19-sep-15 physics 1 (garcia) sjsu chapter 13 liquids
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Apr 19, 2023 Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU
Chapter 13 Liquids
Apr 19, 2023 Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU
Pressure
Pressure is defined as
Pressure =
Metric unit of pressure is Pascal.
1 Pascal = 1 Newtons per square meter
Atmospheric pressure is about 100,000 Pascals
( Force )
( Area )
Apr 19, 2023 Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU
Sample Problem
“Gold” brick is roughly:12 kilograms [Mass]120 Newtons [Weight](0.2 m)x(0.1 m) =
(0.02 m2) [Area]Pressure on surface is(120)/(0.02)
= 6000 Pascals
Note: Atmospheric pressure is about 100,000 Pascals so much more than pressure due to the “gold” brick.
Apr 19, 2023 Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU
Check Yourself
In which case is the pressure greatest? A B
A B
Apr 19, 2023 Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU
Check Yourself
In which case is the pressure greatest? A B
AB
Apr 19, 2023 Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU
Demo: Bed of Nails
One may safely lay or sit on a bed of nails, as long as there are enough nails so that the pressure, measured as force per nail, is small.
Weight of 150 pounds is distributed over 300 nails. Force per nail is ½ lb. Need 5 lb per nail to pierce skin.
Apr 19, 2023 Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU
Pressure in Liquids
Pressure in a liquid depends on depth.
As with bricks, weight of what’s above determines pressure.
High
Medium
Low
High
Medium
Low
Apr 19, 2023 Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU
Demo: Pressure & Weight
A can full of water has holes in the sides through which water comes out.
What happens when you drop the can?
The can is now in freefall and weightless. Water stops flowing as the can falls since the pressure was due to the water’s weight.
Apr 19, 2023 Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU
Buoyancy
Since pressure depends on depth, a submerged object has more force due to pressure below it than above it.
Net effect is to have a net upward force, which we call buoyancy.
Buoyancy
Weight
If weight exceeds buoyancy force then object sinks, otherwise it floats.
Pressure Pressure
Pressure
Apr 19, 2023 Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU
Buoyancy & Depth
For a fully submerged object the buoyancy force does not depend on depth, even though pressure depends on depth.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Buoyancy
Buoyancy
Buoyancy
Apr 19, 2023 Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU
Archimedes’ PrincipleWeight of liquid displaced by floating or submerged
object equals the buoyant force on the object.
Apr 19, 2023 Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU
Demo: Take a Dip
A 1 kg mass (1000 g) submerged in water displaces 150 cm3.
Water has density of 1 g/cm3 so displaced water has mass of 150 grams.
Buoyant force equals weight of 150 grams.
1000 g
1000 g
850 g
150 cc displaced
Beaker ofWater
Apr 19, 2023 Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU
Demo: Floating in the Tub
Buoyant force depends only on the volume of fluid displaced, not on the volume of fluid in which the object is immersed.
Rubber duck floats the same in a little water or in a full beaker of water
Apr 19, 2023 Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU
Check Yourself
?
Place block of wood in the water. Scale reading goes up, down, or stays the same?
50 N
10 N Block
10 N Water
40 N Water
Apr 19, 2023 Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU
Check YourselfUse similar block of petrified wood. Scale reading goes up, down, or stays the same?
?
50 N
30 N Block
10 N Water
40 N Water
Apr 19, 2023 Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU
Check Yourself
Did the designers of this “water bridge” have to account for the weight of ships or just the water?
Apr 19, 2023 Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU
Density & Floating
By Archimede’s principle, a solid object will float if the density of the object is less than the density of the liquid.
Billiard ball (4.0 g/cm3) floating in a cup of mercury (13.6 g/cm3)
Apr 19, 2023 Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU
Demo: Diet or Regular?
What can you say about the density of diet cola as compared with regular cola?
Apr 19, 2023 Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU
Ships
Density of wood is about 0.5 to 0.8 g/cm3 so not surprising that wooden ships float.
Density of iron 7.9 g/cm3. How is it that a battleship can float?
Apr 19, 2023 Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU
Density & Floating, RevisitedWhen an object is not solid then it floats if the average density, (total mass)/(total volume), is less than the density of the liquid.
Solid iron ballVolume: 100 ccMass: 790 gDensity: 7.9 g/cc
Iron ball, 90% hollowVolume: 1000 ccMass: 790 gDensity: 0.79 g/cc
Apr 19, 2023 Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU
Iron Ships, Floating & Sinking
Iron ship floats since it is hollow inside.
If water floods the inside then it sinks.
Apr 19, 2023 Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU
Floating & Liquid Density
The greater the density of a liquid, the greater the buoyant force on objects floating or immersed in the liquid. Floating in Great Salt Lake, Utah is
easy because the lake water is dense due to high concentration of salt.
Apr 19, 2023 Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU
Demo: Hydrometer
Hydrometer is a calibrated float; denser the liquid, the higher the hydrometer floats.
Apr 19, 2023 Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU
Density & Winemaking“Take a look at Diagram A, on the left, which represents a test jar full of must before the yeast is pitched.
Do you see how the hydrometer is floating rather high? This is because the liquid is "heavy" with all the sugar... the hydrometer is pushed up because of this.
As the yeast turns the sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide, the wine becomes lighter (alcohol weighs less per unit volume) and the hydrometer doesn't float as high as it once did. Diagram B (seen on the right) represents a wine that has fermented to dryness and is lighter than water.”
www.grapestompers.com
A B