of His Majesty, and have lived for

six months continuously in South Australia.

GOVERNOR. H. E. Admiral Sir Way Hort Bosanquet,

G.C.V.O., K.C.B.RACES. Chiefly Australian, there are some 2,500 Chinese

residents in the Northern Territory beside the aborigines.

261




QUEENSLAND continued

voting for members of the assembly is by ballot, and the

Elections Act Amendment Act of 1905, provides for maleand female adult franchise on

residential qualification only.

GOVERNOR. Sir. Wm. Mac-

Gregor, G.C.M.G., C.B., M.D.

RACES. Mostly Australasian

born of European parentage.

There are also Chinese, Poly-

nesians, and other Asiatics, besides

the aborigines.

DEVELOPMENT. Both the coast

and the interior are well supplied

with railways, 3,498 miles being at

present in operation. There is also

a steam tramway line from Towns-

ville to Ayr, a distance of 50 miles.

Telegraph and telephone communi-

cations are widely extended.

RELIGION. Church of England, Roman Catholic,

Presbyterian, Wesleyan, Lutheran and Baptist are the

principal denominations.

EDUCATION. Elementary education is free and compul-

sory. There are numerous State, private and grammarschools. Technical education is liberally endowed, and a

university is in course of formation.

PRODUCTS. Wool, gold, maize, wheat, fruit, meat,

butter and sugar.

TASMANIA

HISTORY. In 1642, a Dutch seaman, Abel Jansz Tasman,

sailing southward from Mauritius in search of' ' Terra

Australis"landed upon this island. Tasman called it after

the Governor of the Indies, Van Diemen's Land, but his

own name, as the discoverer, has now become inseparably

associated with it. It was formally taken possession of

263



THE BRITISH KMPIRK IN AUSTRALIA

T A S A\ A N I A c onti n u e A

by England in 1803, and made auxiliary to the penal settle-

ment at Botany Bay. The first free immigrants arrived in

1816, and responsible government

was introduced in 1856.


AKEA. 26,215 square miles.

CLIMATE. Healthy and tem-

perate, well suited to Europeans.

POPULATION. 185,824 .

CAPITAL. Hobart.

GOVERNMENT. The Parliament

consists of a Legislative Council

and a House of Assembly. The

Governor is advised by a Cabinet of

responsible Ministers.

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. Universal

adult suffrage, including women,

obtains. For purposes of local government, the countryis divided into 49 municipalities, exclusive of Hobart and

Launceston. The Presidents of the municipal councils are

called wardens, and are elected annually.

GOVERNOR. H. E. Major-General Sir Harry Barren,

K.C.M.G., C.V.O.

RACES. Immigrants from Australia and Europe; native-

born Australians of British descent. The black aboriginals

are now extinct.

DEVELOPMENT. There are abundant railway, telegraph

and telephone communications.

RELIGION. Church of England, Roman Catholic, Wes-

leyan Methodist, Presbyterian, Independent and other

denominations.

EDUCATION. Is compulsory. There are 356 State

schools.

PRODUCTS. Wool, gold, silver, copper, tin, lead, coal,

timber, fruit and sheep.




WESTERN AUSTRALIA

HISTORY. A settlement was formed at King George Sound

in 1826, at theinstance of the New South Wales

govern-ment, and the coast from that point

to the Swan River surveyed

by Captain James (afterwards

Sir James) Stirling, in "H.M.S.

Success." In May, 1829, Capt.

Freemantle (afterwards Sir Charles

Freemantle, G.C.B.), in "H.M.S.

Challenge," took possession of the

territory, and in June, 1829, Captain

Stirling founded the Swan River

Settlement, now the Common-

wealth State of Western Australia.

In 1850 the inhabitants petitionedHon. F. wn son

that it might be made a penalPremier and Colonial . ,

Treasurersettlement. Convicts were accord-

ingly sent out from that time until

1868, and their work in making roads did much to

open up the country.



CLIMATE. Variable in parts. Generally dry and pleasant

to Europeans. Mean temperature at Perth 64 F.


CAPITAL. Perth.

GOVERNMENT. Consists of a Governor, a legislative

council and a legislative assembly.

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. Subject to certain qualifications,

any person not under 21 years of age, who is a natural born

or naturalised subject of His Majesty, and has resided in

Western Australia for six months continuously, and in the

district for which he claims to be enrolled for one month

previous to the election, is entitled to vote.

GOVERNOR. H. E. Sir Gerald Strickland, K.C.M.G.

265




WESTERN AUSTRALIA continued

RACES. Australasians, chiefly of British parentage or

descent, and immigrants from Europe. Some 1,500 Chinese,

and the aboriginal natives.

DEVELOPMENT. Over two thousand miles of railway have

been laid in the colony under the auspices of the government,

besides several private lines. There is telegraphic com-

munication with Europe via South Australia.

RELIGION. Church of England and Roman Catholic are

the principal denominations.

EDUCATION. Is free and compulsory. There are numerous

government and private schools, and a fine technical school

at Perth which exercises some of the functions of a

university.

PRODUCTS. Gold, wool, timber, pearls, copper, lead, tin

and coal.



THE BRITISH EMPIRE

IN

NEW ZEALAND AND OCEANA



THE BRITISH EMPIRE IN NEW ZEALAND AND OCEANA

NEW ZEALAND

HISTORY. The Dominion of New Zealand consists of

three main islands, the North, South and Stewart Islands,

with several groups of smaller

islands at some distance from

the principal group.

New Zealand was discovered

by Tasman, but Captain Cook

was the first European to land

and explore the coasts. It

subsequently became a resort

for whalers and traders, chiefly

from Australia.

The native Maori chiefs ceded

the sovereignty of the country

to the British crown in 1840 at

the Treaty of Waitangi.

The Maoris are a remarkable

race, of Polynesian origin and of

much higher typethan the

Aborigines of Australia. Many of the clans have always

been friendly to the British settlers, but two wars have

been waged, one in 1845-8, and the other lasting inter-

mittently for ten years, 1860-1870. The colony was at first

a dependency of New South Wales, but was separated byletters patent in 1842.

The settlement of the territory was largely effected by the

New Zealand Company, whose Royal Charter was surren-

dered in 1850.


AREA. North Island 44,468, South Island 58,525, and

Stewart Island 665 square miles.

CLIMATE. Temperate, much like that of England, but

warmer and more equable.

POPULATION. 936,309, including 47,731 natives.

CAPITAL. Wellington, in the North Island.

GOVERNMENT. Consists of a Governor aided by aMinistry, a Legislative Council and a House of Represen-

tatives.

269



THK BRITISH EMPIRE IX NEW ZEALAND AND OCEANA

NEW ZEALAND continued

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. Adult suffrage, including women

as voters.

GOVERNOR AND COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF. H.E. the Lord

Islington.

RACES. British, Maori, Chinese.

DEVELOPMENT. In March, 1910, there were 2,717 miles

of government railway lines in working order, and more

under construction. New Zealand is remarkable for the

great public works which have been undertaken, and carried

through by the government and by municipal bodies;these

include besides railways, roads, bridges, telegraphs andtramways.

RELIGION. The principal denominations are Church of

England, Presbyterian and Wesleyan.

LANGUAGES. English and Maori.

EDUCATION. The State system of education is free,

secular and compulsory. There are public primary schools,

private schools, grammar schools, colleges and schools for

Maoris. The University of New Zealand has

powerto

confer degrees.

PRODUCTS. Wool, cattle, sheep, butter, cheese, grain,

Kauri pine, Kauri gum, gold, coal, iron and copper.

FIJI

HISTORY. A ring of islands, over 200 in number, open on

the southern side, and situated in the South Pacific Ocean,

1,100 miles from Auckland, New Zealand.

The islands were sighted by Tasman in 1643, and Turtle

Island (or Vatoa) in the extreme south-east of the group, was

discovered by Captain Cook in 1770. Some escaped convicts

from Australia are said to have settled here in 1804.

In 1835, Wesleyan missionaries first came over from

Tonga. The chief, Thakambau, offered the sovereignty of

the islands to England, and in 1874 they were taken

under British protection on the basis of a crown colony.DATE OF ANNEXATION.

1874.AREA. 8,034 square miles.

CLIMATE. Tropical.

270



THE BRITISH F.MP1RE IN NEW ZEALAND AND OCEANA

Fl J I continued


CAPITAL. Suva,in the island of Viti Levu.


Governor aided by an Executive

Council.

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. The

Colony is divided into seventeen

provinces, each under the control

of a European Commissioner or

a Roko Tui (chief nativeofficer).

A large part of the taxes is still

paid in produce, such as copra,

sugar-cane, tobacco, etc.

RACES. The Fijians are a race

akin to the Papuans, but an

admixture of the higher Poly-

nesians has leavened the native

Melanesian type.

DEVELOPMENT. Telegraph and telephone lines connectvarious parts of the colony. There is no railway at present.

RELIGION. Wesleyan and Roman Catholic missions are

at work.

LANGUAGE. English, Fiji.

EDUCATION. There are numerous State-aided schools and

mission schools.

PRODUCTS. Fruit, cocoanuts, sugar, para-rubber, tea,

cotton, maize,tobacco,

and arrowroot.

Sir Francis H. May

K.C.M.G-, C.B., Goveil

PAPUA

HISTORY. The south-eastern part of the island of New

Guinea, and the neighbouring island groups, previously

known as "British New Guinea," were placed under

the control of the Australian Commonwealth Government

in 1905, and given the name "Papua."

New Guinea was discoveredas

earlyas

1511, byAntonio

de Abrea, and the Archipelagos by French navigators,

towards the close of the eighteenth century.

271




PAPUA continued



CLIMATE. Warm in thesouthern

latitudes, average temperature at

Port Moresby 81-4 F.

POPULATION. Estimated at

500,000.

CAPITAL. Port Moresby.

GOVERNMENT. Is under the

control of the Australian Common-

wealth, and is administered by

a Lieutenant-Governor.

J. H. P. Murray, Esq.

Lieutenant-Governor an

Chief Judicial Officer

LAWS AND CUSTOMS. The

Papuans had no chiefs. There

was no form of government

among them save a loosely applied

patriarchal authority. Village police are now being

established. The general law of the territory is the same

as that of Queensland.

RACES. Papuan.

DEVELOPMENT. Substantial wharves have been built at

Port Moresby and Samarai, roads are being laid, internal

communication is largely by river. Gold mining chiefly

alluvial, has been accompanied by some measure of success.

RELIGION. Protestant and Roman Catholic missionary

societies are at work in Papua.

LANGUAGE. Motu, Keapara, Mukawa are some of the

more important of the native dialects.

EDUCATION. In a backward state at present. The natives

have no history, and but few current well-defined traditions

referring only to the acts of the last four or five generations.

PRODUCTS. Trepang, copra, pearls, gold, sandal-wood,

coffee and rubber.

2T2



K.C.M.G., C.B.


THE WESTERN PACIFIC

HISTORY. By an order in council of 1877, a HighCommissioner was

appointed

to havejurisdiction

over all

islands in the Western Pacific not

within the limits of the Colonies

of Fiji, Queensland and NewSouth Wales, nor under the

authority of any civilised power.

Under this heading are

included :

THE TONGA OR FRIENDLY

ISLANDS. These are governed

by a native hereditary monarch,

King George Tubou II., and

legislative assemblies of two

orders. The British protectorate

was proclaimed in 1900.


POPULATION. 2,240.

CAPITAL. Tongatabu.

THE ELLICE AND GILBERT GROUPS. The natives, who

are of Malayo-Polynesian race, have separate kings or

chiefs, who are assisted by councils of chiefs and

commoners.

Courts of law have been established, and the efforts of

Mr. C. R. Swayne, the first British Resident, and of his

successor, Mr. W. F. Campbell, to establish an efficient

system of administration, have met with considerable

success.

American and British nonconformist missions, and the

Roman Catholic Mission of the Sacred Heart, are at work

in the islands.

AREA. Including the Union of Tokelau Islands, 297

square miles.

POPULATION.

22 ,290.

THE BRITISH SOLOMON ISLANDS. Consist of the Southern

islands of the group including Shortland Island, Choiseul

273




THE WESTERN PACIFIC continued

Isabel, New Georgia, Guadalcanar, Malaita, San Christoval,

Bellona and the Rennell Islands, together with Ongtong-

Java and other small islands in the vicinity of the main

group.


POPULATION. 150,000, including no Europeans.

THE SANTA CRUZ ISLANDS. Situated between the

Solomon Islands and the New Hebrides group, and included

in 1898 in the British Solomon Islands Protectorate. Theyare inhabited by Melanesians, chiefly occupied in the copra

trade.

THE NEW HEBRIDES, to which are attached the

Banks and Torres Islands, are under the control of a joint

government of British and French resident commissioners.

The principal products are copra, maize and coffee.

The population which includes 630 Europeans is estimated

at between 100,000 and 140,000.

THE PHOENIX GROUP include eight islands.


POPULATION. 59.

PITCAIRN ISLAND. Pitcairn Island, nearly equi-distant

from America and Australia, was discovered by Carteret

in 1767. It remained uninhabited until occupied in 1780, bythe Mutineers of H. M.S. "Bounty." Nothing was known

of the existence of these inhabitants until 1808, when the

island was again visited by a British ship.


POPULATION. 169.



THE KING'S

TOURS OF THE EMPIRE



MAP OF THE WORLD (ON

Showing the King':

H.M. KING GKOROE V. has travelled extensively through the vast empire over whicl

The principal tours undertaken have been: (1) The two voyages with the Duke

withaplain red line) and then to the Far East (marked with

a dotted li

(2) The visit of His Majesty (then Prince of Wales) to India, in 1906.

(3) The Colonial Tour in the"Ophir," 1901, when, as Prince and Princess of Wale

(marked with a wavy line).

276



SRCATOR'S PROJECTION)

mrs (in red ink)

now rules.

arence, in H.M.S. Bacchante, in 1880 and 1882, first to the West Indies (marked

:ir Majesties visited Ceylon, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Canada

277



SONS OF THE EMPIRE

The reception of the Colonial troops in London on their return fromSouth Africa after the Boer War

278



THE

EVOLUTION OF WEAPONS^x~

FOR THE

BATTLE OF LIFE



ADAPA

About 6000 H.C.

Adapa is the earliest known personage directly associated with

medicine. Hevyas

the human incarnation of Marduk. the divine Son of

Ea, and was believed to possess the spells of life and death.

" Ea gave him wisdom,So that his command was like unto the word of God.To him also he gave deep knowledge ;

With the healing spell of life and the spell of death he was made."

(Translatedfrom a Babylonian Tablet}

280



HISTORICAL EXHIBITIONOF

RARE AND CURIOUS OBJECTSRELATING TO

MEDICINE, CHEMISTRY, PHARMACYAND THE ALLIED SCIENCES

TO BE HELD IN LONDON, 1913

ORGANISED BY, AND UNDER THE DIRECTION OF

HENRY S. WELLCOMEWith the object of stimulating the study of the great past,

I have been for some time organising an exhibition in

connection with the history of medicine, chemistry,

pharmacy and the allied sciences, my aim being to bring

together a collection Of historical objects illustrating the

development of the art and science of healing, etc., through-

out the ages.

For many years I have been engaged in researches

respecting the early methods employed in the healing art,

both among civilised and uncivilised peoples. It has been

my object in particular to trace the origin of the use of

remedial agents, and enquire why and how certain substances

came to be employed in the treatment of disease.

A consideration of such questions is always of interest and

sometimes adds to our knowledge.

I anticipate that the exhibition will reveal many facts,

and will elucidate many obscure points in connection with

the origins of various medicines, and in respect to the

history of disease. It should also bring to light many

objects ofhistorical interest hitherto

known only to thepossessors and their personal friends.

I shall greatly value any information sent me in regard to

medical lore, early traditions or references toantient medical

treatment in manuscripts, printed works, etc. Even though

the items be but small, they may form important connecting

links in the chain of historical evidence. Medical

missionaries, and others in contact with native races, can

also obtain particulars of interest in this connection.

Every little helps, and, as I am desirous of making the

Historical Medical Exhibition as complete as possible, I shall

be grateful for any communication you may be able to make.



HISTORICAL MEDICAL EXHIBITION

It is my desire ultimately to place before the profession, in

a collected form, all the information obtained.

The success of the Historical Medical Exhibition will

depend largely upon the co-operation of those interested in

the subject with which it deals, and I again appeal, there-

fore, to all who possess objects of historical medical interest,

to render their kind assistance by loaning them to me so that

the Exhibition may be thoroughly representative. I should

also highly esteem your kindness if you would inform me of

any similar objects in the possession of others

I need hardly say that the greatest care will be taken of

every object lent. All exhibits will be insured (also while in

transit, if requested), and packing and carriage both wayswill be paid.

The exhibition will be strictly professional and scientific in

character, and will not be open to the general public.

The response to the preliminary announcement has been

beyond my expectations, and this, together with the manyvaluable suggestions received from leading members of the

medical profession, chemists and others at home and abroad,

has prompted me to considerably widen the scope of the

undertaking since it was first projected.

I have been strongly urged, and have now decided, to

hold the Historical Medical Exhibition at the same time as

the International Medical Congress, which is fixed to take

place in London in the year 1913.

This decision will, I have no doubt, suit the convenience

of the many medical practitioners from all parts of the

world, who will be visiting England on the occasion of the

Congress, and the intervening time will enable me to make

the exhibition more comprehensive, and to include many

objects of exceptional interest that have been promised from

different quarters of the globe.

Hints and suggestions in connection with the exhibition

will be much appreciated.

HENRY S.

WELLCOMESNOW HILL BUILDINGSLONDON, E.G., ENGLAND




CLASSIFICATION OF EXHIBITS

SECTION i

Medicine :

(a) Animal medicine;materia medica

of the animal creation : the tradi-

tion of the connection of animals

with the healing art.

(b)Medical deities of savage tribes

and nations, figures, fetishes,

charms, implements, and other

objects associated with the art of

healing by primitive people?.

(c)Antient deities of healing and other

subjects associated with the art of

healing by primitive peoples and

the early civilisations.

(d) Votive offerings for health

(Donaria), amulets, amuletic medi-

cines, gems, emblems, talismans,

rings,charms,

and other objects con-

nected with the art of

healing.

(e) Paintings, drawings, engrav-

ings, etchings, photo-

graphs, models, bas-

reliefs, sculptures and

casts of medical interest.

(/) Pictures from MSS. of all

ages, of medical, surgical,

pharmaceutical and al-

chemical interest. Hippocrates

The Greek Fatber of Medicine

ca. 480 B.O

Dhanwantari

The Vedic Fathe

Medicine and Phy

of the Gods

283



HISTORICAL MEDICAL KXHIHITION

(g) Portraits in oil, water-colours or wax, miniatures,

silhouettes, etchings and engravings, or busts in

sculpture of physicians, surgeons, alchemists,

botanists, apothecaries, chemists, pharmacists,

nurses, etc., of all periods.

(/;)Pictures of medical, chemical and pharmaceutical

institutions of all nations.

(i)Pictures representing the important epochs and

interesting events, such as original operations,

discoveries, etc., in the history of medicine, sur-

gery, chemistry and pharmacy.

(/) Medals, medallions, plaquettes and coins of histori-

cal medical interest.

(/v

7

)Rare and curious MSS., xylographs, incunabula,

early printed books and works of especial historic

interest, periodicals, pamphlets, book-plates, etc.,

of, and connected with, medicine, surgery, phar-

macy, chemistry, botany and the allied arts.

(/) Historic letters, prescriptions, autographs, case and

note books, records of experiments, antient




diplomas, licences, corporate insignia, and personal

relics of medical, pharmaceutical and chemical interest.

(m) Relics of the influence of astrology in medicine,

horoscopes, and other astrological diagrams bear-

ing on the art of healing.

SECTION 2

Surgery, Dental Surgery, Veterinary

Surgery and Anaesthetics :

(a) Instruments usedin

surgeryby pre-historic and savage

peoples.

(b) History and development of

instruments and appliances

used in surgery from the

earliest times.

(c)Curious appliances used in

antient times ; barber-surgeons'

bleeding basins and bowls,

cupping implements, etc.

285

An Amputation of the Leg

From a woodcut of the

XVI century



B A R H K R S f R G K O S'

S SHOP

From an Engraving of the XVII century




(d) Improvised instruments and appliances that have

been used in emergencies, especially those that

have led to inventions and discoveries.

(e) Calculi, and other curious

specimens of historical

interest.

(/) Relics of antient dentis-

try ; early artificial den-

tures,

(g)Antient dental instruments

and appliances.

(h)Antient instruments used

in veterinary surgery.

(i )Historical apparatus con-

nected with the discovery

and use of anaesthetics.

SECTION 3

Anatomy, Pathology, Ob-

stetrics, etc. :

(<r)Curiosities of anatomy,

and curious anatomical

models in wax, ivory, etc.

(b) History of the nomenclature, causation and treat-

ment of the most important diseases that have

afflicted mankind from the earliest times.

(c) Obstetric chairs,

and other appli-

ances used in

early midwifery

practice, the

lying-in room in

antient times,

models for ob-

stetrical teach-

ing.

(d) Manacles and

otherappliances

used in the treat- obstetric chair -xri

ment of the insane in antient times.

287



AN APOTHECARY'S SHOP

1505

288




SECTION 4

Ophthalmias :

(a) Antient spectacles, eye-glasses and instruments used

as an aid to sight.

(b)Antient instruments and

appliances for testing

.sight, employed byoculists.

(c)The microscope from the

earliest period.

(d) Historic microscopes.

SECTION 5

Hygiene, Public Health and Pre-

ventive Medicine :

(a) Objects of interest, antient

and modern, connected with

public health, preventive and

tropical medicine.

(h) Masks, and other preventive

methods of protection against

plague in antient times.

(c) Exhibits illustrative of physio-

logy, anthropology, micros-

copy, bacteriology, biology,

parasitology, and geography.

(d) Placards, posters, manifestos, declarations con-

cerning epidemic diseases, etc.

(e)Antient bills of health.

SECTION 6

Pharmacy :

(a) Antient pharmacies.

(6)Materia medica of all ages, specimens of antient

medicines and remedial agents of various

periods.

(c) Specimens illustrating the use of animal substances

in medicine.

Microscope XVIII century




(d) Early and curious relics of pharmacy.

(c) Antient stills, alembics, mortars, and pharmaceutical

implements.

(/) Specimens illustrating the history of early pharma-ceutical preparations (julip, rob and lohoch).

() Curious bottles, carboys, ointment and specie jars,

drug vases, pots, ewers, mills, containers, and

implements and appliances used in pharmacy.

(h) Scales, weights and measures of all ages,

(I)Antient prescriptions and curious pharmaceutical

recipes and recipe books.

(_/) Antient prescription books and price lists.

(k) Antient counter bills, labels, business cards, curiousadvertisements and trade tokens.

(/) Old travellers' note books and curious orders.

(m) Antient apothecaries' shop signs and early fittings,

early pharmaceutical preparations and specimensof obsolete and curious medical combinations.

(n) Antient and modern medicine chests, civil, military

and naval.

SECTION 7

Chemistry and Botany :

(a) Alchemists' laboratories.

(6) Antient stills, mortars and curious apparatus used

by early alchemists.

290




(b) Antient and modern specimens of quack medicines,

preparations and appliances.

(c) Old bills, placards and pamphlets referring to quack

medicines.SECTION u

Adulteration of Foods and Drugs :

(a) Specimens showing the adulteration and falsification

of drugs, medicines, foods, fabrics and other

articles affecting health, or associated with

medicine, pharmacy and allied sciences.

Louis Jacques Handtt Datu

a pioneer of photographyBorn 1780. Died 1851

SECTION 12

Photography :

-

(a) Objects illustrating the invention and history of

photography.

(b) Early cameras and apparatus.

(c) Daguerrotypes.

(d) Portraits of the pioneers of photography.

(e) Original papers and MSS. connected with

photography.

(/) Application of photography to medicine and

surgery, X-rayphotography.

(g) Early and rare apparatus.

(h)Curiosities of photography and its latest develop-

ment.



THE MARCH OF SCIENCE

'Without a scientific foundation no permanent super-

structure can be raised. Does not experience warn

us that the rule of thumb is dead and that the

rule of science has taken its place ; that to-day

we cannot be satisfied with the crude methods which

were sufficient for our forefathers, and that those

great industries which do not keep abreast of the

advance of science must surely and rapidly decline?"

Extract from a speech by H.M . King George V. (when

Prince of Wales) at the International Congress of

Applied Chemistry, London, May 27, 1909



WELLCOME CHEMICAL RESEARCH LABORATORIESKING STREET, LONDON INGLAND)

This INSTITUTION is conducted separately from ihe business

of BURROUGHS WELLCOME & Co., and is under distinct

direction, although in the Laboratories a large amount of importantscientific work is carried out for the firm.

296



THE WELLCOME

CHEMICAL RESEARCH LABORATORIES

FREDERICK B. POWER, PH.D., LL.D

Director of the Laboratories

KING STREET. SNOW HILL, LONDON ( E N G . ;

297



AWAR DS

CONFERRED UPON THE

WELLCOME CHEMICAL RESEARCH

LABORATORI

ES

AT INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS

ST. LOUIS' ONE GRAND PRIZE

1904 THREE GOLD MEDALS

LIEGE

1905

ONE GRAND PRIZE

ONE DIPLOMA OF HONOURTWO GOLD MEDALS

MILAN1906

LONDON(Franco-British)

1908

LONDON

(Japan-British)1910

BRUSSELS

1910

ONE GRAND PRIZE

TWO GRAND PRIZES

ONE GRAND PRIZE

THREE GRAND PRIZES

ONE DIPLOMA OF HONOUR

CHEMICAL AND PHARM ACOGNOSTICAL RESEARCH

ETC., ETC .

298



THE WELLCOME

CHEMICAL RESEARCH LABORATORIES

ORGANISATION, EQUIPMENT AND DEVELOPMENT

THOSE who have observed the progress of events in

Great Britain during the last decade cannot fail to have

been impressed with the remarkable developments and

achievements by which it has been attended, especially in

the domains of the chemical, physical and biological

sciences. The discovery within the past few years of ^*h

several new elements in the atmosphere, and of radio-

active substances, the liquefaction, and even solidification,

of gases that were hitherto regarded as permanent, the

synthesis of several important organic compounds, the

isolation of new substances, and the more precise

characterisation of those previously known, together

with the perfection of chemical processes and the appli-

cations of electricity in chemical and metallurgical opera-

tions, are but a few examples of the contributions to

knowledge and the industrial progress which have signalisedthe closing years of the past, and the beginning of the new,

century.

The spirit of research has, in fact, now become so

diffused as to have penetrated into almost every depart-

ment of human knowledge and activity. With a broader

recognition of its usefulness, and even of its necessity, as The spirit

an element of progress, research is no longer confined to ofresearch

institutions oflearning,

but hasproved

to be aquite

indispensable factor in its relation to industrial pursuits,

as well as for the study of those important problems

in medical science which are so intimately associated with

the health and happiness of mankind. It has indeed been

truly said that "without a knowledge of the constitution

or structure of the molecules which go to make up the

substances employed as remedies, therapeutics, or the

administration of these remedies, can never be an exact

science. Thus the research chemist may contribute,

though indirectly, his share towards placing medicine

upon a real and scientific basis."



ONE OF T H K LABORATORIES FIRST FLOOR

ONE OF THE LABORATORIES SECOND FLOOR



WKI.LCOMF. CHEMICAL RESEARCH LABORATORIES

It is worthy of note that the year 1896 was marked by

the establishment in Great Britain of at least three

laboratories devoted exclusively to scientific research

British

namely, the Davy-Faraday Research Laboratory con- Research

nected with the Royal Institution, which was formallyLaboratories

inaugurated in December, 1896; the new Research Labora-

tory of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh,

which was formally opened in November, 1896 ; and the

WELLCOME CHEMICAL RESEARCH LABORATORIES, which

were established in the summer of 1896.

Thescope

of these laboratories and the directions in

which research is conducted in them, naturally differ.

The first-mentioned, for example, is more especially of

an academic character, and is therefore devoted to some-

what abstract investigations in chemistry and physics ;the

e

second is stated to have for its primary object the examina- chemical

tion of morbid specimens and material, the study ofResearch

,. . .,

. . ,Laboratories

zymotic diseases, and, in general, bacteriological, physio-

logical and pathological work; while the third, the

WELLCOME CHEMICAL RESEARCH LABORATORIES, are

designed for investigations in both pure and applied

chemistry, and, in the latter instance, with special reference

to the study of that large class of both organic and

inorganic compounds which are employed as medicinal

agents in the treatment of disease.

The importance of the work which it is the purposeto accomplish in these different, but more or less closely

related, departments of science, is apparent, and is duly

appreciated by those who recognise the deficiencies of

existing knowledge.

In response to numerous requests, it has been con-

sidered that a brief sketch of the WELLCOME CHEMICAL

RESEARCH LABORATORIES, descriptive of their organisation,

equipment and development would prove of interest to a

considerable number who have not the opportunity of

inspecting them.

The first announcement of Mr. Henry S. Wellcome's

plan to establish the Chemical Research Laboratories

301



THE COMBUSTION ROOM



WELLCOMK CHEMICAL RESEARCH LABORATORIES

which bear his name, was made on the occasion of a dinner

given by him to Dr. Frederick B. Power, the present

Director, at the Holborn Restaurant, London, on the

T-I ui Appreciation byevening of July 21, 1896. The occasion was a memorable

distinguished

one in many respects, for the gathering included a largescientists

number of distinguished representatives of the various

sections of the scientific world. It was then explained

by Mr. Wellcome that the work which he proposed to

inaugurate was one which he personally had very much

at heart, that it would be carried out on no selfish lines, but

would be controlled and dictated with the highest regard

for science. It was also made clear that the newChemical Research Laboratories were to be entirely distinct

from those of the Works of his firm, in which, as hereto-

fore, research would also continue to be conducted. The

expressions of appreciation of the high purpose and the

scientific spirit which had actuated Mr. Wellcome in the

development of such extended plans for chemical research,

as manifested by various distinguished speakers on the

occasion referred to, were indeed mostauspicious,

and

fittingly commemorated the inauguration of the work that

was to be undertaken.

The first home of the laboratories was in a building

located at No. 42, Snow Hill, but it was soon found

desirable to make considerable extensions. In order to

accomplish this, it was decided that the laboratories shouldLocatlonm

r central London

be transferred to a building of their own, of which they

should have complete use and possession. Such premises

were secured at No. 6, King Street, Snow Hill, where in a

very central part of London, and amid surroundings replete

with many of its most interesting historical associations,

the laboratories are now located.

The building is a handsome, modern one of Venetian

style of architecture, and comprises four stories and a

basement. A view of it is represented on page 296.

On the ground floor of the building are the office ofthe Director, and the library, the latter being quite complete

for the special requirements. It contains not only a

303



WEU.COME CHEMICAL RKSEARCH LABORATORIES

considerable number of recent chemical and pharmacological

works, but also complete sets of many journals, such as the

Journal of the Chemical Society, Berichte tier deutschen

library chcmisclun Gesellsclicift , the Chemical News, Journal of the

Society of Chemical Industry, etc. Files of many of the

more important chemical, pharmaceutical and medical

periodicals of England, America and Germany are also

kept. As several very large and complete scientific and

technical libraries are also at all times accessible to members

of the staff, it is evident that the requirements in this

direction are most abundantly supplied. In the library

there is also a cabinet containing specimens of the varioussubstances obtained in the course of laboratory investiga-

tions, which already form a collection of considerable

interest.

The laboratories proper are located on the first, second

and third floors of the building, and are represented on

pages 300, 302. They are similar in their arrangement, are

provided with gas and electricity for both illuminating

and heating purposes, and completely equipped with all

ub^ratori'eV^^Ie necessary apparatus and appliances for conducting

chemical investigations. There are pumps on each table

for filtration under pressure, and special adaptations for

vacuum distillations. A separate connection with the

electric mains supplies the current for heating iron plates

used for the distillation of ether and other similar

liquids. Each laboratory is provided with fine analytical

andordinary

balances, which arecarefully protected

from

dust and moisture by tightly-fitting glass cases. There are

also telephones on each floor, so that communication

bstween the different laboratories or with the Director's

office can be quickly effected.

The basement of the building, which is well-lighted by

electricity, contains a combustion furnace and all the

appliances for conducting ultimate analyses, whilst two

other furnaces of the most approved construction areavailable in the laboratories; it also contains a large electric

motor for working the shaking and stirring apparatus,



WELLCOME CHEMICAL RESEARCH LABORATORIES

drug mill, etc., and a dark-room adapted for polari-

metric or photographic work. A view of a portion of

the combustion room is shown onpage 302.

In direct

communication with the basement are dry and com-

modious vaults, which afford ample room for the storage

of the heavier chemicals and the reserve stock of glass-

ware, etc. By means of a small lift, articles may be

conveniently transported from the basement to any floor

of the building.

From this brief description, and the accompanying

photographicillustrations, it will be seen that the

WELLCOME CHEMICAL RESEARCH LABORATORIES are unique

in their appointments and in the purpose they are designed

to accomplish.

It is perhaps, hardly necessary to explain that some of

the problems which engage the time and attention of

members of the staff which comprises a number of

highly-skilled and experienced chemists are of technical Original

application, havingreference to the

perfectionof the

^"entmcfchemical products of Burroughs Wellcome & Co. These publicatio

naturally do not always afford material for publication,

and many other difficult researches extend over con-

siderable periods of time. Nevertheless, a considerable

number of publications, embodying the results of original

work contributed to various scientific societies, which are

now consecutively numbered, have already been issued.

Other investigationsin

progress will, from time totime, form the subjects of future communications.

Although too short a period has elapsed, since the

establishment of these laboratories, to afford much

material for a historical retrospect, their present measure

of success may be considered to have justified the

expectations of their founder and of those who are in

sympathy with the work which they aim to accomplish.



WKLLCOME CHEMICAL RESEARCH LABORATORIES

SCIENTIFIC PAPERS continued

29. THK CONSTITUENTS OF COMMERCIAL CHRYSAROHIX

30. THE CONSTITUENTS OF AN ESSENTIAL OIL OK RUE

3r. METHYL P.METHYLHEXYL KETONK

32. INTERACTION OF KETONES AND ALDEHYDES WITH ACID CHLORIDES

33. THE ANATOMY OF THE STEM OF DURRIS ULIGINOSA, Bentli.

34. THB CHEMISTRY OK THE STEM OF DERRIS ULIGINOSA, Bentli.

35. THE CONSTITUTION OF PILOCARPINE Part IV

36. PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF DIMETHYLGLYOXALINE AND

DlMETHYLPYRAZOLE

37.

THE ELECTROLYTIC REDUCTION OF PHENO- AND NAPHTHO-

MORPHOI.ONES

38. CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF KO-SAM SEEDS (BRUCEA SUMATRANA,

Roxb.)

59 COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF THE BARKS OF THE SALICACE.I;

Part I

40. THE CONSTITUTION OF CHRYSOPHANIC ACID AND OF EMODIN

41. THK CONSTITUTION OF EPINEPHRINE

42 A L.liVO- ROTATORY MODIFICATION OF QuERCITOL

43. THE CONSTITUENTS OF THE ESSENTIAL OlL OF CALIFORNIAN LAUREL

44. SOME DERIVATIVES OF UMBELLULONE

45. THE CONSTITUENTS OF CHAULMOOGRA SEEDS

46. THE CONSTITUTION OF CHAULMOOGRIC ACID Part I

47 CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF CASCARA BARK

48. CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF GYMNEMA LEAVES

4-). THE RELATION BETWEEN NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC M. Gl.YCERYL-

PHOSPHORIC ACIDS

50. GYNOCARDIN, A NEW CYANOGENETIC GLUCOSIDE

51. PREPARATION AND PROPERTIESOF

1:4: 5 TRIMETHYLGLYOXALINE52. THE CONSTITUTION OF PILOCARPINE Part V

53. THE CONSTITUTION OF HARBALOIN Part I

5J. THE CONSTITUENTS OF THE SEEDS OK HVDNOCARPUS WIGHTIANA,

Blum;, AND OK HYDNOCARPUS ANTHELMINTICA, Picric

55. THE CONSTITUENTS OF THE SEEDS OF GYNOCARDIA ODORATA, R.Br.

56. THE SYNTHESIS OK SUBSTANCES ALLIED TO EPINEPHRINE

57. CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF GRINDELIA

58 CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF AETHUSA CYNAPIUM, Linn.

59. PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF SOMK NEW TROPEINES

60. THE CONSTITUENTS OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL FROM THK FRUIT OF

PlTTOSPORUM UNDULATUM, Vent

307





61. THE CONSTITUTION OF UMBELLULONE

62. LONDON BOTANIC GARDENS

63. CHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF THE FRUIT OF

CHAILLETIA TOXICARIA

64. CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF ERIODICTYON

65. THE BOTANICAL CHARACTERS OF SOME CALIFORNIAN SPECIES OF

GRINDELIA

66. THE RELATIONS BETWEEN NATURAL AND SYNTHETICAL GLYCERYL-

PHOSPHORIC ACIDS Part II

67. THE CONSTITUTION OF UMBF.LLULONE Part II

68. THE REDUCTION or HYDROXYLAMINODIHYDROUMBELLULONEOXIME

69. THE CONSTITUTION OF CHAULMOOGRIC AND HYDNOCARPIC ACIDS

70. THE CONSTITUENTS OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF AMERICAN

PENNYROYAL

71. THE CONSTITUTION OF HOMO-ERIODICTYOL

72. THE INTERACTION OF METHYLENE CHLORIDE AND THE SODIUM

DERIVATIVK OF ETHYL MALONATE

73. CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF THE FRUIT OF BRUCKA ANTIDYSENTERICA.

Lain.

74. CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF THE BARKS OF BRUCKA ANTIDYSENTERICA,

Lain., AND BRUCEA SUMATRANA, Roxb.

75. CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF GRINDELIA Part II

76. CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF LIPPIA SCABERRIMA, Sunder ('' Beukes>s

Boss")

77. CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF THE ROOT AND LEAVES OF MORINDA

I ONG1FLORA

78. THE CONSTITUENTS OF THF. ESSENTIAL OIL OF \UTMEG

79. CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF MICROMERIA CHAMISSONIS (YerbaBuena)

80. THE CONSTITUTION OF UMBELLULONE Part III

8t. THE CONSTITUENTS OF OLIVE LEAVES

82. THE CONSTITUENTS OF Ol.IVE BARK

83. CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF IPOMCF.A PURPUREA

84. THE CHARACTERS OF OFFICIAL IRON ARSENATE

85. PREPARATION OF A SOLUBLE FERRIC ARSENATE

86. THE CONSTITUENTS OF THE EXPRESSED OIL OF NUTMEG

87. CHEMICAL EXAMINATION AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION OF NUTMEG88. SOME OBSERVATIONS REGARDING " OLEUROPEIN "

FROM OLIVE

LEAVES

308





89. CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF ERIODICTYON Part II

go. THE CONSTITUENTS OF THE BARK OF PRUNUS SEROTINA

91. THK CONSTITUENTS OF THE RHIZOME OF APOCYNUM ANDRO-

SAEMIFOLIUM

92. /SO-AMYGDALIN, AND THE RESOLUTION OF ITS HEPTA-ACF.TYL

DERIVATIVE

93. THK ACTION OF NITRIC ACID ON THE ETHERS OF AROMATIC

HYDROXYALDEHYDES

94. THF: SYNTHESIS OF SUBSTANCES ALLIED TO COTARNINE

95. CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF ELATERIUM AND THE CHARACTERS OFELATERIN

96. THE TESTS FOR PURITY OF QUININE SALTS

97. THE CONFIGURATION OF TROPINE AND ^T-TROPINE AND THE

RESOLUTION OF ATROPINE

98. THE CONSTITUENTS OF THE FRUIT OF ECBALLIUM ELATERIUM

99. SYNTHESES IN THE EPINETHRINE SERIES

100. CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF JALAH

101. THE CONSTITUENTS OF RUMEX EcKLONIANUS

102. THE CONSTITUENTS OF COLOCYNTH

103. THE CONSTITUENTS OF RED CLOVER FLOWERS

104. CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF PUMPKIN SEED

105. CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF WATERMELON SEED

106. CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF ORNITHOGALUM THYRSOIDES

107. THE CONSTITUENTS OF THE FLOWERS OF TRIFOLIUM INCARNATUM

108. THE CONSTITUENTS OF THE LEAVES OF PRUNUS SEROTINA

109. SYNTHESIS OF COTARNINE

no. NOTE ON GYNOCARDINE AND GYNOCARDASF.in. CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF THE TUBEROUS ROOT OF IPOMCEA

HORSFALLI/E

112. THE RESOLUTION OF BENZOYLOSC1NK

113. NOTE ON THE CONSTITUTION CF a-El.ATERIN

114. THE CONSTITUENTS OF L.EPTANDRA

115. THE CONSTITUTION OF ERIODICTYOL OF HOMOERIODICTYOL, AND

OF HESPERITIN

116. THE SYNTHESIS OF 2:4:6- TRIMETHOXYPHENYL -3:4-DlMETHOXYSTYRYL I<ETONE



310



THE WELLCOME

PHYSIOLOGICAL RESEARCH

LABORATORIES

H. H. DALE, M.A., M.D,

BROCKWEL L HALL, HERNE HILL, LONDON (ENG.)

311



312



AWARDSCONFERRED UPON THE

WELLCOME PHYSIOLOGICALRESEARCHLABORATORIES


ST. LOUIS

1904

LIEGE

1905

ONE GRAND PRIZE

TWO GOLD MEDALS

MILAN1906

ONE GRAND PRIZE

LONDON(Franco- British)

1908

L ONDON

'Japan-British)

1910

BRUSSELS

1910

TWO GRAND PRIZES

ONE GRAND PRIZE

THREE GRAND PRIZES

ONE DIPLOMA OF HONOUR

FOR

PHYSIOLOGICAL RESEARCH A N]D PREPARATIONSETC .

, ETC.

313 T



THE WELLCOME

PHYSIOLOGICAL RESEARCH LABORATORIESTHE activities of the Wellcome Physiological Research

Laboratories cover a wide field of therapeutic investiga-

tion. The production of Anti-Sera and of bacterial

preparations for therapeutic inoculation, and the researches

in bacteriology and the mechanism of immunity necessitated

by the progressive development of this comparatively new

department of therapeutics, have been carried on side by

side with investigations into the mode of action and the

nature of the active principles of drugs of animal and

vegetable origin, and the production by synthesis of sub-

stances identical with, or related to, the naturally-occurring

principles, in chemical structure and pharmacological action.

Incidental to this pharmacological work has been the

development of methods for controlling and standardising,

by physiological means, the activity of potent drugs to

which chemical methods of assay are not applicable.

ANTI-SERA

A large series of Anti-Sera is now available for thera-

peutic use, and many have been first produced in these

Laboratories. They may be classified into Antitoxic sera,

possessing the power of neutralising the soluble toxins

producedin artificial culture

bycertain

organisms,or

elaborated in the poison glands of animals;and Bactericidal

sera which are obtained by immunising horses against the

actual bacterial substance of such pathogenic organisms

as do not form soluble toxins. Early representatives of

the two classes were Diphtheria Antitoxic Serum and

Anti-streptococcus Serum, and these have maintained

their position as the most widely and successfully used

sera of their respective classes. These Laboratories were

pioneers in the production of these sera in the British

Empire, and produced the first Anti-Diphtheria Serum

used in the United States of America.



WELLCOME PHYSIOLOGICAL RESEARCH LARORATORIES

DIPHTHERIA ANTITOXIC SERUM, 'WELLCOME'

Since the foundation of the Wellcome Physiological

Research Laboratories, a number of pamphlets, leaflets

and reports dealing with therapeutic sera have been issued

in connection therewith.

In the early editions, the origin, history and develop-

ment of serum therapy were given, as well as an

explanation of the meaning of the expression' '

antitoxin Antitoxii

unit." It is scarcely necessary to repeat that the antitoxin

unit adopted at the Wellcome Physiological Research

Laboratories is the Ehrlich-Behring unit. It is not

intended in these notes to take into view any of these

aspects, but merely to bring up to date and present, in a

succinct form, the progress of the treatment and the results

obtained by means of it in more recent years. Diphtheria

Antitoxic Serum is standardised by Ehrlich's method. In

its earlier form the unit was based upon the power of

completely neutralising the local as well as the general

effects of the minimum dose of agiven specimen

of

diphtheria toxin which sufficed to kill, in 48 hours, a

guinea pig weighing 250 grammes. The quantity which

just sufficed for this was said to contain one-tenth of

a unit. Thus, if o-oi c.c. just completely protected, the

serum was said to contain 10 units per c.c.

Samples of serum, carefully standardised by this method

in the early days of its introduction, having been pre-

served, it soon became known that one-tenth of a unit of Toxoids

serum would not protect against ten times the minimal in filter*

fatal dose of every filtered culture. An explanation of

this curious fact has been put forward by Ehrlich. The

filtered culture contains, besides the specific toxin, other

bodies, named by him "toxoids," which, while in moderate

doses incapable of causing death, have yet the power of

combining with the antitoxin and rendering this inert.

The number of minimal fatal doses which one-tenth of a

unit of serum will neutralise depends, therefore, on the

ratio of toxoids to toxin in the filtrate. For the purpose

of testing serum, therefore, it is necessary to use a filtrate,



WELLCOME PHYSIOLOGICAL RESEARCH LABORATORIES

CASES OF DIPHTHERIA TREATED IN THE HOSPITALS OF

THE METROPOLITAN ASYLUMS BOARD

Mortality.

Year Per cent.

of all cases

1890-93 ............ 30-4

1894 ... ... ... ... 29-6

1895 ... ... ... ... 28'!

1896 ... ... ... ... 25-9

1897 ............ 20-4

1898 ............ 17-5

1899 ............ I5-4

1900 ... ... ... ... i2'g

... ... ... ... I2'6

1902 ... ... ... ... ii'8

1903 ... ... ... ... IO'2

1904 ... ... ... ... 109

1905 ... ... ... ... g'o

1906 ... ... ... ... io-

4

1907... ... ... ...

10-9

The Colchester epidemic in the summer of 1901

furnishes evidence of especial weight.* Up to a certain

date, the cases in hospital were treated with antiseptic

sprays. These in all amounted to 81, of whom 21 died, Jhf

Colchester

giving a case mortality of 25-9 per cent. After this date, epidemic

all the cases were treated with antitoxin without antiseptic

spray, and of 119 so treated, 7 died. The case mortality of

this group was therefore 5'8 per cent.

The inference that antitoxin thus saved many lives is

much strengthened by the fact that of 37 cases treated at

home before the date indicated, io-

8 per cent, died, whilst

of 48 cases treated at home after this date, 14 '5 per cent.

died. This concurrent evidence clearly shows that the

severity of the disease was not declining at the time when

such good results were being obtained at hospital with

antitoxin.

*Journal of Hygiene, April 1, 1902

317




CURATIVE AND PROPHYLACTIC DOSES OFDIPHTHERIA ANTITOXIC SERUM

Experiments on animals have shown that the amount

of antitoxin which is necessary to save life increases at a

rapidly accelerating rate, according to the length of time

which elapses between the injection of the diphtheria

virus and the administration of the curative serum, and

this is amply confirmed by the results of experience in

hospitals. Thus Wernicke and Behring, having determined

the amount of antitoxic serum necessary to save from death

a guinea pig which had immediately before been injected

subcutaneously with a lethal dose of diphtheria toxin,

found that ten times this amount was required to effect

a cure if this administration was deferred until eight hours

after the injection of the toxin;

whilst twenty-four hours

afterwards, fifty times the initial quantity was necessary.

The efficacy of antitoxin given early in the disease,

and the urgent necessity of beginning the treatment atthe earliest possible moment, are well illustrated by the

following statistics from the Brook Hospital, published

in the Metropolitan Asylums Board Report for 1902 :




should be carefully noted that, when once a phial is opened,

it is highly undesirable, owing to risk of contamination, to

reserve aportion

of the contents for a future occasion. It

should all be used at once on one or more patients.

BACTERIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS OF DIPHTHERIA

The injection of antitoxin at the earliest possible moment

in the course of the disease may be a matter of such

importance to the patient that this should be done on the

clinical evidence alone where the diagnosis is doubtful; but

immediate steps should be taken to confirm the diagnosis

by bacteriological methods.

ON SERUM ERUPTIONS

In some cases, the administration of a curative serum

is followed by rashes and transitory rise of temperature ;

occasionally by pains and swellings in the joints. These

accidents have been shown to be also caused by normal

horse serum, so that they are not to be attributed to the

anti-bodies in the serum. The introduction of more highly

serum potent serum, allowing a diminution of the bulk to be

injected, has rendered these complications less frequent.

They arise for the most part during convalescence, and

do not appear to have resulted, in any case, in death,

though they have doubtless sometimes retarded recovery.

The following account of this subject, by Dr. Arthur

Stanley,* deals with 500 cases of diphtheria at the North-

Western Hospital of the Metropolitan Asylums Board, all

of which were treated with antitoxin: "The diagnosis of

Diphtheriadoubtful cases was verified by bacteriological examination.

antitoxin fhe total number of deaths in the series was So, a death-

rate of 16 per cent. The antitoxin was injected in quantities

usually of 4000 Behring antitoxin units immediately after

admission, but varied from 1000 to 30,000 units according

to the severity of the case and the time of admission after

onset. No constant relation between the quantity of

* British Medical Journal, February 15, 1902



showing thr Ray fungus

stained by Gram's mftho.

(' Soloid'

Gentian Violet

1

Soloid'

Gram's Iodine Sol in

and'

8oloid'

Kpsiu)

REPRODUCTIONS IN ACTUAL COLOURS OF PREPARATIONS

STAINED WITH 'SOLOID' MICROSCOPIC STAINS

(Magnification WOO diameters]



No 4. BA.- i I i.n s A a s K

stained with

Methyl Violet

( Soloid Methyl Violet)

(Aerobic Culture ou

Acid Serum ASar, showiuS

No. 5. BACI 1. 1, c

showing spores

stained by iloeller's method

(Soloid1

Fuchsine [Basic] and

1

Soloid'

Methylene Blue)

stainedwith

REPRODUCTIONS IN ACTUAL COLOURS OF PREPARATIONS

STAINED WITH 'SOLOID' MICROSCOPIC STAINS

(Magnification 1000 diameters)




antitoxin given and the frequency of eruption was noted,

but in one case, where antitoxins from two different sources Different

were injected at the same time, two separate antitoxin rashes sources of

r .1 1 i

, antitoxin

were observed ; the first occurring ten days, and the secondfourteen days, after the giving of the antitoxins. No special

sources of antitoxin were found to cause a preponderating

number of eruptions, and the eruptions occurred through-

out the two years I was working with diphtheria.

"Skin eruptions appeared in about a fourth of the

cases. The period of onset was usually during the second

week after the giving of the antitoxin. The eruption met

with was not so peculiar as to be pathognomonic, but wassufficiently marked, especially in relation to the general

symptoms, as to constitute a distinct type.

" There may be a little desquamation after severe and

prolonged erythemata, but there is rarely any confusion

between true scarlet fever occurring in the course of

diphtheria and eruptions produced by antitoxin.

"The general symptoms, beyond a rise of temperature

of some 3 F. and its accompanying malaise, are not

marked. Pains in the joints have been frequently described,

but were not observed in one of these 500 cases. This result

may have been due to the cases being chiefly amongRise of

, . , temperaturechildren. The only marked case in which pain was present

was that of a girl of 13, who had frontal headache and

lumbar pain extending down the thighs. She had a

marginate erythematous eruption, and the temperature

rose to 101 F." Transient early erythematous blushes, and also urticaria,

often occur soon after the injection of antitoxin, but these

may be generally considered to be of traumatic origin, and

not to be related to any specific property of the antitoxin.

The area of skin, before injection, was sterilised with soap

and carbolic lotion, and the injection syringe was boiled

before each injection. No abscess at the seat of injection

occurred.

"The occurrence of an antitoxin eruption during the

course of a case of diphtheria did not appear to influence the

321




prognosis seriously, though it cannot but be held that anyfebrile disturbance of the heart would tend to have a

harmful effect. No case, however, was observed where

fatal heart-failure was precipitated by the occurrence of

an antitoxin eruption."

A long experience of reports received at the Wellcome

Physiological Research Laboratories, leads to the con-

clusion that idiosyncrasy of the patient is more responsible

for the varying severity of the eruption and other symptomsattributable to serum than the use of serum from different

horses.

Several observers have found the administration of calcium

salts efficacious in preventing or dispelling serum-rashes.

An interesting light has in recent years been thrown on

the susceptibility of some patients to the toxic action of

serum, by the observation that the injection of a small

quantity of horse-serum into an animal, renders it liable to

fatal intoxication by a large dose given upwards of ten days

later. Goodall has shown that an injection of serum mayrender a patient liable to severe constitutional effects when

another injection is given even two years later;and inter-

esting cases are on record in which patients have had

progressively more severe symptoms as a result of three or

more successive injections of serum separated by intervals

of years. It must be borne in mind, however, that cases

of natural abnormal susceptibility to other substances are

not uncommon. Eggs, strawberries, shell-fish, etc., produce

in certain individuals, when taken in comparatively minute

quantities, symptoms very similar to the serum rashes.

The administration of the large doses of diphtheria

antitoxin, which most authorities now advocate, is much

facilitated by reducing the volume containing the requisite

number of units. Formerly this was onlv made possible bvri ,-,

the chance discovery ot a horse which responded well to the

immunising injections and yielded a natural serum of high

potency. During the last few years, however, methods of

*Journal of Hygiene, 1907




separation of the antitoxin by salt-precipitation have been

developed, which render it possible to get high unit value in

small volume and at the same time to eliminate those

proteins of the serum which, though they have no antitoxic

value, are at least equally responsible with the antitoxin-

bearing fraction for the incidental toxic symptoms which

serum produces in susceptible patients. Such concentrated

solutions of the antitoxic globulins have been reported in

practice to cause a smaller percentage of rashes and other

symptoms, and those of a milder type, than are produced

by equivalent injections of untreated serum.

' Wellcome'

Brand Concentrated Diphtheria Antitoxin is

prepared by such a method of salt-precipitation and fraction-

ation the final product containing 1000 antitoxic units in

i c.c. or less.

ANTIVENENE

This serum continues to maintain its claim to be a trust-

worthy remedy for snake-bite, if injected in large quantity,

not later than three or four hours after the bite. A case Antlvenene

reported in the Lancet of January 5, 1901, illustrates the

efficiency of fresh antivenom serum, even after the appear-

ance of general symptoms, and in the absence of any local

treatment except sucking the wound. The serum was

injected into each flank, about 3^ hours after the bite.

' Wellcome'

Brand Anti-venom Serum is standardised

against the venom of the cobra and Russell viper (Daboia) ,

and is the result of immunising horses against these venoms.

The surgical treatment of snake-bite is very important, and

depends upon the fact that"

it is possible, after even half an

hour or more from the time of the bite, a considerable treatment c

portion of the venom may still be unabsorbed at the site of snake-bite

the injection, and so may still be destroyed" by suitable

means.*

The first thing to do in every case where the position of

the bite makes it possible, is to place a ligature (rope, cord

*Lancet, February 6, 1904, page 355

323




Tetanus is a disease caused by the action of the toxin of

the bacillus tetani upon the central nervous system ; the

toxin,as in the case of

diphtheria, being produced

in some

local lesion, the seat of the growth and multiplication

of the specific organisms. In tetanus, the toxin makes its

way to the motor ganglion cells, partly by way of the

nerves in connection with the affected part, and partly by

way of the blood.

Unfortunately, the convulsive stage of tetanus is an

indication not of the commencement of the disease, as

is the appearance of a membrane in diphtheria, but of a

comparatively advanced stage of the disease, and of the

occurrence of serious damage to the nervous system. The

remedy should therefore be administered immediately on

the manifestation of any distinct symptoms, possibly tetanic,

such as difficulty in opening the mouth, stiffness in the neck,symPtomsof

'tetanus

or the onset, some days after the accident and without

obvious cause, of an acute pain at the point of injury ; and

in view of the fact that the tetanus bacillus is localised

and restricted to the seat of infection, attention is called

to the advantage, in cases of punctured wounds, of excising

freely and thoroughly the tissues around. The curative dose

of anti-tetanus serum may vary from 50 c.c. to 100 c.c., in

one dose or more, but, as a prophylactic in the treatment

of wounds contaminated with dust, dirt, soil, etc., a smaller

dose of 10 c.c. is said to be sufficient. This protection,

however, does not persist longer than five or six weeks. It

should beremembered,

in

considering doses,that it is

Dosejrfthe

impossible at present to state definitely the quantity of

serum necessary to meet a given case, for so much depends

on the severity of the attack, and the stage at which

treatment is begun. It is, therefore, better to give a large

dose at the commencement. The old medicinal treatment

should not be neglected.

The records of 98 cases treated by serum were collected

by Weischer.* Of these, 41 died, the mortality per cent,

thus being 41-8.

* Miinch. Med. Woch., Nov. 16, 1897

325

serum




Anti-streptococcus Serum, Rheumatism (Micrococcus

Rheumaticus). Cultures from 6 cases, obtained from the

knee or shoulder-joint.

Anti-streptococcus Serum, Polyvalent. The horses are

immunised against all the strains mentioned above, and, in

addition, with strains obtained from 2 cases of Angina

Ludovici and 6 cases of Ulcerative Endocarditis (from blood

cultures obtained during life), and with 10 strains of

Streptococcus Pyogenes from Pyaemia, Mammary Abscess,

Acute Peritonitis, Suppurative Arthritis, etc.

This serum has found more extendedapplication

than

any of those prepared from organisms associated with a

particular clinical picture, and the recorded cases in

which its use has been attended with beneficial results are

now too numerous to leave much room for doubt of its

efficacy in streptococcal infections.

A point to be specially borne in mind is that all cases of

puerperal fever, spreading inflammation of the skin or ,

subcutaneous tissues, are not necessarily associated with the,

presence of .actively growing streptococci. They may be due.

to some quite different organism, and so would not be., due to various

benefited by injections of anti-streptococcus serum. The micro-organisms

importance of ascertaining by bacteriological tests the kind

of organism at work in all such cases is thus manifest.

Other anti-bacterial sera which have been prepared at

the Wellcome Physiological Research Laboratories are :

Anti-coli Serum.In the

preparationof

this,20 strains

of Bacillus coll are used, obtained mostly from the

peritoneum in fatal peritonitis and the uterus in puerperal

fever due to B. coll.

Anti-staphylococcus Serum. This is also a polyvalent

serum, cultures of staphylococcus albus, aureus, citreus and

hasmorrhagictis, 15 in all, and all obtained from pus, being

used in its preparation.

Anti-dysentery Serum. Prepared by injecting killedcultures of Shiga's, Flexner's and Kruse's bacilli, 6 strains

in all being used.

327




Anti-gonococcus Serum. This is prepared from strains

obtained from urethritis and gonorrhoeal conjunctivitis,

and is described as having given good results in the acute

stage of the disease.

Anti-meningococcus Serum. Four strains of the

diplococcus of Weichselbaum are used.

BACTERIAL VACCINES

While it seems clear that, even with the methods of

preparation which have as yet been fully tried, the anti-

bacterial sera have a certain value, it cannot be denied that

they have not, in the same degree as the antitoxic sera,

activity

7 "

fulfilled the early hopes of their efficacy. Meanwhile, the

technique for estimating phagocytic activity introduced by

Leishman, and its application and development at the hands

of Wright and others, has given a noteworthy impetus to the

method of actively immunising the patient against the

organism attacking him, by injection of very small doses of

a killed culture of the same organism. The new method

of controlling the effect of an injection, by determination

of the"opsonic index," has not only given a stimulus to

the extensive use of vaccination with killed cultures inThe opsonic

index various chronic suppurations and localised inflammations;

it has also, to a remarkable extent, reinstated in the

confidence of the medical world the tuberculin (T. R.)

of Koch, which had been brought into discredit by the

unfavourable results of its early application, in doses which,

as the new methods of control indicate, were much too

large for safety or benefit. While Wright's opsonic method

has undoubtedly been largely responsible for the revival of

interest in specific inoculation and the widening of its scope,

its complicated and specialised technique has probably had

a deterrent effect on the spread of the method in general

practice. At present thereis

a perceptible tendency todoubt the need for the elaborate and difficult opsonic

determination, and its adequacy as a control. If this

328



WELLCOME PHYSIOLOGICAL RHSKARCH LABORATORIES

movement continues in the direction of reliance on

constitutional indications or a more simple phagocytic

determination,it will

undoubtedlylead to a wider use

of these so-called bacterial vaccines.

Vaccines are usually prepared by suspending in saline

solution organisms grown on nutrient agar or some such

solid medium, and killing them by heat. They are standard-

ised according to the number of micro-organisms present in

i c.c. The counting may be done by the absolute method,

i.e. direct counting of a known dilution in a Thoma-Zeiss Meth ds of

standardisat

apparatus by a method similar to that employed in enumera-tion of red blood corpuscles. This is a tedious process, and

it is more usual to employ Wright's or Harrison's method.

Wright's method is to mix the vaccine with fresh blood in

known proportion, make a film of the mixture, stain and

then compare the total number of red corpuscles in a large

number of fields with the number of organisms in the

same fields. If the number of red blood corpuscles per

cubic mm., the proportion by volume of blood and vaccine,

and the ratio of the counts are known, it is a matter of

simple calculation to determine the number of organisms

present per c.c. of vaccine. The objection to this method

is that many organisms may be dissolved by the bacterio-

lysins of the blood plasma. To overcome this difficulty,

Harrison washes the blood corpuscles by several centrifugal-

isations with citrated saline to remove all the blood fluids,

determines, by a Thoma-Zeiss count, the number of cells _Counting

present in the suspension of red corpuscles in saline, and the blood

then proceeds as in Wright's method. It is of considerablecells

value to control the counts by means of the dried weight,

which, for each organism used, bears a fairly constant

ratio to the bacterial count.

Typhoid Vaccine is used only as a prophylactic, and not

at present as a curative, agent in typhoid fever. To secure

immunisation, two doses are given. The first dose consists

of o-

5 c.c. of vaccine, equivalent to 500 million bacteria.

The second, given ten days later, is i c.c., equivalent to

1000 million bacteria.

329 u




After the first, and, to a much smaller degree, after the

second inoculation, local and constitutional symptoms mayoccur. The local symptoms, present at the site of injection,

are redness, swelling, pain and tenderness.

The following vaccines have been successfully employed

therapeutically :

Staphylococcus Vaccine, Mixed

Containing Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus, albus and citreus.

This vaccine may be employed in various staphylococcic

infections, such as pustular acne, furunculosis, carbuncle,

sycosis, blepharitis and localised abscesses.

The initial dose is usually 500 million organisms.

A second dose may be given in a week's time, or, if the

constitutional effects of the first dose have been slight

and evanescent, 1000 million organisms may be deemed

necessary. Many authorities recommend the use of much

smaller doses.

Staphylococcus Vaccine,Aureus

Containing Staphylococcus pyogenes anrcus.

This vaccine is employed in the treatment of acne and

sycosis. It should only be used when the infection has

been shown to be due to Staphylococcus aureus alone.

The dose usually employed is similar to that in the case

of Staphylococcus Vaccine, Mixed.

Gonococcus Vaccine

Containing Micrococcus gonorrhoea.

This vaccine may be used in the chronic and later stages

of gonorrhoea, in gleet and gonorrhosal prostatitis, and

also in such generalised infections as gonorrhosal arthritis.

Good results have also been obtained in the acute stages

of gonorrhoea.

The initial dose recommended by different authorities

varies considerably: in some cases only 5 million organisms,

and in other cases as many as 250 million are injected as

an initial dose. Subsequent dosage is regulated by the

constitutional effect.

330



Reaction to mallein of a healthy horse immunised against

Diphtheria toxin. The horse was subsequently killed

and the absence of glanders confirmed by post-mortemexamination

Reaction to mallein of a glandered horse

332




A vaccine is chosen for treatment, therefore, in accord-

ance with the stage and nature of the infection.

Acne Bacillus VaccineThis is intended for the treatment of the papular form of

acne. In this form comedones are abundant, but suppu-

ration has not yet occurred. There is no febrile reaction

after the injection of this vaccine, but if the dose be

excessive, a prolonged negative phase results, in which a

fresh crop of acne papules appears. However, these

papules disappear by subsequent injections.

Acne Vaccine, MixedThis is for use in ordinary cases of acne, usually

characterised by the presence of comedones and pustules.

A bacteriological examination of such cases shows a

mixed infection by the acne bacillus and the staphylococcus

(aureus, dibits or citreus).

DOSE. The initial dose is 4 or 5 million acne bacilli

with or without staphylococci, according to the nature of

the case. Subsequent dosage is regulated by the local

effect. Larger doses than 10 million acne bacilli can rarely

be tolerated.

In the pustular and furuncular forms of acne without

comedones, Staphylococcus Vaccine, Mixed, is used.

Tubercle Vaccine (Human or Bovine)

An emulsion of killed tubercle bacilli of human or bovine

origin.

Treatment should commence with a dose of i c.c. ofemulsion containing O-QOOI mgm. dried tubercle bacilli,

increasing to 0-0005 rngrn-. or even more, according to the

indications of the opsonic index, or the clinical symptoms.

MALLEIN AND TUBERCULIN

Mallein is a bacterial filtrate used in the diagnosis

of glanders. It is prepared from cultures of the organism

causing glanders (Bacillus mallei) which have been grownfor about six weeks on bouillon containing glycerin, sterilised

by heat and filtered. A small quantity of some antiseptic,

333



WF.I.LCOMB PHYSIOr.OGICAT. RESEARCH LABORATORIES

such as phenol, is added as a preservative. When injected

under the skin of a normal horse, mallein produces little

or no apparent effect, but, should the horse be suffering from

glanders, a large swelling forms at the seat of injection, and

this is usually accompanied by a rise in the temperature of

the animal.

Recent investigation at these Laboratories * has shown that

many non-glandered horses, if they have been immunised

against other bacterial products, give a reaction to mallein

in some ways similar to that given by glandered animals.

The size of the swelling produced in such cases appears

to depend on the degree of immunity. Thus, in the case

of a group of horses injected with diphtheria toxin, 6 of

which were highly immune, all gave large local reactions;

Reactions ofout of 7 moderately immune, 4 gave large swellings; and

healthy and in 4 horses in which the serum had a low antitoxic value,

houses"

5

only small mallein reactions were produced. The local

swelling obtained in such healthy, immune horses differs

very markedly from that given by the glandered animal in

its rapid disappearance. Similarly, when a rise of tempera-ture is produced by mallein in a healthy horse immunised

against other bacterial products, this is smaller, attains

its maximum more rapidly, and is far less persistent than

the febrile reaction to mallein of a horse suffering from

glanders. These differences are illustrated in the charts

on page 332.

Similar results were obtained upon immune horses with

tuberculin and several other bacterial products, such asthose obtained from Streptococcus, Bacillus coli communis,

Bacillus typhosus.

Tuberculin ("Old" Tuberculin). Tuberculin for

veterinary diagnostic use is prepared from bacillus tuber-

culosis by a method similar to that used in the production

of mallein from bacillus mallei. For the diagnosis of tuber-

culosis in cattle, the temperature reaction is of much

greater importance than the local effect of the injection.

A rise in temperature of 2-5 F. within 12 to 15 hours of

*Siidmersen and Glenny, Journal of Hygiene, 1908

334




injection is usually considered sufficient to warrant the

condemnation of an animal.

Ophthalmo-Tuberculin Reaction. The reaction is

produced by purified tuberculin obtained by the alcoholic

precipitation of ordinary tuberculin. If a small quantity

of the precipitate, dissolved in water, be applied to the

surface of the conjunctiva, a marked reaction results in the

case of tuberculous individuals. Cases have been reported

where some inconvenience due to persistence of inflammation

has arisen as a consequence of the application to the

eye. Cases have also been reported in which reactions have

been obtained in non-tuberculous subjects.

Other modifications are the reaction of v. Pirquet, in

which the "old" tuberculin, applied to lightly scarified

areas of skin, produces, in a large proportion of tuberculous

subjects, inflamed papules persisting for some days, and

Moro's modification, in which an ointment containing

tuberculin is rubbed on the skin, with a similar result.

THE SERUM DIAGNOSIS OF TYPHOID FEVER

A series of investigations, made in different countries,

has brought to light the fact that the serum of an animal

rendered highly immune to the typhoid bacillus has a

marked action upon the organisms, causing them to lose

their motility, and to become collected together into little

masses, which rapidly sink to the bottom of the tube

containing the mixture of serum and culture.

Following this, the fact that the serum of patients

suffering from typhoid fever usually gives a reaction with

cultures of the typhoid bacillus, similar to, though less

marked than, that given by the serum of animals immunised Typhoid

by the bacillus, has been confirmed by a host of observers.

This affords evidence of great weight that the bacillus is

really the cause of typhoid fever, and it also affords a

valuable method of diagnosis.

In the serum of those suffering from typhoid fever, the

reaction is said to have been observed as early as the fourth

335




day. Usually it appears about the beginning of the second

week, but it is undoubtedly often absent at this period.

Accordingto Courmont,* it is in cases which are excep-

tional, either on account of complications or severity, or

because they are extremely mild, that the agglutinative

power is feeble or delayed ;in simple cases of moderate

severity it appears constantly about the sixth or seventh

day, is active, in dilution of i in 100, about the tenth day,

undergoes a more or less rapid rise towards the end of the

febrile period (critical rise), and then disappears more or AgKiutiRat.;v

less rapidly. The persistence of the agglutinative power power

after recovery appears to be very variable, in some cases

rapidly disappearing, in others remaining for years. The

blood of those who are not suffering from typhoid fever,

and from whom no history of this disease can be obtained,

occasionally gives a reaction in dilution of i in 10, or even

i in 30 (the dilutions recommended by Widal). But these

instances do not appear to be sufficiently numerous to impair

seriously the value of the test. It is thought desirable,

however, to use higher dilutions, viz.,i

in 50.

From the considerations briefly set out above, it seems

permissible to conclude that(i)

A negative reaction is of

little value in the early days of the fever. It is of greater

importance in proportion to the lateness of the period at Conclusions

which it is observed. It can, however, never absolutely

exclude typhoid fever. (2)A positive reaction, on the

other hand, except with dilutions of less than i in 40, is

sound evidence oftyphoid fever, present

orpast.

The

latter can be excluded if several quantitative tests have

been made at different periods, and decided changes in

the agglutinative power observed.

Recently an ophthalmo-reaction in typhoid fever, produced

by a special culture nitrate and resembling the tuberculo-

ophthalmic reaction, has been described by Chautemesse,

and some promising results of a similar nature have been

obtainedby

the use of atyphoid

endotoxinprepared

at the

Wellcome Physiological Research Laboratories.

* Revue de Medecine, October, 1897

337




ORGANO-THERAPY

The brilliant success which attended the introduction of

thetreatment

of

myxcedema by administration of thyroidsubstance, led to the investigation of the effects of other

ductless glands. In no other case has a similar success

attended similar methods; but the attention directed to these

organs has resulted in the discovery of marked physiological

actions, of great therapeutic importance, possessed by some

of them. It has been shown, by Schafer and others, that

the posterior or infundibular lobe of the pituitary gland

contains an active principle as yet of unknown nature

the effects of which are not less striking than those of the

more familiar active principle of the supra-renal medulla.

The effects of the pituitary extract include a pronounced

rise of blood-pressure chiefly due to arterial constriction, the

h3art-beat being somewhat slower and more powerful ;

intense and prolonged contraction of the uterus,* and

profuse secretion of urine. All these effects have already

found important therapeutic applications, the clinical value

of the extract having been demonstrated by Blair Bell.f

ORGANIC AMINES

'HEMISINE'

' Hemisine'

is a name given to the active principle

occurring in the medulla of the supra-renal gland and other

smaller masses of paragangl ionic tissue related to sympa-

thetic ganglia. Its action likewise is closely connected with

the sympathetic nervous system, intravenous injection

producing all the effects which are elicited by stimulation of

the nerve fibres of the true sympathetic system. Prominent

among these is a great rise of blood-pressure, produced by

constriction of peripheral arteries and augmentation of the

heart's activity. So active is 'Hemisine' in this direction,

that a dose of as little as o-oooooi gramme will produce a

perceptible rise of blood-pressure. Contraction ofthe

uterus*Dale, Bio-Chemical Journal, 1909

t Blair Bell, British Medical Journal, 1909

339



WELLCOME PHYSIOLOGICAL RFSEABCH LABORATORIES

is also caused in those animals in which the sympathetic

nerve-supply to that organ is motor in function. These

effects are illustrated

bytracings

(see page342).

TYRAMINE 1

'

Tyramine'

is a name which has been given to the organic

base Para-hydroxyphenylethylamine (HO-<^> CH2-CH

2-

NH2 ).

It has been recognised now for some years, havingIs

^1

^ been first pointed out by Abelous and his associates, that

extracts of putrefied meat contain substances which, when

injectedinto the circulation,

producean effect on the blood-

pressure reminiscent of that produced by supra -renal

extracts. The same phenomenon was encountered by Dixon

and Taylor, who found that certain extracts of human

placenta caused a rise of blood-pressure and contraction of

the uterus, it being subsequently demonstrated by Rosen-

heim that a certain amount of putrefaction of the placenta

was necessary for the development of this activity. The

substances concerned in this action have recently been

isolated at the Wellcome Physiological Research Labora-

tories, and identified as /so-amylamine, phenylethylamine,

and ^>-hydroxyphenylethylamine.* The action of these

substances has been found to be similar in most respects

to that of the supra-renal active principle, but weaker and

more prolonged.!

Of the three, />-hydroxyphenylethylamine is much the most

active, being also the most nearly related in chemical

Tyramine' the structure to the supra-renal principle. Its relatively weakand prolonged action, as compared with the latter, enables

it to be absorbed from the alimentary canal or the sub-

cutaneous tissues, so that its general constitutional effects,

rise of blood-pressure, increased vigour of the heart's action,

and contraction of the uterus, can be produced by

administering it by the mouth or hypodermically. The

study of this substance has recently gained greatly in interest

bythe

discoverythat it is

presentin

wateryextracts of

*Barger and Walpole./ounia/ of Physiology, xxxviii,

t Dale and Dixon, Journal of Physiology, xxxix, p. 25,

p. 344, 1909-

1909.

340



WELLCOMB PHYSIOLOGICAL RESEARCH I.ABORATORIKS

ergot, and is chiefly responsible for the well-known effects

of such extracts on the blood-pressure and the uterus.*

Several methods of

preparingthis base

syntheticallyhave

been worked out at the Wellcome Physiological Research

Laboratories f and it will probably find wide therapeutic use.

Another amine derived from an amino-acid by splitting off

carbon dioxide is ft-iminazolylethylamine, which can be

obtained from histidine by the action of certain putrefactive

bacteria (Ackermann) or by chemical agents,

This base has an action of quite a different type, being a

very potent stimulant of plain muscle, conspicuously of

uterine muscle, irrespective of innervation. In carnivora,

however, it causes a large fall of systemic pressure by

arterial dilatation, its action in this and other respects being

markedly similar to that of various depressor organ extracts

of certain commercial preparations of"peptone

"(Dale and

Laidlow). Barger and Dale identified as this base the

constituent of ergot extracts chiefly concerned in the

very powerful action on the isolated uterus described by

Kebrer.

ERGOTOXINE AND 'ERNUTIN'

Many substances which have in the past been described

as active principles of ergot, and which undoubtedly showed

physiological activity, have not possessed the characteristics

of pure chemical substances. Such were the sphacelinic

acid and cornutin of Robert, and the chrysotoxin, secalin- Active

toxin, and sphacelotoxin of Jacobj. On the other hand, principles

the alkaloid which Tanret isolated in an undoubtedly pure

and crystalline form, and named "ergotinine," was found by

several observers to possess practically no pharmacological The

action, although there was some clinical evidence of its g^^meactivity. Recent work in the Wellcome Physiological

Research Laboratories J has cleared up this anomaly by

*Barger and Dale, Journal of Physiology, 1909, xxxviii, p. 77 [Proc.

Phys. Soc.]

t Barger, Journal of the Chemical Society, xcv, p. 1123, 1909.

iDale,/OM>-n. of Physio! . xxxiv, p. 163, 1906; Barger and Carr,/or.

Chem. Soc., xci, p. 337, 1907; Barger and Dale, Bio-Chem. Journ. "

p. 240, 1907.

341



a s

^_, oe

?-.



WELLCOME 1'HYSIOLOGICAL RESEARCH LABORATORIES

demonstrating the presence in ergot of the alkaloid

ergotoxine, which is closely related chemically to ergotinine,

being a hydrate of thelatter

and easily produced from it,

but differing from it in being intensely active physiologically.

Subsequent investigations have shown that ergotoxine

has acid as well as basic properties. Unlike ergotinine,

therefore, it is soluble in dilute alkali, and also forms

organic esters, of which the ethyl- and methyl-esters have

been prepared.

These facts throw further light on the occurrenceIts crystalline

of ergotoxine as the true active constituent ot various saits

preparations both of basic and acidic nature which

have, from time to time, been described as "active

principles" of ergot. Ergotoxine, though itself amorphous,

forms crystalline salts, and has accordingly been prepared

in a chemically pure condition. Its physiological action is

characteristic, consisting of a stimulant action on plain

muscular organs, and in particular on the arteries and

the uterus. When a large dose is given, a secondary

paralytic effect on the motor functions of the true sympathetic

nervous system is produced. As a result, the injection of

'Hemisine,' or stimuli applied to the sympathetic nerves

concerned, now cause a fall of blood-pressure and relaxation

of the uterus in place of the previous rise of pressure and

contraction. This secondary action affords a convenient

means of recognising the presence of the active alkaloid,

and estimating the quantity present in any specimen or

preparation of ergot. This physiological method of assay ph. . .

is the more valuable in that no satisfactory chemical method assay of ergot

is yet available for estimating ergotoxine.preparations

While ergotoxine is the only active principle identified as

specific and peculiar to ergot, it does not account for the

whole of the activity of all ergot preparations. It was

pointed out by Barger and Dale, in 1907, that certain

extracts of ergot, and in particular the official watery

preparations, possess a pharmacological activity too great

to be attributed to the traces of ergotoxine which they

contain.



WELLCOMB PHYSIOLOGICAL RESEARCH LABORATORIES

Two distinct types of activity, neither due to ergotoxine,

can be recognised in such extracts, i.e. (i) a pressor effect

due to aprinciple which,

in

generalfeatures of its

action,resembles the supra-renal active principle ;

this has been

shown to be due chiefly to the presence of ^>-hydroxyphenyl-

ethylamine ;and (2) an intense stimulating action on the

plain muscle of the uterus, independent of its reaction to

nerve impulses ;this has been traced to the presence of

}-iminazolylethylamine (Barger and Dale). It is quite in

accord with what might be expected on theoretical grounds,

that the ferments of a fungus like ergot should, equally ,' Ferments and

with putrefactive bacteria, have the power of producing putrefactive

these bases from the amino-acids, derived, in thisbactena

instance, from the proteins of the rye-grain. The presence

of varying amounts of ^-hydroxyphenylethylamine, together

with small amounts of ergotoxine, accounts for the whole of

that action of ergot extracts on the blood-pressure, which

has been widely recommended as a basis of standardisation.

' Ernutin'

is a fluid preparation which contains

these active principles of ergot in a definite and uniform

proportion, unmixed with depressant and harmful

impurities.

PHYSIOLOGICAL STANDARDISATION

No insistence is needed on the desirability of a uniform

standard of activity in all drugs, and especially in such

as contain principles of a highly active and toxic nature.Necessity for

r u u 11 J t_Physiological

In the case of some, such as cinchona or belladonna, such methods

a standardisation is easily carried out by chemical means.

There are, however, other drugs in which the active

principles are of such a nature that attempts at chemical

estimation are only misleading, even though the active

principles are recognised and something known of their

chemical nature. Typical instances of such drugs are

those of the group including digitalis, strophanthus and

squill. In the case of digitalis, research in these Laboratories*

has shown the futility of the chemical methods suggestedand the adequacy of an estimation based on the effect of

*Barger and Shaw, ycar-Book of Pharmacy, 1904

345 v




the drug on the frog's heart. The conclusions reached

apply, with little modification, to strophanthus and squill,

and preparations of all these drugs are now standardised by

this method in these Laboratories.

Cannabis indica is a notoriously variable drug, but, by

observing the nervous symptoms produced by a given dose

in a dog or cat, a fair estimate of the activity of any

specimen can be made.

Ergot is another drug in which the amount of the active

principles varies to a very marked degree. The isolation of

ergotoxine and the other active principles, and the demon-

stration of the presence of p-hydroxyphenylethylamine in

ergot extracts, may eventually lead to the development of a

satisfactory chemical method of determining its activity.

Hitherto, however, physiological methods, based on the

action of ergotoxine and of the amines described above,

have proved a far surer guide than any chemical assay.

The purity of a specimen of' Hemisine

'

can be much

more satisfactorily determined by comparison of its activity

to that of a standard specimen than

by

chemical tests.

The method illustrated, in which the amount of a given

specimen is determined, which produces a rise of blood-

pressure equal to that given by a given dose of a specially-

prepared pure standard sample, is found in these Laboratories

to be workable to an accuracy of about 5 per cent., and is

used in standardising all supra-renal preparations.

Kymograph tracings are reproduced on pages 352 and 354.

They represent the results of pharmacological research and

some methods of physiological standardisation in use at the

Wellcome Physiological Research Laboratories.

DESCRIPTION OF TRACINGS

(i)' Hemisine.' The lines of tracing, from above down-

wards, are :

I. Plethysmographic tracing of heart volume.

II. Manometer-record of blood-pressure from the

carotid artery.

III. Signal line, showing time of injection.

346



WKLLCOME PHYSIOLOGICAL RESEARCH LABORATORIES

At H, croooi gm. of' Hemisine ' was injected into the

jugular vein, causing a large rise of blood-pressure, and

quickening and strengthening the heart-beat.

(2)' Hemisine'

(a)Effect of

' Hemisine'

on the blood-pressure of a

decerebrate cat :

Lines of tracing

(1) Blood-pressure.

(2) Signal line marking the point of injection.

(3) Time-clock marking every 10 seconds.

(6) Method of standardising' Hemisine

'

and other supra-

renal gland preparations. Varying doses of the solu-

tion to be tested are interposed between injections of

0-00002 gm. of the standard specimen of'

Hemisine.'

Effects of standard doses are indicated by a X.

Between the injections the recording drum is moved

back so as to produce partial superposition and

facilitate comparison.

(c) Effect of' Hemisine

'

on the isolated heart of a

rabbit, perfused through the coronary circulation

with oxygenated Ringer's solution (Locke's method).

At X 0*00005 gm - f' Hemisine

'

was added to the

perfusion fluid.

(3) Effect of' Hemisine

'

and ' Ernutin'

on the blood-

pressure

(a) Effect on the blood-pressure of intravenous injection

of

(A) 0-00005 gm. of'

Hemisine.'

(B) 2 c.c.'

Ernutin.'

(C) 0-00005 Sm -

'

Hemisine.'

Showingthe rise of

blood-pressure and the subsequentreversal of the effect of

'

Hemisine,' due to ergotoxinein the

'

Ernutin.'

347



o .a

</) 5 .2 .8

E

w >^

<*. ^j

*_, CD

S -S

348




DESCRIPTION OF THE WELLCOME

PHYSIOLOGICAL RESEARCH LABORATORIES

The original laboratories, established in 1894, were

enlarged from time to time to meet the requirementsThe new

laboratories

of constantly increasing work, until it was found

necessary to acquire more commodious premises. The new

laboratories were established at Brockwell Hall, Herne

Hill, London (Eng.), in the early part of 1899.

Brockwell Hall is an old-fashioned country mansion,

standing in its own grounds. The adaptation of these

premises to the requirements of research work has been

carried out with the greatest care, and no pains or expense

have been spared in rendering their appointments as

complete as possible, so that the Institution's highly-

qualified staff of research workers have full scope for their

energy.

The room shown in the illustration on page 336, is the

principal Bacteriological Laboratory. In this laboratory

research is carried on in bacteriology and serum-thera- Bacterio-

peutics, injections are made for the standardisation of sera chemica"

prepared in the establishment, and the elaborate series of Laboratories

sterility tests is made to which all sera are submitted before

issue. On the other side of the entrance-hall is the principal

Chemical Laboratory (see page 338), devoted to research on

the nature of naturally occurring substances of biological

importance, and the synthesis of new compounds likely tobe pharmacologically and therapeutically interesting.

A small Chemical Laboratory, the Secretary's office, a

dark-room for photographic work, and the Library, are

also on the ground floor. The Library is well supplied

with standard works of reference, both chemical and

physiological, and the current scientific literature of both

these subjects, as well as that of bacteriology, is well

represented.

The spacious cellarage contains, in addition to compart-

ments for storage of various materials, a cold chamber,

349




9 ft. x 7 ft. in floor area, kept constantly below freezing-

point by means of an ammonia freezing installation, and

also an incubating room.

The Physiological Laboratories are situated on the first

floor of the building. In these rooms physiological andPhysiological

pharmacological research, and the physiological testingLaboratories

and standardising of various drugs and chemicals are

carried on.

On the same floor are :

(1) The Directors' Office.

(2) Serum office. A small room at the head of the

staircase where all the records of procedures connected

with serum production are preserved in perfect order for

daily work and reference.

(3) Serum Concentration Laboratories. A room

paved with cement is fitted with special glass benches for

the manipulation of serum. It can be flushed all over

with water to free the air from dust, and, with the door

closed, can be sterilised with formalin. This and the

adjoining laboratory are used for the processes involved in

the artificial concentration of antitoxin. A special chemical

laboratory is devoted to research in connection with

these processes.

(4) Vaccine Laboratory. A room devoted to the

preparation and standardisation of bacterial vaccines.

(5) Serum testing room. A room set apart for making

dilutions of diphtheria antitoxic serum and preparation

of injections of mixed diphtheria toxin and serum used in

standardising the latter for issue from the laboratories

(to Burroughs Wellcome & Co.). The standard apparatus

employed is never moved from this room nor used for

any other purpose.

Two special laboratories are devoted to the preparation

of media : one, a small pent-house, occupied entirely inNutrient

the production of test-tube media for use in the media

bacteriological laboratory;

the other, a commodiouswell-lit outbuilding communicating with the boiler-house,

having a floor paved with cement, and the walls enamelled

351



ONE ov THE INCUBATING CHAMBERS

Co i. D STORAGE CHAMBER



WELLCOME PHYSIOLOGICAL RKSF.ARCH LABORATORIES

in order to facilitate cleaning. Here is made nutrient

broth of various kinds on a large scale, to be used in the

preparationof the various cultures and toxins for use in

the stables. This laboratory is also used for the initial

work upon crude animal material before it is sent to the

chemical laboratory for further elaboration. Between this

room and the boiler-house are two compartments, one for

stores, the other to accommodate the large high-pressure

steriliser which can deal with bottles, containers, etc., of

large size.

The serum, after being obtained in the collection-labora-

tory adjacent to the stables, is taken to a special building

recently erected, where all further processes involved in

separating it and measuring it into phials are now carried

out. The building contains a cleaning-room for all apparatus

used in the manipulations ;a sterilising-room, for the heat- Germ-proof

sterilisation of the same;and a phial-room, where the phials,

in which the sera and vaccines are issued, are cleaned and

prepared for sterilisation, and subjected to scrutiny after

filling. The rest of this building is completely closed fromthe outside air, and ventilated by an ample current supplied

by a large motor fan, placed outside in a special building.

The air is passed through a germ-proof filter before it

enters the main building ;the rooms are constructed with-

out angles or corners, and can be sterilised nightly

with formaldehyde vapour, which the sterile, fan-driven

air removes again in a few minutes. This sterile section

includes:

(1)A store-room in which the sera and vaccines are

kept, ready to be run into the issuing-phials.

(2) Duplicate rooms in which the process of separating

the serum from the clot is carried out. One of these

rooms is always being sterilised while the other is in use.

These rooms open out of the serum store, and can only be

approached through it. A small chamber, in which

the serum is mechanically driven through germ-proof

niters into the storage bottles, also opens out of the store-

room.

353



ONK OF THE ROOMS IN WHICH PHIALS ARE FILLED

SPECIAL LABORATORY FOR THE COLLECTION OF BLOODAND SEPARATION OF SERA

354




(3) A room in which the serum is filled into phials. This is

approached from the phial-preparing room by means of a

double air-lock. Before entering the room the assistants

must assume sterilised overalls, caps and goloshes, and

sterilise the hands. Into this room the serum passes by tubes

from the store-room, and each phial, as soon as filled, is

passed under a glass screen to another assistant, who

immediately seals the neck at the blow-pipe.

All packing of serum is done in an adjacent, separate

building, built for the purpose, and self-contained in every Packing

way, which also provides amply for the storage of the

materials used.Between the main building and the animal houses a brick

building of one storey has been erected. The one room on

the ground level is specially fitted for bacteriological work, other

The floor is cemented, the walls tiled to a height of four Laboratories

feet, and all corners avoided by a rounding of angles. In

this room manipulations are carried out connected with

stock cultures, special research work, and the preparation

of various vaccines. The cellarage, surrounded by a drained

area, is divided into two rooms. The larger, 12 ft. square,

is kept at a constant temperature, ranging from 35-40at different levels in the room. This is used for incubation

on a large scale. Alongside it is a smaller room, in which

a still atmosphere affords especially suitable conditions for

bacteriological operations. Recently another building,

containing three laboratories, and two rooms for keeping

rodents, has been erected at a distance from the other

buildings, for the purpose of special bacteriological research.

THE STABLES AND OTHER ADJUNCTS

The stables are situated about one hundred yards from

the laboratories. They are lofty, well lighted and well

ventilated, and are fitted with every convenience and

contrivance conducive to the well-being of the horses. The

walls are of white glazed brick and cement, the floor being

paved throughoutwith the best stable bricks.

The old stables and coach-houses of the Hall have been

remodelled in accord with modern views, and are now used

355



WELLCOME PHYSrOLOGICAL RESEARCH LABORATORIES

for the testing of new horses with mallein and tuberculin

before they are admitted to one of the large stables. Near collection of

by is a special laboratory for the collection of blood and sera

separation of sera. This laboratory, like the stables, has

been so built as to permit of the whole room being flushed

with water, so that sera can be manipulated under the

conditions necessary for ensuring sterility.

An entirely new system of drainage for the laboratories,

stables and other premises has been carefully carried out.

The laboratories, stables, outbuildings and grounds are

electrically-lit, and are all in telephonic communication.

The boiler, engine and dynamo necessary for the genera-Eli

:

c*!;

lc-

installation

tion of the current used in the various motors on the

premises are placed in brick and cement buildings adjoining

the south-west side of the Hall. Near the boiler is a large

cylindrical steriliser, constructed for a working pressure

of 30 Ib. The sterilisation of all large vessels containing

nutritive media, etc., is effected here, as also of all vessels

which have been used in the laboratories.

The grounds contain a large paddock, and also gardensfor growing vegetables for the animals. A large store ^^^for fodder, with electrically-driven chaff-cutter, has recently

been erected.

THE ANIMAL HOUSES

A large animal house has been erected, which accommo-

dates all the rodents required for the work of the laboratories.

It contains full provision for the efficient isolation of animalsEf

j

cient

inoculated with living cultures. The heating and ventilation

of this building have been very carefully carried out, with a

view to the health and comfort of the animals.

Another range of sheds contains well-drained, comfortable

kennels for dogs, a stable for goats, and a steam-heated

apartment for cats, communicating with a large open-air

cage.

357



WEAPONS OF PRECISION

PRODUCED BY

SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY

359



360



THE WORK OF

BURROUGHS WELLCOME & CO.

From the time of the founding of the firm, scientific

advance has been steady and continuous. The keynote ofKeynote of

this success lies in the firm's own original work, conducted success

under the most favourable conditions, as well as their

ready recognition of all forward movements in scientific

research, and adaptation of the results to the methods

of modern production.

"The rule of thumb is dead and the rule of science has taken its place"

" Science and Industry" has been the guiding motto of

B. W. & Co. from the first. They have aimed at attaining

and maintaining the highest possible degree of excel- "Science ar

lence in the products they issue. By keeping abreast ofIndustry"

research work, and by promptly adopting the most scientific

modern methods, they have not only kept pace with the

latest developments in medicine and pharmacy, but have

been pioneers in the introduction of some of the most

notable agents employed in modern medicine, and have

contributed largely to the great advances of the times.

Patient and persistent research* by a staff of chemical,

pharmaceutical and physiological experts has yielded fruitful

results. Not only has the firm satisfied the highest require- Results of

ments of physicians by the purity, reliability and scientific

scientific precision of the products, but it has met the

needs of conscientious pharmacists who pride themselves

on the supreme quality of everything they dispense.

To supply medicaments characterised by purity, accuracy,

uniformity and reliability has been the firm's policy from

*Research pioneered by Burroughs Wellcome & Co. many years ago is

still continued in their works by a highly-qualified staff. The Wellcome

Chemical Research Laboratories, King Street, London (Eng.), and the

Wellcome Physiological Research Laboratories, Brockwell Hall, Herne

Hill, London (Eng.), are Institutions conducted separately and distinctly

from the business of Burroughs Wellcome & Co., and are under separate

and distinct direction, although in these two Institutions a large amount

of important scientific work is carried out for the firm.

361



PORTION OF FRONTAGE

BURROUGHS WELLCOME & C o.'s CHIEF OFFICES, LONDON

Corner of Holborn Viaduct and Snow Hill

facing Holborn Viaduct Station



United States of America:

BURROUGHS WELLCOME & Co. 's

Offices and Exhibition Rooms

35, 37 & 39, West Thirty-third Street (near Fifth Avenue)

NEW YORK CITY



THE WORK OF BURROUGHS WELLCOME & CO.

Sir THOMAS ERASER, of the Edinburgh University, Pioneers in the

first investigated and demonstrated the properties of Kombe'strophanthus

from acomparatively

smallspecimen,

and B. W. & Co.

immediately took vigorous steps to procure supplies

of the drug regardless of expense and immense difficulties.

Emissaries were sent to collect the small reserves of

arrow poison from the rude huts of many Central 20 per pound

African warriors. In this way a fair quantity was

accumulated, but at a cost of more than 20 per pound.

Thus, the true Strophanthus Kombe was first introduced

to England and to the world B. W. & Co. were first in

the field.

A bundle of the first consignment of Strophanthus which reached

Europe for Burroughs Wellcome & Co.

These earliest supplies were obtained quite regardless of

monetary considerations, and, notwithstanding the great

cost, parcels of the drug and its preparations were at

once distributed, without charge, to leading physicians

throughout the world. By this means the therapeutic

properties of Strophanthus were confirmed by investigators

in various lands.

For more than a year this was the only supply of

Strophanthus outside the "Dark Continent," and then Productsof

B. W. & Co. again secured all that was obtainable, and

were the only suppliers for many months. Stro-

phanthus is now one of the approved remedies of the

Pharmacopoeias. In less than two years the firm wastreating several hundred-weights of Strophanthus seeds at

a time, thus securing perfect uniformity in the activity

365

B. W. & Co.

secure pre-

cision ot dose



fiiiiiiiiiiiiilii

i

'

_^^^^^ *

-j. . .

_JM|t ^1 .

'

I I > *^rfl^B>3it.M(M flM

^ I T^lrf

BURROUGHS WELLCOME * Co.

26, Via Legnano, MILAN




of the products, and enabling the dosage and action to be

controlled with precision.

Arrow-head poisoned with strophanthus

Amongst those who were interested in the introduction

of strophanthus were Sir JOHN KIRK (then of Zanzibar), and

Dr. DAVID LIVINGSTONE, who referred to its

employment bynatives as an arrow poison, in his narrative of his expedition

to the Zambesi. It was the intimate association which

BURROUGHS WELLCOME & Co. have always had with the

pioneers of African exploration which enabled them to be

first in placing supplies of the drug at the disposal of the

medical profession.

\\

Plumed seed of Strophanthus Kombe

STROPHANTHUS KOMBE, the source of the drug, is a

woody climber growing freely in many parts of Eastern The source

Africa. From the seeds the natives prepare a paste

with which they poison their arrows.

367



Australia:

BURROUGHS WELLCOME & Co.

481. Kent Street, SYDNEY, N.S.W.

368




The seeds are contained in follicles, and each bears a

beautiful plume-like appendage springing from a delicate

stalk. Each seed

weighsabout half a

grain.

PIONEERS IN PHARMACOLOGICAL WORK ON ANIMAL

SUBSTANCES

When renewed attention was drawn to the therapeutic

action of certain animal substances, this firm pioneered the

pharmacological work on the various glands, having already

been long engaged upon researches on brain matter and other

substances of animal origin, they were first to produce astable and reliable product of the thyroid gland, and this

remains the standard and accepted preparation amongst the

medical profession throughout the world.

Although the principle suggesting and guiding this

modern departure in therapeutics is the outcome of recent

physiological research, the belief in the use of organs or

tissues for the relief of human suffering, or for the

productionof certain

physical conditions,is known to have

existed from the earliest times.

The belief in the utility and value of animal glands

and tissues in the cure of disease is not altogether the

outcome of modern research, for we learn from Herodotus,

fifth century B.C., that in his day, the people called Budini

or Geloni "used the testicles of otters, beavers and other

square-faced animals for diseases of the womb." From

prehistoric times savage peoples have eaten the hearts of

lions, tigers and other courageous animals, and even of

human enemies, with the object of acquiring added

valour in battle.

Among old-world medicines, compounds of the organs The use of

and tissues and excreta of mammals, birds, fishes and animal

insects occupied permanent positions of prominence.s

They were included in the London Pharmacopoeia issued

by the Royal College of Physicians in 1676, and in

Salomon's New London Dispensatory of 1684. The

present increasing use of animal substances may be

largely traced to the researches and enthusiastic advocacy

369



South Africa:

BURROUGHS WELLCOME & Co,

5, Loop Street, CAPE TOWN

370




of Brown-Sequard, though it must be admitted that such

advocacy was exaggerated, and perhaps lacked dignity

and reserve. In spite of his attitude, which experiencehas not justified, he, in some considerable measure,

succeeded in establishing his contention that all glands,

with or without excretory ducts, give to the blood, byinternal secretion, principles always important and in most

cases essential, to the general well-being of the body.

Organo-therapy, animal medication, and glandular thera-

peutics are among the terms now applied to the admini-

stration of

organsor tissues or of the internal secretions Modern

of glands, in certain diseases, induced, or believedknowled e

to be induced, by the degeneration, disease, defective

development, or removal of the corresponding organs,

tissues, or glands. Many diseases, arising from defective

functions of particular organs, are now treated with

these animal substances, and the principle has been

established that the lessened or lost power of an organ

may, in some cases, be restored by the administration of

corresponding organs taken from healthy lower animals.

The work of Burroughs Wellcome & Co. on these

animal substances has been directed not to the therapeutic

but to the chemical and pharmacological side, and the

production of active and staple products for the use of the

medical profession, and in this they have attained marked

success.

Amongst other animal products dealt with was the supra-

renal gland, which yielded first to Abel and Crawford a

powerful and highly valuable active principle under the title

Epinephrine. Other workers produced modified products,

but the active principle was first produced in a dry, soluble,

active form in the Wellcome Physiological Research

Laboratories, and is now issued by the firm under the

title'

Hemisine.'

A NEW BLOOD-PRESSURE RAISING PRINCIPLE

More recent researches have led to the discovery at the

B. W. & Co. Works Laboratories of a synthetic substance,'

Epinine,' possessing the valuable properties of the natural

371




active principle of the supra-renal gland and, in addition,

showing certain marked advantages in use. Being a synthetic

base which combines to form crystallisable salts,'

Epinine'

can be readily purified, and the rise of blood-pressure pro-

duced by it is equal in degree and more prolonged than

that due to the supra-renal active principle.

GOOD OR EVIL

Ergot, "the blessed and cursed blight of rye," which has

wrought much good and much evil, is now greatly valued

as a remedy, yet it destroyed countless lives during the

grain plagues, called St. Anthony's fire, in the middle

ages.

Ergot of rye has been one of the problems that has

long baffled scientific workers. It was investigated in these

same laboratories, and the true representative active

principle was discovered, and is now issued as a

standardised product,'

Ernutin,' of great power and

uniform activity of immense importance to the medical

profession.

THERAPEUTIC SERA

The Wellcome Physiological Research Laboratories were

pioneers in the production of Anti-Diphtheritic Serum

in the British Empire, and also supplied the first used in

America. During the early days, and until the real value

was conclusively demonstrated, all offers to purchase

supplies of the serum were refused, but all that could be

produced was freely placed without charge at the disposal

of the principal clinics, hospitals and private medical men

who had diphtheritic cases under treatment. These trials

proved successful, and the' Wellcome '

brand of serum

supplied by B. W. & Co. has continued to hold first place

throughout the Empire. These laboratories have done a

vast amount of original work in the whole range of

therapeutic sera and in vaccines, etc., and in many other

organic bodies of importance in medicine.

Though these Physiological Research Laboratories are

conducted under separate and distinct direction, and many



THE WORK OP BUK ROUGHS WELLCOME & CO.

of the researches are solely of scientific interest as contri-

butions to human knowledge, yet much work of practical

value is carried out for thefirm,

thePrincipal

of which

founded the laboratories.

FINE CHEMICALS

The Wellcome Chemical Research Laboratories have

worked in the same manner with benefit to science and to

the firm, devising new chemical processes and producing

new chemical agents, both organic and inorganic. The

investigations of vegetable drugs and their representative

principleshave

yielded highly importantresults, both in the

discovery of new principles and in raising the standard Raising the

of purity and potency of valuable well-known substances,

notably Pilocarpine, Aconitine, etc., etc. The co-operation

of these two research laboratories, with their efficient

scientific staffs working under the guidance of the two

highly-qualified Directors, distinguished for thoroughness

and accuracy, is of immense importance to the firm.

But the research work does not rest here. There is also

in the experimental and analytical laboratories at the firm's

works, a highly-skilled staff constantly engaged in research

for the discovery of new active chemical and pharmaceutical

substances, and for the improvement of those already known.

Amongst the notable discoveries are 'SoAMiN,' the new

substance which has proved so successful in the treatment

of Syphilis, and of the dread Sleeping Sickness so prevalent

among the population of the Congo, Uganda and ether

parts of Central Africa; also 'NiziN,' the new antiseptic,

powerful, but free from many of the dangers of other

antiseptics.

A large number of other important developments in

chemistry and pharmacy have been made in the works

laboratories, including the production of Chloroform of a

standard that secures greatly increased uniformity and

safety, and the confidence of the medical profession.

In the manufacturing departments every operation is

studied with the view to new discoveries and improvements,and aiming to make daily progress.

373




EQUIPMENTS

Completely fitted cases have been devised to meet the

requirementsof

up-to-datemedical men and others

engaged in medical and sanitary science;

for example,

hypodermic, ophthalmic cases, urine testing, water analysis,

bacteriological testing cases, etc.

Medicine and first-aid chests, cases, belts, etc., for

military and naval purposes, for explorers, missionaries,

travelling journalists, war correspondents, aeronauts,

aviators, motorists, yachtsmen, planters; in fact, equipments

for the air, for the earth, for the depths, and for every

clime under every condition.

HISTORY OF COMPRESSED DRUGS

Burroughs Wellcome & Co. are successors"

the

sole proprietors of, the business of BROCKEVKJ.N, who,Origin of r '

compressed in 1842, originated compressed medicines in the shape of

products bi-convex discs issued under the designation of "com-

pressed pills." The production of compressed sub-stances has been developed and carried to a high state

of perfection by B. W. & Co. This has been accomplished

by research and the use of chemicals of exceptional

BW&COS quality, and by the employment of specially-devised

work in machinery of rare accuracy. This exclusive machinery,perfecting invented by the firm, and produced at great cost, operates

with the precision of the finest watch-work. By its aid

the firm'sspecially-

trainedexpert

chemists are enabled

to prepare compressed products for issue under the

'

Tabloid,''

Soloid'

and other brands, of unique accuracy of

dosage and of a perfection of finish never before attained.

These products present medicines, etc., of so varied a

character as to represent a range of dosage of i/iooo of

a grain to 60 grains or more.

world-wide The qualities of purity, accuracy, activity and stability

appreciation which characterise'

Tabloid'

and '

Soloid'

productshave

secured unusual appreciation and approval from medical

and pharmaceutical experts, and these preparations are



,a ft- a v

I I~

2s ."?



TYPICAL AWARDS


CONFERRED UPON BURROUGHS WELLCOME & Co.

FOR THE SCIENTIFIC EXCELLENCE

OF THE FIRM'S PRODUCTS

ST. Louis1904

THREE GRAND PRIZESTHREE GOLD MEDALS

LIEGE1905

SIX GRAND PRIZESTHREE DIPLOMAS OF HONOURTHREE GOLD MEDALS

MILAN1906

THREE GRAND PRIZESTHREE DIPLOMAS OF HONOUR

ONE GOLD MEDAL

LONDON(Franco-British)

1908

SEVEN GRAND PRIZESONE DIPLOMA OF HONOUR

TWO GOLD MEDALS

LONDON

(Japan-British)

1910

FIVE GRAND PRIZESONE GOLD MEDAL

BRUSSELS1910

BUENOSAIRES

1910

ONE GRAND PRIZE

MAKING IN ALL

MORE THAN 24O HIGHEST AWARDS376



TABLOID' BRAND FIRST-AID

Automobilists, Aviators, Yachtsmen, Sportsmen Travellers,

Tourists, Boy Scouts, and residents in out-of-the-way districts.

Compact outfit's of bandages and first-aid accessories, etc., suitable

for use in emergencies, when travelling, or at home, especially where

medical aid is not immediately available.

No. 702. 'TABLOID' FIRST-AID

Contains'

Tabloid'

Bandages and Dressings,'

Vaporole'

Aromatic

Ammonia, for use as "Smelling Salts,"'

Borofax,''

Hazeline'

Cream,sal volatile, Carron oil (solidified), tourniquet, jaconet, plaster, protective

skin, scissors, pins, etc., and ei^ht tubes of 'Tabloid' and'

Soloid'

Brand products.

In Rex Red, Royal

Blue or Brewster Green

Enamelled Leather.

Measurements: 7 X 5 J X 2Jin.

No. 715. 'TABLOID' FIRST-AIDContains

'

Tabloid'

Bandages and Dressings,'

Vaporole'

Aromatic

Ammonia, for use as"Smelling Salts,"

'

Borofax,' sal volatile, Carron oil

(solidified), jaconet ,

plaster, protective skin,

scissors, pins, etc., and

eight tubes of'

Tabloid'

and 'Soloid' Brand

oducts.

In Rex Red, Ro\ al

Blue (as illustrated}

or Brewster

Green Enam-

elled Metal, or

in Aluminised

or Black Jap-

anned Metal.

Price

in

London,10/6

st-Aid



Me


( For N urses)

Contains'

Tabloid'

Bandages and Dress-

in Us,'

Vaporole'

Aromatic Ammonia,foruse as

"Smelling

Salts," 'Borofax,'

Carronoil(solidified>

jaconet, plaster,

protective skin,

camel-hair brush

and safety pins : also

a supply of'

Tabloid'

Ammonium Carbon-

ate for use in place

of sal volatile and

a tube of'

Soloid'

Antiseptic products.

In Rex Red, Royal Blue or Brewster Green Enamelled Metal

(as illustrated), or in Aluminised Metal.

Price in London, 50

Belt or Cycle attachment, 6d. extra


(For Boy Scouts)

Contains 'Tabloid'

Bandages and Dress-

in^s, 'Vaporole'

Aromatic Ammonia,

foruse as "Smelling

Salts,"'

Borofax,'

Carron oil (solidi-

fied), jaconet, plas-

ter. protective skin,

amel-hair brush,

pins, etc.

In Rex Red or

Royal Blue Enam-

elled Metal (as illus- N O . 703. Tabloid' First.Aid tor Boy :

trateil).Measurements: 6j X

:ijX 2 in.

Price in London, 50

Belt or Cycle attachment (as illustrated), 6</. extra




Contains 'Tabloid' Bandages and Dressings, 'Vaporole' Aromatic

Ammonia, for use as"Smell-

ing Salts," 'Borofax,' Carron

oil (solidified) and jaconet,

castor oil, plaster, protective

skin, scissors, pins, etc., and

seven tubes of'

Tabloid'

and

'Soloid' Brand products.

In Rex Red,

Royal Blue

or Brewster

Green Enam-

elled Metal (as

illustrated), or

in Aluminised

Metal.

Price in London, 10/0

amelled Metal)

No. 90S. 'TABLOID' PHOTOGRAPHIC OUTFIT

A complete outfit of

the celebrated 'Tabloid'

Chemicals for develop-

ing, sepia toning, inten-

sifying, reducing, gold

toning, fixing, etc.

Fresh, reliable solu-

tions without weighing

or waste.

In Rex Red, Royal

Blue, Imperial Green or

Bright Scarlet Enamel-

led Metal (as illustrated),

or in Black JapannedMetal.

Price in London, 5/0



NO. 231. 'TABLOID' BKANI) MbDICINE CASE

(As suggested by Sir W. Moore)

This outfit, owing to its strong well-built metal case and the very-

comprehensive nature of the contents, is peculiarly well adapted for

use as a home medical equipment for residents in foreign countries

or in out-of-the-way places.

It was suggested by, and is fitted up in accordance with the instructions

of, Sir W. Moore in his Manual of Family Medicine for India, and

contains fifteen 1 ox. corked phials of'

Tabloid'

and'

Soloid'

products,

minor surgical instruments and dressings.

In Black Japanned Metal. Weight, about 6 Ib. 14oz.

Approximate Price in London, 3 17 6

With modified fittings for Tropical countries, JE3 10

When fitted with a thick felt cover, this casewill

bear thestrain

of rough transit to the most distant parts of the Empire without

damage to its contents.



A 'TABLOID' BRAND FIRST-AID POCKET-CASE

FOR

AVIATORS, MOTORISTS AND SPORTSMEN

The charm of rapid movement through the air, on the

earth, or above it, exercises an irresistible fascination, and

gains more votaries daily for aviation and for motoring.

It is impossible to eliminate entirely all risk of injury

from these attractive sports, and, unfortunately, accidents

occasionally befall even the most careful and experienced.

This

'

Tabloid

'

Equipment, No. 706, has been specially

designed to provide, within the least possible space, what

is necessary for rendering first-aid in cases of accident

or injury, and has been carried on air voyages by such

distinguished aeronauts as M. Paulhan, Mr. Grahame-White,

etc. So that no one need be deterred from carrying a first-

aid case by its bulk, the size has been limited to that of an

ordinary cigarette case.

It contains one bandage, 3 yards by 2^ inches, one small

package containing pins and compressed boric gauze, a

metal box containing strapping plaster in detached pieces,

mounted on tape, so that it can be used without scissors,

safety pins and '

Vaporole'

Aromatic Ammonia, for use as"smelling salts."

A tube of Carron oil (solidified) for use in case of burns or

scalds is also included, a packet of jaconet, some of which

may be placed over the oil, and forms an impervious

covering, protecting the injured part from the air;and a little

booklet of court plaster cut into convenient sized strips.

377



SOME HISTORIC FLIGHTS

BY

AIRSHIP

AND

AEROPLANE

The most famous aeronauts of recent times, including those whose

flights are here recorded, have carried with them'

Tabloid'

First-Aid

Outfits, as their sole Medical Equipments, on their voyages through

theair.

379



THE LONDON-MANCHESTER FLIGHT

April 27-28, 1910

Reproduced from an actual snapshot, taken as Louis Paulhan was leaving

Hendon on his epoch-making flight of 185 miles from London to Manchester,

when he surpassed all previous records, and won The Daily Mail 10,000

prize. Inset is a portrait of Paulhan and a photograph of the'

Tabloid'

First-aid Outfit which he carried with him throughout his historic flight.

380



THE TRANS-ALPINE FLIGHT BY SEN OR CHA V'E z

The"Mechanical Bird of the Mountains."

In September, 1910, Sefior Chavez performed the most remarkable feat of

aviation in flying on a Bleriot Monoplane from Brieg, over the mountains, to

Domo d'Ossola. At Gaby, where he had to choose between the Gondo and

the Monchera routes, he selected the former, realising that he was not high

enough to clear Monchera Pass. Having accomplished this splendid flightover the Alps, during which he rose to a height of 6000 feet, in the act of

alighting he fell with the motor upon him, an accident which injured him

beyond reach of medical aid of any sort, and cost him his life. Inset are

photographs of Sefior Chavez and of the'

Tabloid'

First-Aid Equipmentwhich he carried over the Alps.

381



383



I CODYFLYERwhich *v_jr

\W'$*. CODY. I

CMPWC IM'CHCUN TROPHY!

Dec. 31!.' ram

CODY

Mr. S. F. Cody, an American who has become a British Citizen, andhas done important work for the War Office, uses an aeroplane of his

own design.

He has made numerous successful flights, and was the winner of the

Michelin Cup in 1910. He carries a'

Tabloid'

First-Aid as his medical

equipment.

385



GRAHAME-WHITE

Mr. Claude Grahame-White made some remarkable journeys in the

course of his plucky attempt to win the"Daily Mail

"10,000 prize;

one flight being from London to Rugby, a distance of 82 miles, in

2 hours 5 minutes.

He has since flown from the Brooklands track to Ranelagh, a

distance of 24 miles, in 20 minutes.

In 1910, at the great aviation meeting at Belmont Park, New York,

Mr. Grahame-White won for England the Gordon-Bennett Cup, and in

connection with the same meeting made a memorable flight round the

Statue of Liberty.

A'

Tabloid'

First-Aid is always to be found on board his aeroplane.



S O P \V I T H

By achieving the best performance on an All-British aeroplane,

namely, a flight of 107* miles, Mr. T. Sopwith won the Baron de Forest

4000 prize.

On February 1, at the request of H.M. the King, he flew fromBrooklands to Windsor, and alighted in the grounds of Windsor Castle.

On this occasion Mr. Sopwith had the honour of being presented to

the King and Queen, who inspected his aeroplane.

The convenient position of his'

Tabloid'

First-Aid Outfit is seen in

the photograph.



A GOOD CATCH

(From a negative by J. F. Moore)

Exposure BSD second ; developed with'

Tabloid'

'

Rytol'

Universal

Developer

390



MODERN METHODS IN PHOTOGRAPHY

Every age has had its special predilections and its own

favourite vehicle of artistic expression there has been an

age of marble and an age of ivory, an era of huge mural

paintings and a time when dainty miniatures were most

in vogue. Epic poetry and the writing of voluminous

letters delighted the eighteenth century and disappeared in

the twentieth. On the other hand, the art of the camera

with its brilliant realism and poignant actuality has

appealed with irresistible force to the modern spirit and,

without ousting any of the older methods of delineation,

has become the helper and servant of all. So important

is the position in the national life, taken by photography The

at the commencement of the present reign, that it maycharacteristic

be regarded as the characteristic art of the age.

Moreover, its pursuit is no longer hedged about by the

difficulties and inconveniences which at first beset it. The

wet plate process is practically obsolete, and in its place

plates and films of convenient size, and hand-cameras ofexcellent design, and in endless variety, are now offered to

the amateur on every hand.

The method of making chemical solutions has also been

reformed, and instead of bulky bottles of liquid for develop-

ing, toning, intensifying, etc., it is sufficient to provide

oneself with' Tabloid

'

Chemicals which occupy a minimum

of space, and achieve a maximum of efficiency.

'

Tabloid

'

Photographic Chemicalsare

pure chemicalscompressed into small bulk, but yet more readily soluble chemical

than the same chemicals in crystallised form. These difficulties

products each contain a precise weight, so that the trouble

of weighing or measuring is entirely obviated.

The advantages which ' Tabloid'

Chemicals possess in

home use are intensified when development and similar

operations have to be conducted under trying conditions.

This wonderful compactness is well shown by the coloured

illustration. A complete chemical outfit of 'Tabloid'

products is comfortably carried in the pocket or wallet

without danger of trouble consequent en breakage.

391




Not only do ' Tabloid'

Photographic Chemicals rid

development, toning and other processes of all the

uncertainties which accompany the use of impure

chemicals and stale solutions, but they also remarkably

simplify these operations, and impart to them a scientific

precision which cannot otherwise be obtained.

All developers and chemicals essential for the practice

of photography at home and abroad are issued as

'

Tabloid'

products, but to meet the special needs of

travellers, tourists and amateur photographers who

require the utmost condensation and the widest utility

in the equipment they carry, Burroughs Wellcome & Co.have issued, as the result of special research and wide

experience, a developer which is universal in utility and

unique in compactness. This is'

Tabloid'

' RYTOL'

Universal Developer. It is so compact that the materials

for 8S ounces of solution occupy only the same space as

one ounce of fluid. It is so universal in application

that it will develop plates, films, bromide and gaslight

papersas well as lantern slides with

equal facilityand

equal certainty. It makes a bright clear solution even

with water which, with ordinary chemicals, becomes cloudy

and discoloured. The importance of this to travellers

who are forced to use whatever water is available will

be readily appreciated.

CORRECT EXPOSURE IN ALL LANDS

The photographer who desires to obtain pictures of

places which he may never re-visit, of moving objects, or of

dramatic scenes of special interest which he may observe

in the course of his journeys, must be able to decide on the

correct exposure quickly and under all circumstances. To

meet this need, Burroughs Wellcome & Co.'s photo-

graphic experts have condensed the results of their special

study of the question of exposure into a pocket-book known

as THE 'WELLCOME' PHOTOGRAPHIC EXPOSURE RECORD AND

DIARY, and have combined with their own experience

that of travellers in all parts of the globe.

Many methods have been devised for ensuring correct




exposure some requiring complicated calculations, others

the use of elaborate tables or special apparatus. The

simplest and most certain method is provided by the

ingenious mechanical Calculator contained in each copyof THE ' WELLCOME '

EXPOSURE RECORD AND DIARY. Its

essential feature is a disc, one turn of which tells the correct

exposure at a glance.

The illustration here shown makes its simplicity clear.

The central white portion is the revolving disc which

registers with the two fixed scales, shown in tint. Facing

the Calcula-

tor are tables

giving light

values, so

arranged that

the table for

each month

comes to the

front in

its properseason. The

Calculator is

set by turning

the disc until

the subject

to be photo-

graph e d

registerswith the

figure repre-

senting the light value. That one turn is all that is

necessary. In addition to thus providing an easy way of

calculating correct exposure, THE ' WELLCOME ' EXPOSURE

RECORD is a pocket note-book and encyclopaedia of photo-

graphic information. There are three Editions(i)

Southern Hemisphere and Tropics, (2)Northern Hemisphere

and Tropics, (3) United States of America. These editions

give the information necessary for correct exposure in all

parts of the world.

The simpleway



o Q -a

y o J

2K

& a<,:

v-j 8.- o.

4-

UO

<; mu S

394




THE RECORDS OF TRAVELLERSRecords of travel and exploration into distant and little

known partsof the world constitute a most

fascinatingdepartment of literature, and one which is especially

attractive to British readers. The Empire upon which The charm of

the sun never sets has been built up by men who have J^^possessed in a remarkable degree the genius of exploration,

and a restless and insatiable love of travel runs in the

blood of their descendants. Even those Britons who are

compelled to stay at home, love to catch an occasional

glimpse into some far-off untamed region of the earth's

surface, " where foot of man has rarely, if ever, trod," even

though it be only in imagination. Books of travel bring

before us, vividly, the conditions of life among races widely

removed from our own in the line of their development,

or lagging behind the stream of human progress like

remnants and reminders of primeval man; their pages open

up to us a whole world of adventure in which we can track-

wild beasts in their native haunts, scale lofty mountains and

penetrate mysterious caverns and inaccessible deserts.

Nothing delights the home-keeping lover of travel more

than thus to dive into the unknown in the company of an

author who has seen and heard what he describes. Such

books as "Through Darkest Africa," "Trans-Himalaya,""Farthest South," etc., etc., which palpitate with actuality

and bring before us a new vision of the world as it is,

are full of interest and of immense educational value.

Workers in this strenuous field of literary effort haveEnhancedfound in Photography a most serviceable ally, and the by

difficulties which at first enveloped the practice of this artPhot sraPhs

on the march or in out-of-the-way places have, to a great

extent, disappeared.

With a modern camera and a good supply of'

Tabloid'

Photographic Chemicals, there is hardly any part of the

process which cannot be carried out on the very spot

where the negative has been exposed.

The Rev. B. M. McOwen, famous for his vivid and

picturesque treatment of Chinese domestic scenes,

regularly uses ' Tabloid'

'

Rytol'

Universal Developer.




A well-known New York

journalist, Mr. Frank G.

Carpenter, who in 1906

travelled through Northern,

Eastern and Southern Africa,

commenting on the

'Tabloid' Photographic

Outfit which he had taken

with him, wrote: " The

Photographic material sent

was of the highest quality,

and I am forwarding a few

of the photographs among the many we took from time to

time."

Df thene of the Ashanti Chi

Gold Coast Colony sitting under tbe

state umbrella and surrounded byhis followers.

BE SHIPS OF TBK Dl

A String of Saharan Ca

396




A characteristic Saharan picture of a string of camels

from one of Mr. Carpenter's prints is reproduced on page 396.

Among those who have carried' Tabloid

'

Photographic

Chemicals as part of their travelling equipment for anSirSven Hedir

exploring expedition may be mentioned Sir Sven Hedin, in Tibet

the story of whose intrepid journeys in Tibet is related

in "Trans-Himalaya" (see page 435).

Sir Ernest Shackleton took a complete outfit of'

Tabloid'

Photographic Chemicals on his perilous journey into the

Antarctic zone (when he got within 97 miles of the South

Pole), and pronounced them quite satisfactory.

'

Tabloid'

Photographic Chemicals were also taken by

Capt. Scott on his famous Antarctic voyage in the Discovery ;

and on the Terra Nova, in which the same distinguished

explorer has again sailed southward in search of the Pole,

a very complete outfit of' Tabloid

'

Photographic Chemicals

has been taken. Mr. H. G. Ponting, the photographer who

accompanies Capt. Scott on this latest British Antarctic

Expedition, selected as his one developer for all plates,

films, bromide prints and lantern slides,' Tabloid

' '

Rytol,'

and this developer is also to be used for the very large

quantity of cinematograph film which it is intended to

develop on the voyage.

Mr. R. L. Jefferson, F.R.G.S., in his book "Through a

Continent on Wheels," writes : "I should like to mention

that this firm (B. W. & Co.) prepares Photographic Tabloids

in a compressed form, and those photographers who desire

to develop their plates en route cannot do better than adopt

their portable and reliable outfits."

Mr. L. N. G. Ward, a traveller whose photographic work

is of a high order, uses' Tabloid

'

Chemicals. The roll

film of a striking picture of his, entitled, "The King of

Bekwai," which is reproduced on page 396, was developed'Tabloid

1

with 'Tabloid' Pyro-Metol. Chetf/a^

The keeping qualities of'

Tabloid'

PhotographicChemicals in hot climates have been amply proved by the

experience of voyagers to various parts of the world. One




\vell-kno\vntraveller, Lionel Decle, used them to develop no

less than 4000 plates during the course of his wanderings

across Africa, and, in recounting his experiences and

in referring particularly to a package of' Tabloid

'

Pyro, he

Afr^cl

"3'

wrote: "This bottle has been to Madagascar through a

heavy rain season, to Africa also, and to Algeria. The

fact that none of the products are discoloured is for me

a conclusive proof that your' Tabloid

'

Photographic

Chemicals are absolutely perfect."

A writerin

thePall

Mall Gazelle (November 5, 1909),in

an article entitled"Chasing the Sun," thus describes the

advantages of these products.

"A camerist myself, I have often come across I had

almost written '

always come across'

brethren in the art

who took bulky cases of developers, fixers and other

chemicals, which took up much room in the kit-bag, and

which they sometimes could not replace when they were

used up. This is one of the drawbacks to Kodaking in

out-of-the-way places. All this inconvenience and worry

can be saved, since the time-tested, excellent tabloids sold

by Burroughs and Wellcome are sufficient for all needs.

In a phial that may be carried in the waistcoat pocket, you

Convenience have sufficient developer to last during an ordinary tour,of the new

^ other phials of similar size, fixers and toners. Inmethods

a small corner of the bag you can stock away sufficient

materials to take you around the world, and you may keepon snapshotting all the way.

"Four phials of the firm's excellent pyro tabloids lasted

me through the South African War, and, during a siege,

I was well provided with chemicals when other men, not so

far-seeing, were without them. The new, handsome, little

case for home or touring use, packed with all tabloids

necessary for negative and print, is one of the best things

ever placed on the market."

The visit of H.R.H. the Duke of Connaught to South

Africa, in 1910, was worthily recorded, photographically.



THE

Tabloid'A

AND

Soloid'

Invented

by

B.W.& Co.

Are

B. W. & Co.

They mark the work of

Burroughs Wellcome & Co.

They mean "Issued by

Burroughs Wellcome & Co.'

They stand for

gfl CAlrSATEl products



FIRELIGHT STUDY COPYR I GHT

ByJ. WESTON AND SONFolkestone

Reproduced from a Bromide print developed with

'TABLOID' 'RYTOL 1 UNIVERSAL DEVELOPERand stained with

'

Soloid'

Photographic Stain (Salmon)



Stained with

'Soloid' Photographic

Stain (Red)

Stained with


Stain (Green)

Stained with


Stain (Yellow)

For description

and directions

see opposite page



COLOUR EFFECTS

BY

STAINING PHOTOGRAPHS

Many striking and original colour effects may be obtained

by immersing lantern slides, bromide, platinotype and

similar prints in solutions of suitable dyes. For this

purpose, a series of products has been introduced under the

title of'

Soloid'

Photographic Stains. Portraits, fireside

and forge studies may be stained with'

Soloid'

Photographic

Stain (Red or Salmon), moonlight views and seascapes

with a blue'

Soloid'

product, street scenes and twilight

views with yellow, landscapes with green. The firelight

study on the opposite page is a reproduction of a print

stained with'

Soloid'

Photographic Stain (Salmon). The

method of staining is quite simple : Dissolve one '

Soloid'

Photographic product in four ounces of water, and having

soaked the prints (which should not previously have been

hardened) in water until flaccid, immerse them in the

staining solution for a few minutes, then rinse and dry in

the usual way. The most pleasing effects are produced

in the majority of cases by employing solutions of this

strength, thus obtaining a suggestion of colour rather than

a pronounced tint. For lantern slides where a deeper

colour is required, one '

Soloid'

Photographic Stain

product may be used with one ounce of water.

401



FIKI, i) OF BELLADONNA (At r op a belladonna)belladonna is grown from genuine wild seed. The best crops of leav

ed in the second, third or fourth year of the plant's growth, and

period that the alkaloidal content is greatest.

L O A D I N G B K I. I. A I) O N N A

The yield ranges from 1-1/2 to 5 tons per acre. The freshly-cut herb is weighed in

bundles and carried straight to the laboratories in a motor trolley. A portion of the

leaves is dried in a few hours in specially-ventilated chambers. The roots, which are

collected in the autumn, are sliced in order to accelerate the drying, and so prevent

any undesirable change taking place.



THE 'WELLCOME'MATERIA MEDICA FARM

THE vital importance of standardisation of drugs has always

been recognised by Burroughs Wellcome & Co. Constant

attention has been devoted to the subject, and the principleStandardisation

has been applied not merely to the chemical, but also to the

vegetable and animal substances required for the preparation

of the firm's products. The old method of picking samples

of drugs by their colour and appearance has long been felt

to be inadequate, and it has become necessary to view them

in the more penetrating light of chemical analysis and of

physiological tests.

Even the most experienced pharmacognosist may select

drugs which, on the basis of form, colour and other physical

characteristics, appear to possess a high standard of quality,

yet on assay do not yield the requisite percentage of active

principles.

In this connection, a paper by Carr and Reynolds, pub-

lished in the Chemist and Druggist, shows in tabular form

the very considerable range of variation in the proportion of

activeprinciples existing

insamples of drugs bought on

the

market. Amongst the examples given are the following :

It is evident that the accuracy and care exercised by the

pharmacist in weighing and measuring drugs for use in

medicine are nullified if the active principles are variable to

such an extent. The obvious remedy for this state of

matters, is standardisation.

Closely bound up with the question of standardisation is

that of the possibility of exercising scientific control over

403



FRESH

BELLADONNAL K A v E s

About to be expressed

for juice and for making

the green extract. It is

extremely important

that this be done

promptly to avoid fer-

mentation and conse-

quent deterioration of

the product. The fresh

herb is gathered as

soon as the sun is up,

and expressed and

treated before sunset.

' W E L L C O M K'

CHEMICAL

WORKS

HEMLOCK

(Co n in m

m aculatu in)

A typical bush of

Hemlock fConitim

macnlatiim). The

fresh leaves and

branches are collected

when the fruit begins

to form.

'WELLCOME'M A T E R i A

M E r> i c A FARM



GATHERING HYOSCYAMUS (Hyoscyamus niger)

Hyoscyamus niger, one of the most difficult plants with which the herb farmer hasto deal, is grown from seed sown about March or April. The young plants show above

ground at the end of May or beginning of June. In the autumn they are separated if

too close together. In the following May an aerial stem is developed, which rapidlygrows until it reaches the height of three or four feet. The flowering takes place in

June or July, when the crop is harvested.

DIGITALIS (Dig i t alis purpurea) IN FLOWERn\d seed, and ;



ACONITE (Aconitmn na pc I lu s) IN FLOWERAconitum napellus, when raised from seed, takes two or three years to flower;

it is best propagated by dividing the roots ; each root is biennial, but, as it has

I lie power of forming new ones every year, the plant itself is perennial.

A FIELDThis handsome plant is interesting, as recent investigation has shown that it

contains Hyoscme, Hyoscyamine and Atropine in proportions differing from those

,.

_ occurring in other solanaceous plants.



THE ' WELLCOME'

MATERIA MEDICA FARM

the cultivation of medicinal herbs, more especially those

which are found to present great variations in activity Expert

when obtained in the wild state. Hence, with the intro- supervision

duction of the 'Wellcome' Brand standardised galencials,

Burroughs Wellcome & Co. found it necessary, in order to

obtain a constant supply of herbs of a sufficiently high

standard of quality, to grow them under their own

immediate supervision. The benefits of conducting a

materia medica farm in conjunction with the preparation

of pharmaceutical products are many. For instance :

(1) A drug may be treated or worked up immediately it

has been collected.

(2) Herbs may be dried, if necessary, directly they are

cut, before fermentation and other deteriorative changes

have set in.

(3) Freedom from caprice on the part of collectors who,

in gathering wild herbs, are very difficult to control in the

matter of adulteration, both accidental and intentional.

(4)The ability to select and cultivate that particular

strain of a plant which has been found by chemical and

physiological tests to be the most active, and which gives

the most satisfactory preparations. Notable instances of

these are to be found in connection with Digitalis and

Belladonna.

Fortunately, suitable land was available near the

'Wellcome' Chemical works at Dartford, and there the. Wellcome .

'Wellcome' Materia Medica Farm has been established. Materia

The following extracts from a descriptive article whichMedlca

appeared in the Chemist and Druggist of January 29,

IQIO, will give some idea of the nature and scope of this

enterprise :

" A suitable piece of land for 'a physicke garden' (had

been chosen) on an undulating slope, with here and there aResearch

clump of trees and a strip of wild woodland, between the and

river and the North Downs, hard by the little village ofexPeriment

Darenth. No more idealspot

for a herb farm could have

been chosen. It has shade, sunshine and moisture, and

a fine loamy soil, varied by sandier uplands. Here the

firm have for the last six years been cultivating medicinal



THE 'WELLCOME' MATERIA MEDKA FARM

plants under the immediate superintendence of pharmaceu-

tical and botanical experts. The farm was established, firstly,

to provide opportunities andmaterials for research

andexperiment, and, secondly, to supply the manufacturing

departments with medicinal herbs of proper quality." A visit to the farm shows that the greater part is

devoted to the cultivation of staples ;but a number of plots

are used for experimental crops. Among such are meadow

saffron (Colchicnm autumnale), with its pale-purple

flower. Lavender, peppermint, and French roses grow side

by side. Senega and the unpretentious taraxacum, with its

bright yellow petals, occupy other spaces. Ginseng, the

root that plays so important a part in Chinese medicine, is

also grown. Podophylhnn peltatum, Scopolia atropoides,

Datura meteloides, sea poppy (Glaucum luteum), and

Grindelia robusta, are other plants that one does not usually

find growing on a scale greater than the experimental ;but

the plots of Hydrastis canadensis are botanically and

commercially the most interesting on the farm, in view of

the fact that we are coming within measurable distance ofthe end of the natural supply from North America.

"It is grown at the ' Wellcome

'

Materia Medica Farm

in the open under perfectly natural conditions, in a little

woodland dell shaded by tall elms and bramble bushes; and,

in another part of the farm, under a lattice-work structure,

an effort to re-create the conditions of the native home of

golden seal, which is in rich, moist woods from Canada to

Carolina. Thegrowth

under the latter conditions is

moregenerous. In this case the plants are protected from the

noonday heat.

"The purpose which Burroughs Wellcome & Co. had

immediately in view when they established this farm,

i.e. supplying the products of the field direct to their

Works, has been fulfilled, and the farm has in that

respect passed the experimental stage, and reached one

of great practical utility. On the research side,

experiment goes on, especially in regard to selection

and cultivation of strains which have been found bychemical and physiological tests to be the most active."

409



THE MEDICINE CHEST OF

QUEEN MEMU-HOTEP. WHO LIVED 2200 B.C.

The massive outer case for the chest is shown on the

left. It is composed of wood, decorated with hieroglyphics,

amongst which are the royal cartouche and the figure of a

crouching jackal.

The chest itself is depicted on the right. It is composed

of plaited papyrus reeds, and is supported on a stand. The

chest is divided into six compartments, each containing a

beautifully-shaped medicine jar of oriental alabaster. Various

medicinal roots, and a wooden spoon, the handle of whichis ornamented with the head of Hathor, were discovered in

the chest.

This unique Egyptian medical equipment was discovered

at Thebes, and demonstrates the huge bulk and cumbersome

fittings, combined with paucity of supplies which have

been characteristic of medical outfits from the days of the

Pharaohs until the introduction of'

Tabloid'

products. The

modern medical man armed with a'

Tabloid

'

brand Pocket-Case carries a scientific therapeutic equipment, the equivalent

of which in the drugs of antient Egypt could be transported

onlv bv a regiment of slaves.



HISTORICAL

MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS

USED IN

MILITARY, GEOGRAPHICAL

AND

JOURNALISTIC EXPEDITIONS



MILITARY MEDICINE CHEST 1588

Fabricius, a noted Swiss physician of the XVI century, recommendedthat the military chest should be furnished with no less than 362 varieties

of medicine, some of which contained as many as 64 ingredients. The

complexity of arrangement, the huge bulk and great weight, the liability

to breakage, and the complicated inconvenience of medicine chests

persisted until the introduction of'

Tabloid'

Medical Equipments.

412



THE SMALLEST MEDICINE CHEST IN THE WORLDThis tiny gold medicine chest is fitted with twelve square

medicine chest bottles containing- 300 doses of 'Tabloid' Brand

Medicaments, equivalent to 1 5 pints of fluid medicine.

413 z



AT THE NORTH POLE'

Tabloid'

Equipments were carried byCommander PEAKY

'Tabloid' Medical Equipments were

carried by Sir Ernest H. SHACKI.ETON

FARTHEST SOUTH

'TABLOID' MEDICAL AND FIRST-AID EQUIPMENTS

Have reached the North Pole, and as near to the South Pole as

man has tione



HISTORICAL MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS

That a very marked change has taken place can be

gathered from a more recent speech of this eminent explorer

and journalist, in which he said:

In my early expeditions into Africa, there was one secret wish

which endured with me always, and that was to ameliorate the

miseries of African explorers. How it was to be done I knew not;

who was to do it, I did not know. But I made the acquaintance of

Messrs. BURROUGHS WELLCOME & Co. As soon as I came in sit;ht

of their preparations and their works, I found the consummation

of my secret wish. On my later expeditions I had all the medicines

that were required for my black men, as well as my white men,

beautifully prepared, and in most elegant fashion arranged in the

smallest medicine chest it was ever my lot to carry into Africa.

B. W. &Co.

solved the

problem

One of the 'TABLOID' BRAND MEDICINE CHESTS carried by the late

Sir H. M. STANLEY through "Darkest Africa," and brought back, after

three years' journey, with the remaining contents unimpaired.

In his books, Founding the Congo Free State and

In Darkest Africa, the late Sir H. M. STANLEY wrote in

the very highest terms of' Tabloid

'

Medical Equipments.

Amongst other cases used during STANLEY'S travels is the

famous "Rear-Guard" 'Tabloid' Medicine Chest, which

remained in the swampy forest regions of the Aruwhimi

for nearly four years, and more than once was actually sub-

merged in the river. When it was brought back to London,

the remaining contents were tested by the official analyst of

The Lancet who reported that the 'Tabloid' medicaments

had perfectly preserved their efficacy.

Tested by

"The Lancet'



418



HISTORICAL MKDICAL EQUIPMENTS

The late Surgeon-Major PARKE, Stanley's Medical

Officer, in his Guide to Health in Africa, writes :

The medical preparations which I have throughout recommended Unfailing

are those of BURROUGHS WELLCOME & Co., as I have found, reliability,

after a varied experience of the different forms in which drugs portability and

are prepared for foreign use, that there are none which canc '

compare with them [' Tabloid'

products] for convenience of

portability in transit, and for unfailing reliability in strength of

doses after prolonged exposure.

At this point it is of interest to turn to the' Tabloid

'

Medicine Chest, here illustrated, which was discovered

near Kenia, in the Aruwhimi Dwarf Country. It was the'

last chest supplied to EMIN PASHA, GORDON'S Governor

of the Equatorial Sudan. This chest was taken byArabs when EMIN PASHA was massacred in 1892, and

was recaptured by BARON DHANIS, Commandant of the

Congo Free State troops, after the battle of Kasongo.

It was subsequently stolen by natives, and finally recovered

by an officer of the Congo Free State, and returned to


The following is a copy of EMIN PASHA'S letter written

to BURROUGHS WELLCOME & Co. on receiving the chest :

Gentlemen, I found the medicine chest you forwarded me

fully stocked. I need not tell you that its very completeness made

bound my heart. Articles like those could not be made but at

EMIN PASHA'S' TABLOID

' BRAND MEDICINE CHEST

the hand of the greatest artists in their own department. If any-

one relieved from intense pain pours out his blessings, they

will come home to you.

419




I should like to expatiate somewhat longer on the intrinsical value,

but sickness preventing me to do so. I wish you to believe me,

Another case associated with Stanley is the raw-

hide ' Tabloid'

Medicine Case used by Thomas Stevens, Thos stevens.

the well-known journalist who travelled round the globe on Tabioi<r

a bicycle, and was the hero of other pioneer exploits inft

different parts of the world. Stevens was the first to greet

the great explorer on his return to civilisation, and during

his twelve months' journeyings in Masailand and German

East Africa, was greatly impressed with the portability

J^BURROUGHS WELLCOMf^Co

] ,/

THOMAS STEVENS' 'TABLOID' BRAND MEDICINE

CASE

and compactness of his medical outfit, and with the

efficacy of its contents. In his book, Scouting for Stanley

in East Africa, he wrote :

"Stanley, in recommending these

Medicines [' Tabloid'

products] ,has earned the gratitude

of every man who goes to a tropical country."

A history of11

the

'

Tabloid

'

equipments associatedwith African exploration would, of itself, make a large

volume, and it is only possible to make brief mention

of a few other instances of their use.

421



422




That ' TABLOID'

EQUIPMENTS excel for military purposes

has been abundantly demonstrated during various

British and foreign military campaigns. The following is

an extract from thefftctaf (government (q>ort made ^"^f^

by the Chief Medical Officer of the last BRITISH MILITARY

EXPEDITION to ASHANTI, on the 'Tabloid' Brand Medical

Equipment supplied by BURROUGHS WELLCOME & Co. :

The supply of medicines, both as to quality and quantity, left

nothing to be desired. There was no scarcity of anything. The'

Tabloid'

medicines were found to be most convenient and of No delay to

excellent quality. To be able to take out at once the required weigh or

dose of any medicine, without having to weigh or measure it, is a "

convenience that cannot be expressed in words. Time is saved

to an extent that can hardly be realised, and so is space, for a

fitted dispensary, or even a dispensary table, is unnecessary. The

quality of medicines was so good that no other should be takenno other should

'

into the field. The cases supplied are almost ideal ones for the be taken into

Government. They are light, yet strong, and the arrangement of the field

the materials and medicines is as nearly perfect as possible.

It is instructive to compare the experience of

this Expedition with that of the WOLSELEY ASHANTIEXPEDITION of 1873, fitted out according to old-time

methods.

The suffering and loss of life were then terrible, for

want of suitable medical equipments.

Without exception,'

Tabloid' Medical Equipments have

been used in all the campaigns of the last twenty-five

years, and have played an important part in combating

the diseases which seem inseparable from an army in thefield.

During the war with Spain, in Cuba and the Philippines,' Tabloid

'

Medical Equipments were specially ordered

for, and used by, the U.S. Army and Navy.

The Military Expedition which, under the command of

LORD KITCHENER, defeated the Khalifa and reconqueredthe Sudan, was supplied with

'

Tabloid'

Brand Medical

Equipments.

An illustration of one of the'

Tabloid'

Medical Equip-

ments specially designed for, and supplied to, the British

423




Colonial Forces for use in the recent South African

Campaign is here shown. Similar cases were designed

for, and supplied to, the CITY OF LONDON IMPERIALVOLUNTEERS and IMPERIAL YEOMANRY.

One of the 'TABLOID'

BRAND MEDICINE CASES

specially designed for, and

supplied to, the troops from

the various British Colonies,

for use in the South African

Campaign.

The equipment of the American Hospital Ship Maine,

andthe

valuable servicesit

renderedin

connectionwith the campaigns in South Africa and in China,

are so recent as to be within the memory of all.

The whole of the medical outfit was supplied by


One of the 'TABLOID' BRAND MEDICINE CHESTS specially designed

for, and supplied to, the Hospital Ship Maine.

425



HISTORICAL MKDICAI. EgUIFMF.NTS

Referring to this equipment, the Lancet (London, Eng.)

reported :

The whole of the medical outfit has been supplied by Messrs.

Burroughs Wellcome & Co. One of the medicine chests supplied

by this firm is in tooled leather, designed by Mr. Henry S. Wellcome.

The following description of this chest may be of

interest :

The chest is made of oak covered with Carthaginian cow-

hide, tooled by hand, with chaste designs successfully repre-

senting in allegory the alliance of Great Britain and

America in the succour of the wounded. On the top panel

appear the Union Jack and the Stars and Stripes entwined,

portraits of Queen Victoria, George Washington and

President McKinley ;also representations of the British

Lion and American Eagle. The front panel bears portraits

of Lady Randolph Churchill (Mrs. George Cornwallis-

West), the hon. secretary and the hon. treasurer of thefund; a picture of the ship itself; a scene representing the

British Lion, wounded by an arrow which lies at his side,

being ministered to by Britannia and Columbia. A frieze is

formed by a representation of an American Indian wampum,

upon which Brother Jonathan and John Bull are depicted

hand in hand. The panel at each end of the chest

represents Britannia and Columbia supporting a banner

bearing the Red Cross, and on the panel at the back the

British Regular and Colonial Lancers are shown charging a

Boer force. Keble's line, "No distance breaks the tie of

blood," and Bayard's phrase," Our kin across the sea," are

inscribed on the chest. This beautiful cabinet contains a

number of smaller cases fitted with'

Tabloid'

and '

Soloid'

products and 'Tabloid' Hypodermic Outfits, and is in

itself a compact and complete dispensary.

In addition to their adoption by military and naval

authorities,' Tabloid

'

Medical Equipments have been

used by the War Correspondents who have accompanied

all modern expeditions.

426




The conclusive proofs afforded by all these campaigns and

expeditions of the incomparable utility of the B. W. & Co.

equipments, under circumstances of the most trying nature,

naturally led to their still more extensive employment in

South Africa during the late war. The trying conditions of

transport and the climatic influences were just such as

' Tabloid'

Equipments and ' Tabloid'

Equipments only, had

been proved, by earlier experience, to be capable of resisting.

Constant references were made to the adequacy and

efficiency of the equipments supplied.

A WAR CORRESPONDENT'S EQUIPMENT

The late G. VV. STEEVENS' 'TABLOID' Brand MEDICINE CHEST

An equipment of the greatest personal interest is the chest

here illustrated. It was formerly the property of the late

G. W. Steevens, and used by him throughout the war in

Greece, the two Sudan campaigns, and his

journey

in India. G ' w - Steevens

In the South African War the same chest did good service

until this brilliant writer's life was brought to a premature

end during the siege of Ladysmith.

427




IN ARCTIC AND ANTARCTIC EXPLORATION

In the successive heroic endeavours to reach the

Poles, during recent years, and in the exploration of Arctic

and Antarctic lands, 'Tabloid'

Medicine Chests have taken

a pioneer position, and continue to hold supremacy.

The ' Tabloid'

Belts and other Medical Equipments

supplied to NANSEN for his journey in the Frani, Afamous

and those used by the JACKSON-HARMSWORTH ARCTIC journalistic

EXPEDITION, have been added to the historic collectione

of BURROUGHS WELLCOME & Co.

One of the 'TABLOID'

BRAND MEDICINE BELTS carried by NANSEN

on his Arctic Expedition.

The ITALIAN ARCTIC EXPEDITION, commanded by the

DUKE OF THE ABRUZZI, found that, despite the fact that

the northern latitude of 86 33' 49" was reached, the

One of the 'TABLOID' BRAND MEDICINE

CASES, carried by the DUKE OF THE

ABRUZZI'S Polar Expedition.

tijjj

'

Tabloid

'

Medicine Chests and Cases with whichthe Expedition was equipped were brought back with

their remaining contents quite unaffected by the rigour

of the climate.

429 AA




Having passed the farthest eastward point attained by Ross

sixty years before, the explorers discovered a new land,

which they named King Edward VII. Land. One of the

most noteworthy features of the Expedition was the

arduous sledge journey undertaken by the commander,

Captain SCOTT, accompanied by Lieutenant SHACKLETON

and Dr. WILSON. This journey over the ice occupied

three months, and the latitude of 82 17' South was reached.

On sledge journeys the question of weight is of great

moment. The traveller on such occasions must carry

but the barest necessaries, and of these the lightest

procurable. The medicine chest is an important item, for

upon the efficacy of its contents the lives of the explorers

may depend. Every drug carried must be of the utmost

reliability, in the most compact state, and capable of

withstanding an extremely low temperature.

That ' Tabloid'

Medical Equipments fulfil all require-

ments has been proved again and again. They enable the

traveller to carry a comparatively large supply of medicines,and may be used under conditions which would render

the carriage and administration of ordinary preparations

impossible.

Reliability

essential




To the enthusiasm of Sir CLEMENTS MARKHAM, K.C.B.,

then President of the Royal Geographical Society,the

successful organisation of the National Antarctic Expedition

was largely due. Referring to the 'Tabloid' Medical

Equipment of the Discovery, he reports:

National Antarctic Expedition,

I, Savile Kow,

Burlington Gardens, W,

The Medical Equipment of the Exploring Ship of the

National Antarctic Expedition was entirely supplied

by Messrs Burroughs Wellcome & Co., and, proved in

every way most satisfactory.

The few other drugs and preparations which v/ere taken

with the Expedition were only supplied for purposes

of experiment, and, can in no way be regarded as

part of the medical equipment.

432




DR. KCETTLITZ, the Senior Medical Officer to the

Expedition, reports :

Discovery ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION

The Medical Equipment of the Discovery Exploring Ship, of

the National Antarctic Expedition, was entirely supplied by

Messrs. Burroughs Wellcome & Co., mostly in the form of

'Tabloid,''

Soloid'

and'

Enule'

preparations.

The preparations proved in every way most satisfactory, and there

was no deterioration of any of them, in spite of the conditions of

climate and temperature to which they were exposed. The few other

drugs and preparations which were taken with the Expedition were

only taken for the purpose of experiment.

The cases supplied by Burroughs Wellcome & Co. to us have

also been found satisfactory ;the small leather one was very useful

upon sledge journeys, being light and compact. The No. 251'

Tabloid'

Case was used for some weeks at the camp eleven

miles north of the ship, when the whole ship's company was

engaged in sawing and blasting the ice, and it was found very

convenient.

The other cases were useful in our cabins, etc. .for a handy supply.

BRITISH ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION, 1907-9

SIR ERNEST H. SHACKLETON on his memorable voyagewith the Nimrod, when he penetrated to within ninety-

seven miles of the South Pole, took with him as his sole

medical equipment'

Tabloid'

Medicine Chests and Cases,

and the subjoined reports show that under the trying and

difficult conditions of Antarctic exploration'

Tabloid'

Medicines maintained their reputation for efficiency and

stability.

British Antarctic Expedition, 1907-9

Copy of Report dated Sept. 17, 1909 :

The British Antarctic Expedition, 1907-9 was equipped with avery complete Medical Equipment contracted for solely by Messrs.

Burroughs Wellcome & Co., and consisting of 'Soloid' and'

Tabloid'

Preparations, which are the only forms that can be

conveniently carried and preserved under such conditions.

433




The packets of compressed Dressings are in extremely convenient

form. The Congo Cases (No. 251, 'Tabloid' Brand) were always

used when at our base, and both the party of three who reached the

South Magnetic Pole, and the party under Lieut. Shackleton, who

attained a point 97 miles from the geographical South Pole, carried a

brown leather'

Tabloid'

Case and all the'

Tabloid'

products that

remain are now in as good condition as when first handed over to mycare two years ago.

The"N'imrod

"was also supplied with 'Tabloid' Cases and

equipment.

The'

Tabloid'

Photographic Outfit supplied by Burroughs

Wellcome & Co. proved entirely satisfactory.

Signed,

British Antarctic Expedition, 1907-9,

KKNKST H. SHACKLETON,

Commander.KKIC P. MARSHALL, M.R.C.S., L.K.C.P.

Surgeon to the Expedition.

The ' Tabloid'

Medicine Case carried

by SIR ERNEST H. SHACKLETON.

Farthest South"

The full record of this Case, as given in the report from the Surgeon

to the Expedition, is printed below.

Copy of Report dated Sept. 17, 1909 :

The B. W. & Co. Brown Leather 'Tabloid'

Case herewith, was

taken with party of six that made the ascent and reached the

summit of Mount Erebus, 13.350 ft., March 5-11. 1908.

Used on Southern Journey under Lieut. Shackleton, *October 28,

1908 March 4, 1909. Latitude 88 23' S. Longitude 162" E.




Distance covered in this journey, 1728 statute miles.

Used on S. Depot Laying Party, from September 20 to October 15,

1908. Distance covered, 311 miles.

Taken on Depot journeys to Hut Point. Aggregating 150 statute

miles.

Medicines quite satisfactory.

Signed.

E. P. MARSHALL, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.,

Surgeon to British Antarctic Expedition, 1907-9

*Reached

"Farthest South

"Jan. 9. 1909

RECORDS OF JOURNALISTS, TRAVELLERSAND SPORTSMENMr. JULIUS PRICE, the special artist and correspondent of

the Illustrated London News, reported that he carried his 30,000 miles

'Tabloid' Medicine Case over 30,000 miles throughArid desert and

Arctic regions, across Siberia, through China, Japan andE^7reme heat

America. Despite the severe wear and tear of this great and cold

journey, the case suffered little damage, and the remaining

contents were quite unaffected by exposure to every variety

of climate.

Another interesting' Tabloid

'

Medicine Chest is that which

belonged to Dr. Charles Burland, who reported that it was

used during a year's journey through Cashmere, Tibet, Buj.^^165

the high ranges of the Himalayas, and encountered a vast

amount of rough usage by transport on the backs of coolies,

elephants, camels, bullocks, etc. Intense cold in high

latitudes on the Himalayas, as well as the heat and moisture

of Indian monsoon weather in the lowlands, equally

failed to affect its contents adversely.

Sir Sven Hedin whose remarkable achievement in the

exploration of Central Asia, when he set foot in one of the

sacred forbidden cities of Tibet, is well known, took with him

on his journey across the Himalayas, a'

Tabloid'

Medicine

Chest, and, in his fascinating book "Trans-Himalaya," he

speaks in the highest terms of the utility and completeness

of the equipment.To this enterprising explorer his 'Tabloid' Medicine

Chest was of great use, not only in providing medical treat-

ment for his followers and himself on their long and




perilous march, but also in his diplomatic relations with the

greatTashi-Lama.

We are indebted to the courtesy of his publishers, Messrs.

Macmillan, for permission to quote the following description

by Sir Sven Hedin of the presentation of his'

Tabloid'

Medicine Chest as an offering of friendship, in accordance

with Oriental custom, to the venerated chief of the Buddhist

religious community at Tashi-Lunpo:

" ' Bombo Chimbo'

[the name by which Dr. Sven Hedin

was known],

we know that you are a friend of the Tashi-Lama and we are at your service."

' ' When we had conversed for two hours I made a move

to leave him, but the Tashi-Lama pushed me back on to a

chair and said,'

No, stay a little longer.' Now was the

time to present my offering. The elegant English

Medicine Case was taken out of its silk cloth, opened

and exhibited, and excited his great admiration and

lively interest; everything must be explained to him.

The hypodermic syringe in its tasteful case, with all

its belongings, especially delighted him. Two monks of the

medical faculty were sent for several days running to write

down in Tibetan the contents of the various ' Tabloid'

boxes and the use of the medicines."

TABLOID' MEDICAL EQUIPMENT FOR A

SPORTING TOUR

MR. ROOSEVELT IN AFRICA

Mr. Roosevelt on the occasion of his famous shooting

expedition into Africa, took with him, in accordance with

the precedent set by so many travellers in the Dark

Continent, a " Congo " No. 251 'Tabloid'

Medicine Chest.

His Medical Officer, Colonel E. A. Mearns, upon the return

of the party, pronounced the outfit"very satisfactory

and useful."

436




From almost all parts of the globe similar testimony to the

durability and utility of ' Tabloid'

equipments comes to

hand, two typical reports are appended :

Extract from the report of R. F. RAND, Esq., M.D.,

F.R.C.S., Principal Medical Officer, British South Africa

Company :

We have had Burroughs Wellcome & Co.'s "Congo" Chests,

fitted with'

Tabloid'

medicines, in daily use during the occupation

of this country. They have proved of inestimable service.

Extract from the report of the late W. H. CROSSE, M.D.,

M.R.C.S., Principal Medical Officer, British Royal Niger

Company :

All these'

Tabloid'

drugs are so good it is impossible for me to

speak more highly of one than another. They are all of the very

best quality, each drug is accurately described, and reliable.

To the traveller these preparations are simply invaluable, and

I would strongly advise everyone coming out to the Tropics

to get a full supply of'

Tabloid'

medicines.

BURROUGHS WELLCOME & Co. have for many years made

a special study of the requirements of travellers and

expeditions,not

onlyin

respectof

compactness, portabilityand permanence, but also in the selection of remedies study of medicines

necessary to combat the maladies prevalent in every clime,s"lta>le for every

from the Arctic to the Antarctic. In the course of their

long experience in the medical equipment of exploring,

military and sporting expeditions they have acquired a large

fund of special information on this subject, which is always

at the service of medical practitioners who may be called

upon to act as expeditionary medical officers, or to give

advice as to the supplies necessary for any climate.

' Tabloid' Brand Medicine Cases contain, in a small

space, a complete outfit of pure drugs in doses of extreme

accuracy. They can be carried in the pocket, in the EmerKency CasesJ

for pocket,

carnage or motor-car, or on the cycle, their contentscycle, motor or

being always ready for use in emergencies. They are carriage

specially valuable to the country practitioner, who is often

called upon to cover long distances, and who would

experience great difficulty in carrying or obtaining supplies

of such medicines as he may desire to administer

promptly, were it not for the convenience and portability

of' Tabloid

'

Brand Medicine Cases.

437



?&e ' TABLOID' BRAND

PLEATED COMPRESSED

BANDAGES AND DRESSINGS

Pleated Compressed Bandages and Dressings were originated

and introduced by Burroughs Wellcome & Co.

TABLOID' BANDAGES AND DRESSINGS provide the means

of applying strictly scientific treatment, and, in cases of

accident, enable those on the spot to render first-aid treat-

ment should medical assistance be unavailable or

delayed. Their use in such emergencies may prevent

serious complications which frequently arise in minor

accidents, and from the neglect of wounds, abrasions, etc.

Graphic representation showing relative bulk of an ordinary

and a'

Tabloid'

Bandage, each 6 yds. x .2-1 2 in.

(One-half actual size)

Ideal for

general

' TABLOID'

Bandages and Dressings are made of materials

of the finest quality, very highly compressed. Each is

enclosed in an efficient protective covering, thus securing

freedom from all risk of contamination. For all purposes,

whether at home or when travelling, they are superior

to the ordinary varieties and their advantages are obvious.

NOTE. A further important advance, original with B. W. & Co.,

is the issue of these 'Tabloid' Bandages and Dressings sterilised.



"The strong thing is the just thing"

Carlyle

'

Tabloid'

marks the work of

Burroughs Wellcome and Company.

The use of the word is to enable

the prescriber, dispenser and patient

to get the right thing with one short

word, instead of the firm's long name.

If another maker apply the word

to his product, the act is unlawful.

'

Tabloid'

is our trade mark.

If a vendor disregard it, in dispens-

ing or selling, the act is unlawful

for the same reason.

We prosecute both offenders rigor-

ously, in the interest of prescribers,

dispensers, patients and ourselves.

Please inform us of any instance

of either offence.


439



440



Bv CHEMICAL I N i> r s T K v \V K T H R i v K



o '-'



BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF WELLCOME C 1. 1/ B AND INSTITUTE

BUILDINGS AND GROUND s

442



THE WELLCOME CLUB AND INSTITUTE

And all this house was peopled fair

With sweet attendance, so that in each part

With lovely sights were gentle faces found,

Soft speech and willing service ;each one glad

To gladden, pleased at pleasure, proud to obey."

Sir Edwin Arnold



The true veins of wealth are purple not

in rock, but in fleshand the final out-

come and consummation of all wealth is

in producing as many as possible full-

breathed, bright-eyed and happy-hearted

creatures."

Ruskin

444



OBJECTS OF THE WELLCOME CLUB AND

INSTITUTE

From the first, Welfare Work has been a special feature

with the firm. This Club and Institute is a part of the

general scheme, and was founded for the benefit of the

employees of BURROUGHS WELLCOME & Co., amongst

whom are included a large number of professional scientific

workers. The premises consist of the old manor house

formerly known as Acacia Hall, together with other

buildings which provide libraries, reading rooms, assembly

rooms and a gymnasium. These are surrounded by an

extensive park through which the river Darent runs.

The objects of the club are to promote harmony and

happy social intercourse amongst the employees and to

supply them with a pleasant resort out of business hours

to encourage mental and physical recreation by means of

music, literary and other entertainments, technical and

other instruction classes with occasional lectures, and

athletics, field sports and games.

The Executive Committee of the club regulates the

conduct of the club and controls the use of the river

for boating, swimming, fishing, etc., as well as the

gymnasium, library, museum, baths, sports fields, games

and various other features. All suitable technical journals

and a large selection of newspapers, magazines, etc., aie

available in the reading rooms.

All

employeeswilling to attend the DARTFORD TECHNICAL

INSTITUTE have their fees paid, and the firm gives

prizes through the Institute for proficiency in the technical

subjects in which it is interested.



the

only

INAUGURATION OF THE

WELLCOME CLUB AND

INSTITUTE, JUNE 24, 1899

(Reprint from Press Report)

NE of the most interesting events which

have taken place in the town of Dartford

for many years past was the opening of

the Wellcome Club and Institute. When

it is remembered that the prosperity of

the town is so closely identified with that

of its greatest industry, it is not surprising

that Saturday's event evoked so muchenthusiasm throughout the district. Messrs.

Burroughs Wellcome & Co. have always

been recognised as model employers, and

events of the day bore eloquent testimony not

to this kindly consideration of the welfare of

their employees, but also to the precision, exactness and

marvellous organisation which have always characterised

their work.

The club has been founded by Mr. Wellcome, the head

of the firm, to provide the employees with opportunities

for recreation, and for promoting technical education.

With these ends in view, he acquired the Manor House,

commonly known as Acacia Hall, together with its beautiful

and extensive grounds, through which flows the river

Darent. The manor house itself and the adjoining

buildings have been elaborately fitted and furnished to

meet the new requirements. A large gymnasium and

extensive baths and lavatories with the most perfect modern

fittings have been built, and the grounds beautifully laid

out for the purposes of enjoyment and recreation.



WELLCOME CLUB AND INSTITUTE

No pains or expense have been spared in any direction,

and it is doubtful if there is any body of employees in

the world which can boast of so magnificent a club and

pleasure park.

THE DAY'S PROCEEDINGS

The proceedings on Saturday were favoured with perfect

weather, and great credit is due to those responsible for

the arrangements, which were admirably carried out. At

iia.m., immediately after the special train conveying

the London visitors steamed into Dartford station, the

day's programme commenced with a fire drill at the

firm's works and laboratories. From the station plat-

form an excellent view was obtained. Sir Hiram Maxim,

the distinguished engineer, who was present, timed the

display and stated that the streams of water from four

principal points were in full play within two minutes of

the sounding of the alarm which called out the firemen.

SERVICE AT THE PARISH CHURCH

The company then proceeded to the historic old

Parish Church, which was quickly filled by the visitors

and the firm's employees. The service, conducted by the

Rev. E. P. Smith, Vicar of Dartford, was, although

simple and undenominational in character, a beautiful

and impressive ceremony, in which were appropriately

included the following texts :

"Bear ye one another's burdens, and so fulfil the law of

Christ." Gal. vi. 2.

"And that ye study to be quiet, and to do your own business

and to work with your own hands, as we commanded you ;that ye

may walk honestly towards them that are without, and that ye mayhave lack of nothing." / Thess. iv. It and 12.

The service over, the party, headed by visitors

and the principal members of the staff, accompaniedMr. Wellcome from the church to the gates of the club,

where Mr. Sudlow, the general manager, presented his

chief with a golden key.




Mr. Sudlow said: "Mr. Wellcome, the members of

the

managementin London and at Dartford

beg youracceptance of this key as a memento of this very

interesting occasion."

Mr. Wellcome unlocked and swung open the gates,

saying:"

I declare this Club and Institute now open, and

may God bless and prosper it." The visitors were then

conducted over the club buildings and through the grounds,

which were much admired.

THE LUNCHEON

At 12.30 an adjournment was made for luncheon. About

eleven hundred sat down to an excellent repast in an

enormous marquee erected in the club grounds, all the

company, except a few visitors, being employees and

wives of employees. Mr. Wellcome acted as chairman

and Mr. Sudlow as vice-chairman. After the loyal toasts

THE TOAST OF THE DAY

" THE EMPLOYEES SUCCESS TO THE WELLCOME CLUB

AND INSTITUTE"

THE CHAIRMAN said :

" Most of those assembled here

to-day are employees of the firm. People often speak to

me with wonderment at the good relations which exist

between the firm and its employees, and the explanation

which I have always been able to give in reply to such

comments is that there is mutual consideration. It is and

always has been the policy of the firm to consider the

welfare of everyone associated with it, and by our bearing,

our warmth of feeling, and our interest in the welfare of

our employees we have won consideration from them ; andwe have a corps of employees, which, I am proud to say,

I believe surpasses any similar body of people employed by

any other firm in the world.




"By our care in selecting those who possess not alone the

requiredtalents and

qualifications,but

whoare also in

heartysympathy with us in our unique work, and by fostering

mutual regard, we secure not only the hand work, but the

heart work, of those who are associated with us. Wehave not only efficiency and devoted zeal amongst our great

chiefs who form our Managerial Staff, and in the

distinguished Directors of my Chemical Research Labora-

tories and of the Physiological Research Laboratories,

but also expert workers as Heads of Departments, and

again in the personnel of their staffs, and yet again amongst

the rank and file. I must pay a special tribute to the

efficiency of the Ladies' Departments, so ably presided

over by the talented Lady Superintendent, ably supported

by a highly-qualified staff of lady assistants, some of whom

are efficient scientific workers.

"It is peculiarly gratifying to me to-day, in inaugurating

this club, to feel that I meet with those associated with me

heart to heart. A strong spontaneous expression has come

to me from the employees, which accords perfectly with myown ideas and sentiments, that this club should not be

regarded as a charitable institution, but should be self-

supporting. I want it to be a resort and meeting-place

for the promotion of harmony and happiness amongst the

employees an institution for mental and physical recreation

and development, where all shall be knitted closer together

in personal friendship. I am certain that a charitable

institution, or what is usually so-called, is not what we

want. None of the employees of Burroughs Wellcome & Co.,

I am thankful to say, are in need of charity. They are

self-respecting, self-reliant and self-supporting, and I want

them always to continue so. I am doing, and shall do,

all I can practically to facilitate the work of organisation

and equipment. The premises, suitably furnished and

maintained, I amvery

gratified to offer for the purposes

of the club and institute.

"I rely upon the members working hand in hand and heart

to heart to make a success of this institution on a self-



->- -^ --- "-x -*^k r--V v

**/i T'

'

'if*

*W*/*

-,.,f

B R I !> G E OVER THE D A R E X T

Connecting the lawn with the orchard, garden and playing fields

454




supporting basis. It is my strong desire that every employee

will become a member of the club and institute. We shall

have an administrative committee, but also every member

of the club should regard himself or herself as a member

of a grand committee with duties to perform. It is

essential to the success of this club that the members

should all strive to bury every selfish desire in order to

promote the happiness of their associates. We had some

beautiful texts this morning during the inaugural service

at the church. I want to recall one' Bear ye one

another's burdens.' We know that those who seek their

own selfish gratification in this world are the least happy,

and those who try to bear each other's burdens and to

assist each other, get the greatest happiness to be found in

this life. Following such a course requires self-sacrifice,

and I hope everyone will keep this text in view, and that

it will be the first and constant thought and endeavour

of members of this club and institute to make others happy.

"I cannot sufficiently express to the members of the

Management at London and Dartford, who have presented

me with a golden key with which to unlock the gates of

this club and institute, how deeply touched I am by this

expression of their kindness. I am always receiving kind

consideration and support from these, my valued associates.

I shall always treasure this jewel. Those beautiful giant

storks, in antique bronze, which grace the fountain

immediately within the entrance to the grounds, were

presented to us by Mr. Lloyd Williams, of the \Vorks

Management. We all deeply appreciate his generous gift

of these superb works of art. Let us drink heartily the

toast' The Employees, and Success to the Wellcome

Club and Institute,' and I associate with the toast the

name of Mr. R. Clay Sudlow, our esteemed General

Manager, the oldest member of our staff, and my

invaluable right-hand support in the direction of thisbusiness."

MR. R. CLAY SUDLOW replied: "Before I refer to

the toast that has been so very kindly proposed from the



THE GARDEN CREEK

Is a tributary of the Darent, dividing the orchard from the kitchen garden




chair, I believe I shall be expressing the feelings not

only of the employees, whom I am very proud to represent,but also of the visitors who have honoured us with

their presence, when I say how glad we are to have

Mr. Wellcome with us to-day in renewed health. He is

the hardest worked and the hardest working member of

our large community, and it is a matter for very sincere

rejoicing that, after another twelve months of incessant

thought and labour in the conduct of this business,

he is able to preside over us on this unique occasion,

this red-letter day in the annals of the firm, with his

accustomed force and vigour.

"I cannot but think that the knowledge gained by us

here this morning as regards the extent of the provision made

for our comfort and happiness, of the advantages and

privileges secured to us by this club and institute, is a

perfect revelation. The idea of this club, as we all

know, originated with Mr. Wellcome. It is absolutely

his creation, and we owe him a very deep and lasting debt

of gratitude for the initiation of the scheme, and for the

immense amount of thought and study that he has so

ungrudgingly given, in order to make this club perfect

and complete in every detail.

"If I mistake not, our visitors have already come to

the conclusion that to be an employee of the firm of

Burroughs Wellcome & Co.is

to occupy a very happyand a verv privileged position. As the oldest member

of that body next year I shall attain my majority

in Mr. Wellcome's service I am glad to assure our

visitors that their conclusion is an absolutely just one.

Mr. Wellcome has proved himself a master whom it

is at once a pride, a pleasure, and an honour to serve,

and there are many of us here present to-day who,

having given him our best, feel that we fall very short

of the service that we would desire to render him.

" Mr. Wellcome, you have told us that you do not want,

and that you do not look for thanks, but I do hope that

457



THE SPORTS FIELD

The first of the playing fields

458




you will allow us to express our very deep appreciation of

your generous kindnessin

placingthis

clubat

our disposal,of the personal feeling you have thrown into the under-

taking by loaning to the club many of those treasures

that you have been at such pains during many years to

collect, and of your friendly goodwill in allowing us, in

accordance with our unanimous wish, to call this club by

your own name. We sincerely hope that you will be spared

for many years to witness, and to rejoice in, the complete

fulfilment of the high ideal that you have formed with

regard to your employees and may that realisation be

brought about in a great measure by means of the

Wellcome Club and Institute, so happily and so successfully

inaugurated to-day."

TOAST: "THE FIRM."

PROFESSOR JOHN ATTFIELD, F.R.S., said : "I have the

great honour of asking you to drink to the continued

prosperity of the firm of Messrs. Burroughs Wellcome & Co.

I assume that everyone present is interested in the leading

work of this firm, which is the association of scientific and

commercial pharmacy.

"The firm is distinguished in many ways. It is dis-

tinguished for its progressive spirit. I look at the various

journals of pharmacy and medicine that are published in our

Colonies and India, as well as those published in the United

Kingdom, and I never take up one but I find the mention,

and sometimes a very long mention too, of this firm.

A second great characteristic of the firm is the entire

reliability of all the articles it sends out I am sure no one

could have followed its development without noticing the

wonderful originality that has always characterised it; and

I may add that all this is chiefly due to the present

head of the firm, Mr. Wellcome, and his wonderful skill in

organisation in every department."Talking of organisation, we who are here to-day as

visitors, must, I am sure, have been charmed by the

evidence of organisation which we have seen from the time



-160




we left Charing Cross till the present moment. The great

comfort of the

arrangementsof that

specialtrain that was

provided for us; and, when we had arrived at Dartford

station, the very interesting fire alarm drill, with its

wonderful evidence of promptitude and precision ; the

extremely beautiful and, I may add, poetic inauguration

service at the church, and the interesting, though it has

been termed formal, opening of the Club and Institute,

by Mr. Wellcome. I was very proud indeed, seeing that

I have known the principals of the firm for so many years,

and have watched their progress, to be the first

one welcomed on this occasion by Mr. Wellcome when he

opened the gates with that beautiful golden key, which

has been presented to him by his managers.

"I feel sure you will respond to this toast for, perhaps, a

deeper reason than I have offered you up to the present time,

and this is the spirit which characterises this firm from

beginning to end, and which I take to be, first, the promotion

of scientific and commercial research, and secondly, the

promotion of good-fellowship amongst all the employees.

Now, here I venture to speak, as Mr. Wellcome said, from

the heart to the heart, because of my extreme interest in all

that relates to research in pharmacy and the promotion of

friendly intercourse amongst those who follow that calling.

It is now 36 years since a few of us assembled in a very

small room at Newcastle, and ventured to start an association

(The British Pharmaceutical Conference) having objects

which I find reflected here to-day that is, the promotion of

research in connection with pharmacy, and the promotion

of good fellowship amongst the followers of that calling.

I allude to it as I want to remind you once more that

the objects of that society, which we ventured to set

forth as objects that could be followed by the principals

and by the employees of every pharmacy in this

country,are the

principleswhich are so

successfullyprosecuted by the firm of Burroughs Wellcome & Co.

"I cannot but rejoice and congratulate Mr. Wellcome on

the fact that, in addition to his organisation of scientific



462




and commercial research coupled with good fellowship, as

indicated

bythis club, financial success, which has been

abundantly deserved, has been realised.

"I must allude, before I sit down, to one other great

pleasure that has forced itself upon me, though I must

not say much about it, because a compliment to myself

is in it, and that is that in every department of this great

firm I find myself here to-day welcomed by my old pupils.

Their merits have been realised by this firm, and I can

assure them, though I am perfectly certain they need

no such assurance, that the men they have obtained from

the Bloomsbury Square Laboratories and Lecture Rooms

were some of our brightest ornaments during the whole

time I was connected with that Institution, viz., from 1863

to 1896. I come here and I find Mr. Lloyd Williams,

Dr. Jowett, Mr. Carr, and many others but really they

are too numerous to mention all old students who

distinguished themselves at Bloomsbury Square, nowoccupying prominent and responsible positions in this firm.

" On all these grounds and you will see I have

given you a wealth of reasons I heartily offer the toast of

Messrs. Burroughs Wellcome & Co., and I will associate

with the toast the name of the chief ornament of the firm,

Mr. Henry S. Wellcome."

Mr. WELLCOME replied :

" No one could fail to be

deeply gratified by the honour Professor Attfield has done

to our firm and to me. I, as a youth, took my first lessons

in chemistry from Professor Attfield's text-book. This great

master led my first steps in gaining a knowledge of

chemistry, and I feel it a peculiar honour that he should

have paid such a tribute to the results of the efforts to

which I have devoted my life.

"Professor Attfield touched upon one feature of our

work which is especially dear to me, that is my two

Scientific Research Laboratories. We are sometimes asked



464




to say more about what is being done there. Our products

constantly indicate to the profession important results. Butyou are not likely to learn the details of all our doings in

the outside world. There is much extremely important

work going on in these research laboratories of the

highest scientific and practical importance work that is

satisfactory to us as marking progress and which promises us

still greater advancement. The greatest work is sometimes

done silently."

TOAST: "THE PRESS AND VISITORS."

THE CHAIRMAN said :

" We are honoured by the presence

of distinguished visitors from the four quarters of the

globe, and some of these are old and intimate personal

friends of mine, who have strengthened me in my work

by their counsel and their friendship. There are those of

the Press here who have not failed when we have done

anythingthat merited it to chronicle it, and this has

been greatly to our advantage. We have only asked to be

treated on our merits, and we have been treated justly by

the Press. I will ask you to drink very heartily to the toast

of The Press and the Visitors, connecting with the toast

the name of Dr. Creasy, of the British Medical Journal."

DR. CREASY replied :

"It is a very great privilege to be

the guest of a firm like this. It is a privilege, moreover,

because this firm is one that has gained, and gained rightly,

the highest repute in the world for good scientific work of

every description. What the Press says is only what is

due to the splendid work that is done by the firm."

ENTERTAINMENTS

Shortly after luncheon an adjournment was made to the

sports field for a pretty floral maypole dance by a group of

lady employees. This was followed by athletic sports,

most of the events of which were very keenly contested and

watched with intense interest. Tea was then served in the

great marquee.




In the evening there were well-contested aquatic sports,

and a graceful and artistic musical bicycle ride

by ladyemployees, the cycles being elaborately decorated with

flowers. The presentation of the prizes followed, and the

day's entertainment culminated in a magnificent display

of fireworks and an illumination of the grounds. The

twinkling of hundreds of fairy lights effectively arranged

throughout the grounds, the glow of Chinese lanterns

everywhere among the trees, and the flood of coloured light

from the fireworks, combined to form an entrancing spectacle,

which was further enhanced by the quivering reflections

in the river and lake. It formed a delightful setting to the

final events of a day which was as enjoyable as it was

unique in the history of chemical industry.

The absolute precision with which every item in the

programme, from early morning until nearly midnight,

was carried out, was evidence of a most complete and

painstaking organisation, and was commented upon by

scientific visitors as typical of the firm's remarkable

scientific exactness in other directions.

The Wellcome Club and Institute thus happily in-

augurated in 1899 has continued to thrive during the last

twelve years, and has formed an attractive centre for social

recreation and intellectual intercourse for the employees of

the firm. Associated with it are now several subsidiary

societies and sports clubs, all conducted by committees

appointed by their respective members, and affording a

congenial sphere of activity for widely differing tastes.

These include the Philharmonic, Photographic and Horticul-

tural Societies, the Hockey Club, the Ladies' Hockey Club,

Croquet, Tennis and Cricket Clubs. There is also a verysuccessful Book Club and Entertainment Committee which

periodically concerns itself with fetes, garden parties, con-

certs and other social events.



469



470



472



473



474



476



477



WHOLESALE CHEMISTS' AND DRUGGISTS' CRICKET

CHAMPIONSHIP, LONDONWon by the WELLCOME CRICKET CLUB five years in succession

During these five years the Club's record in the championship

matches was

Won 31 Drawn 1 Lost 3

At the end of the five years the Club withdrew from competition



THE

GREEKTEMPLE




INDEX

PAGE

Abercromby, Sir Ralph ... 129

Aberdeen, The Earl of ... 163

Aconite in flower ... ... 406

Adamson, Sir Harvey 1H6

Adapa 280

Aeroplane (Bleriot) used by

Grahame-White 387

Aeroplane (Cody) 385

Aeroplane (Howard Wright)

used by Sopwith ... ... 388

Aeroplanei

Keith-Davies) ... 38H

Agra and Oudh, The United

Provinces of 182, 183

Airship"Clement-Bayard II." 382

Airship, The"America "

... 383

Airship. The" Willows

"... 384

Alberta 235,236

Albert-Azzo II 10

Albinus 36

Alexandra, H.M. the Queen,

with herfamily

16

Alfred the Great 84

Allardyce, W. L., Esq. ... 221"America "

Airship 383

Amherst, Lord 119

Antient King, Coronation of 60

Anderson, Sir John 191

Anglo-Saxon Coronation Stone 44

Anson, Lord George 118

Anti-tetanus Serum 324

Antitoxin Units 315

Antivenene 323

Apparatus for Distillation

XV century 290

Aquatic Sports 473

Arctic and Antarctic Explorations,

Medical Equipments in ... 428

Ashanti 423

Ascension 220, 221

Asquith, The Rt. Hon. H. H. 156

Australia 255

Aviators, First-Aid for ... 377Awards . .. 376

Bacterial Vaccines

Bactericidal Sera

Bahamas

... 328

... 326

239, 240

PAGE

Baker, Sir E.N 181

Balfour, The Rt. Hon. A. J . 162

Barbados 244

Barber Surgeon's Shop ... 284

Basutoland 204

Beaconsfield, Earl of 136

Bechuanaland 205

Bekwai.The King of 396

Belladonna 402-404

Bell, Sir H. Hesketh 214

Benbow, Admiral 117

Bengal 180, 181

Beresford, Admiral Lord ... 148

Bermuda 250,251

Birrell, Rt. Hon. Augustine ... 160

Blake, Admiral US

Blood-Pressure Tracings 342, 344

Bombay 179,180

Borneo 193

Bosanquet, Admiral Sir W. H. 261

Botha, General Louis197

Boyle, Sir Cavendish 219

Bridge over the Darent ... 454

British Empire 153,154

British Guiana 246-248

British Honduras ... 248-250

British Isles 155-166

Brooke, Rajah194

Brooks, Ernest, Photographer 394

Methods of Development ... 399

Brunswick, House of 10

Buckingham Palace 20

Buddhism, The Rise of ... 173

Bulyea, Hon. G. H. V. ... 236

Burland, Dr. Charles 435

Burma 185, 186

Burroughs Wellcome & Co.

Foreign & Colonial Houses of

364, 366, 368, 370

Burroughs Wellcome & Co.,

London Offices of 362

Burroughs Wellcome & Co.,

The work of 361

Calcutta 174

Campbell, Colin 135

479



PAGE

Canada 225

Canute, Coronation of ... 55

Cape of Good Hope ... 199, 200

Cape Town 198

Carmichael, Sir T.D.G., Bt. 260

Carpenter. Captain G. ... 221

Central Africa, Medical

Equipments in 416

Central Provinces and

Berar 186, 187

Certainty in Photographic

Exposure 392

Ceylon 188, 189

Chamberlain, Joseph 140

Chamberlain, Rt. Hon. Austin 164

Charles 1 100

Charles II 101

Charles II., Coronation of ... 73

Chavez, Sefior 381

Chelmsford, Lord 259

China, Medical Equipments in 424

Chinese Barber at Work ... 396

Churchill, Rt. Hon. W. S. ... 158

Clarke, Sir G. S 179

"Clement-Bayard II." ... 382

Clive.Lord ... 122, 123, 176

Club House ... 446, 450, 460

Cody, Mr. S. F. and his

Aeroplane 385

Cold Storage Chamber ... 252

Colonial Conference, The ... 252

Colour effects by Staining

Photographs, Illustrations of

opposite page 400

Commons, The House of ... 27

Compressed Drugs, History of 374

Connaught, H.R.H the Dukeof 18

Connaught, H.R.H. the Duke

of, at the Grave of Cecil

Rhodes 394

Cook, Captain 128

Coronation, Antient Egyptian 50

Coronation Chairs 45, 46Coryndon, R. T., Esq. ... 206

Creagh, General Sir O'Moore 177

Crowns, Some Famous ... 42

Cyprus 169, 170

DaguerreDalhousie, Marquis of

Dane, Sir Louis W. ...

Datura Metel

David, Coronation of...

Davison, W. E., Esq....

Dhanwantari

Denham, Hon. D. F. ...

Denton, Sir G. C.

Developer,'

Rytol'

...

De Waal, His Honour N.

Digitalis

Diphtheria Statistics ...

Diploma, A XVI century

Drake, Sir Francis

Dudley, The Earl of ...

Dumb-bell Exercises ...

F.

PAGE

293

139

184

406

51

220

283

263

208

392

199

405

317

286

114

254

470

Early British King, Corona -

tion of 53

Early King, Coronation of ... 54

East Africa Protectorate215,

216

Eastern Bengal and Assam

181, 182

East India Company 176

Edgar, Coronation of ... 56

Edward 1 92

,, Coronation of ... 64

Edward II 93


Edward III 94

. 95

. 97

. 71

. 108

80,81

85

Edward IV

Edward VI

,, Coronation of

Edward VII

,, Coronation of

Edward the Confessor

,, ,, Coronation of 57

Egerton, Sir Walter 212

Egypt, Medical Equipmentsin 420

Egyptian Medical Equipment,

Antient 410Elizabeth 98


Emin Pasha 419

English King, Coronation of 61



PAGE

Equipments, First-Aid ... 375

Equipments, Medical 374, 375

Ergot, Active principles

of 341, 346

Falkland Islands ... 221, 222

Fiji 270, 271

Fire Brigade 440

Firelight Study, opposite page 401

Fisher, Admiral Lord ... 147

Flights by Airship or

Aeroplane 379-389Forget, Hon. A. E 235

Frere, Sir Bartle 138

Frobisher, Sir Martin ... Ill

Gallwey, Lieut.-Col. Sir H.L. 222

Gambia 208, 209

Garden Creek, The 456

George I. 103

,,Coronation of ... 75

George II 104

George III 105,, Coronation of ... 76

George IV 106

,,Coronation of ... 77

George V., H.M. the King ... 13

Lineage of ... 9

,, Marriage of ... 17

Gibraltar 167

Girouard, Sir E. P. C. ... 216

Gladstone, Viscount 196

Gladstone, Rt. Hon. W.E. ... 137

Glimpse of the Future ... 389

Gold Coast Colony ... 209,210

Good Catch, A 390

Goold-Adams, Sir J. H. ... 170

Gouin, Sir Lomer 231

Grahame-White, Mr. Claude,

and his Aeroplane 387

Grey, Rt. Hon. Earl 226

Grey, Sir Erlvvard 158

Grey-Wilson, Sir William ... 239

Guelphs, The 9

Gueritz, E. P., Esq 193

Gymnastic Exercises 471

Gymnasium and AssemblyRoom 452, 466

PAGE

Haldane, Viscount 160

Halsbury, Lord 164

Harcourt, Rt. Hon. Lewis ... 160

Hardinge, Lord 172

Hare, Sir Lancelot 182

Harold, Coronation of ... 58

Hastings, Warren ... 124, 125

Havelock, Sir Henry 135

Hedin, Sir Sven 435

The Photo-

graphic Equipmentof ... 397

'

Hemisine'

346

Hemlock 404

Henry 1 87

Henry II 89

Henry III., Coronation of ... 63

Henry IV., Coronation of ... 68

Henry VII., Coronation of ... 70

Henry VIII 96

Herbs, The Growth of, under

Expert Supervision 407

Herbs, Variation in 403

Hippocrates 285

Historical Medical Exhibition

281-294

Hockey Match 476

Hodgson, Sir F. Mitchell ... 247

Hong-Kong 189, 190

Hood, Viscount 121

Hunter, Sir Archibald ... 167

Hyoscyamus 405

Incubating Chamber 352India 173

Jackson, Frederick J., Esq. ... 217

Jackson-Harmsworth Arctic

Expedition 429

Jamaica 237, 238

James 1 99

James II., Coronation of ... 74

Jervis, Admiral Sir John ... 130

John 91

Keith-Davies, Mr., and his

Aeroplane 386

Keppel, Viscount 126

King and Queen Consort,

Coronation of 67

481



PAGE

Photography, ModernMethods in 391

"Physicke Garden

"407

Physiological Standardisation,

Necessity for 345

Poles, North and South ... 414

Ponting, H. G., the Photo-

graphic Equipment of, for

the Arctic Expedition ... 397

Prescott-Hewett, Sir John ... 183

Price, Mr. Julius 435

Probyn, Sir Leslie 244

Punjab 184, 185

Quarter-Mile Race 474

Quarter-Staff Display ... 472

Queensland 262, 263

Quebec 230, 231

Raleigh, Sir Walter ... 112, 113

Ramsbottom, His Honour

A. E.W 203

Regalia 43

Rhodes, Cecil 141

Rhodesia 206, 207

Rissik, His Honour J. F. B. 202

Richard 1 90

Richard II., Coronation of ... 66

Roberts, Earl 143

Rodney, Admiral Lord ... 120

Roosevelt, Mr 436

RoyalArms of

England38, 39

Royal Exchange 30

Rundle, General Sir L. ... 169

Sandringham 22

Sadler, Sir James Hayes ... 242

St. Andrew 34

St. David 35

St. George 32

St. Helena 222

St. Paul's Cathedral 28

St. Patrick ... 33

Sarawak 194

Saskatchewan 235

Seychelles 220

Scientific Research, Results of 361

PAGE

Scott, Captain 430,431The Photo-

graphic Equipment of ... 397

Shackleton, Sir Ernest H. ... 433

The

Photographic Equipment of 397

Ships of the Desert 3%Sierra Leone 210, 211

Smythe, His Honour C. J. ... 201

Sports Field, The 458

Solomon, Coronation of ... 52

Sopwith, Mr. T. O. M., and

his Aeroplane 388

Somaliland 214, 215

South Africa, The Union of 197

South Australia ... 261, 262

Stables... 355, 356

Standardisation 403

Standardisation, Methods of 329

Standard, Raising the ... 373

Stanley, Sir H. M 142

Stanley, Sir H. M. ... 415, 417

Steevens, G. W 427

Stephen 88

Stevens, Thomas 421

Stoley, H. C., Esq 204

Straits Settlements 191

Strophanthin 348

Strophanthus 365

Surgical Instruments of the

XV century 287

Swayne,Col. Sir Eric ... 249

Swaziland 205, 206

Sweet-Escott, Sir E. B. ... 241

'

Tabloid'

First-Aid ... 377,378'

Tabloid'

First-Aid

inset between pp. 376, 377'

Tabloid'

Photographic

Chemicals 391'

Tabloid'

Photographic

Outfit 396

Tasmania 263, 264

Taylor, Sir W 192

Thorburn, J.F., Esq 210

Thurm, Sir Everardim ... 273

Tibet, Medical Equipments in 422

483



Verran, Hon. J 261

Victoria 107,260

Victoria, Coronation of ... 79

Wales, H.R.H. the Prince of 15

Ward, Rt. Hon. Sir Joseph G. 269

Wellcome Chemical Research

Laboratories 297-305

Wellcome Chemical Research

Laboratories, Scientific

Papers published by 306-309

' Wellcome'

Chemical Works 360

Wellcome Club and Institute 442

Wellcome Club and Institute,

Opening of 447

' Wellcome '

Exposure Record

and Diary, The 393

PACK' Wellcome

'

Materia Medica

Farm 403-409

Wellcome Physiologi al

Research Laboratories ... 310

Wellcome Physiologica:

Research Laboratories,

Bird's-Eye View of ... 312

Welfare Work 441

Wei-hai-wei 190

Wellesley, the Marquis .. 131

Wellington, the Duke of ... 133

Wellington,. 268

Western Australia ... 265, 266

Western Pacific ... 273, 274

Westminster Abbey 24

Westminster Abbey, Visws of

the Interior . ... 47, 48

Whitney, Hon. Sir J. P. ... 229

William the Conqueror. Coro-

nation of 59

William 1 86

William III 102

William IV. and QueenAdelaide, Coronation of ... 78

Williams, Sir R. Champneys 237

"Willows" Airship 384

Wilson, Sir A. K 146

Wilson, Hon. F 265

Windsor Castle 19

Windward Islands ... 241-243

Wolfe, General 127

Wolseley,Viscount 144



POCKET

iBRARY

DA

32

.3

B87

Burroughs Wellcome & Co,

Crown and realm



m 5

**

$

25 C



IS

s> , 3fc

(1911) crown and realm: a review of the british empire, its builders & rulers

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