18616501 history of architecture

7/27/2019 18616501 History of Architecture

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History of Architecture


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Why do we need to study

History of Architecture?


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Having a working knowledge of

Architecture styles is essential. Suchunderstanding deepens the appreciationof design and serves as a basis to fostercreative energies.

Designers study styles of the past andpresent to enrich current environments.

Today's Architecture is aconglomeration of different architectureelements of the past.


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Egyptian (4500-330 BC)

Known for buildingPyramids for kings andpharaohs

Developed TrabeatedConstruction. (Verticalpost support a horizontal

lintel)Used hieroglyphics

Columns perhaps originallymade from papyrus reedslashed together, created

vertical lines, which led tofluting on columns in laterdesigns.


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Egyptian

Used straw for flooring, thereforefurniture was raised on smallblocks so animal-shaped legscould be seen

Motifs included the lotus bud,reeds, papyrus, and lilies


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Greek (3000 BC-150 AD)

Known for their order, proportion, andrefinement of design

Built temples to honour their gods,surrounded by open porticos(porches) and columns

Developed the truss system, atriangulated load-bearingconstruction to allow for slopedroofs.

The triangle formed by the truss is

called a pediment


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Greek

Mastered the art of carvingmarble into a human form.When used for support, thehuman form is called acaryatid


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Roman (750 BC-400 AD)

Known for their engineeringexpertise, particularly thedevelopment of roads andaqueducts adapted from Greekdesigns


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Roman

Developed the concrete archand dome


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Roman

Developed the barrel vault, alsoknown as a tunnel vault or a wagonvault, is an architectural elementformed by the extrusion of a single

curve (or pair of curves, in the caseof a pointed barrel vault) along agiven distance. The curves aretypically circular in shape, lending asemi-cylindrical appearance to thetotal design. The barrel vault is thesimplest form of a vault: effectively

a series of arches placed side byside.


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Roman

Developed pilasters(Columns partially embedded in the walls)


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Tuscan (Similar to Doric but without column fluting)

Composite (Capital combines acanthus leaves and volutes)

Added two classical orders:

Roman Continued


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Gothic (1150 1500 AD)

Gothic architecture has nothing to do with the historicalGoths.

It was a pejorative (derogatory) term that came to beused as early as the 1530s to describe culture that wasconsidered rude and barbaric.

In English seventeenth century usage, Goth was an equivalent of vandal, a savage despoiler with a Germanic heritage and so came to be applied to the

architectural styles of northern Europe before the revivalof classical typed of architecture.


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Gothic architectural featurescommonly associated withecclesiastical design include:

The pointed arch and vault

Tracery(Constructed of net-like decorationsaround upper windows)

GothicGothic style is very ornate and definitely has a unique look


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Gothic

Slender columns in clusters


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Gothic

Buttresses or FlyingButtresses(An architectural structure builtagainst or projecting from a wall

which serves to support orreinforce the wall. Buttresses arefairly common on more ancientbuildings as a means of providingsupport to act against the lateral(sideways) forces arising out ofthe roof structures that lack

adequate bracing.)


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Gothic

Another example of Gothic style

What features can you pick out?


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Baroque (1600-1715)

In the arts, Baroque is a period as well as the style that dominated it. The Baroque style used exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detailto produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture,painting, literature, dance, and music. The style started around 1600 inRome, Italy and spread to most of Europe.

The popularity and success of the Baroque was encouraged by the Roman Catholic Church which had decided at the time of the Council ofTrent that the arts should communicate religious themes in direct andemotional involvement. The aristocracy also saw the dramatic style ofBaroque architecture and art as a means of impressing visitors andexpressing triumphant power and control.

The word baroque derives from the ancient Portuguese noun barroco which is a pearl that is not round but of unpredictable and elaborate shape.Hence, in formal usage, the word baroque can simply mean that somethingis elaborate (Wikipedia.org).


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Baroque

Means Misshapen Pearl

Major influence came from Italyand France

Ornate, symmetrical designs

Flamboyant and heavyproportions


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Baroque


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Baroque


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Colonial SpanishSpanish settlers came to Florida in the 1500's

California Ranch and Colonial mostcommon California evolving SpanishHomes

Red Tile roofs

Low pitched roofs

Stucco

Fountains

Balcony

Arcade (Hallway to the outside)


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Colonial Spanish

Morrish Shapes


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Colonial Spanish

Reja(Can be made out of rod ironor wood. Used as a door or

window that is open so thebreeze can come through thehome)


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Colonial Spanish

Heavy geometric carded doors

Colonial Spanish


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Colonial Spanish

Rod Iron detailing and chandeliers


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Colonial Spanish

Coffered Ceilings


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Colonial Spanish

Tile Risers


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Spanish Santa Fe StyleEarly seventeenth century

Also referred to as Adobe Style.

Colonists of European extraction arrivedin New Mexico early in the seventeenthcentury and began building houses usingthe same methods employed by the localPueblo Indians.

S i h S t F St l


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Spanish Santa Fe Style

Flat Roof

Made of Adobebrick and Mud.Walls are verythick

Rounded Corners

Posts coming outof the walls

S i h S t F St l


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Zapata(Double corbel bracket)

Corbel Bracket

S i h S t F St l


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Niche

BeehiveFireplaces

Spanish Santa Fe Stylealso decorates homeswith mirrors framed withtin and skulls that arehung on the walls


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Tudor Elizabethan and Jacobean Style


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Daub and wattle

(Used in constructinghouses. A wovenlatticework of woodenstakes called watt les isdaubed with a mixtureofclay and sand andsometimes animal

dung and straw tocreate a structure.)

Tudor, Elizabethan and Jacobean Style

Daub and wattlelooks like thiswhen it is

complete

Big Beams

http://wiki/Clayhttp://wiki/Sandhttp://wiki/Sandhttp://wiki/Clay


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Noggin-Brick work in between timber(In carpentry, a noggin, ordwang is a

short length of material, usually wood,inserted between two studs, joists, raftersor similar to brace a frame or to support afixture. It is also the term for a brickworkinfill-panel in timber frame construction.)

http://wiki/Dwanghttp://wiki/Dwang


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Tudor Arch


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What features can you pick out?

Another example of Tudorstyle

Georgian (1745-1799)


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Two main Architects

Inigo Jones Sir Christopher Wren

Georgian


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Georgian

Symmetrical designs exhibiteddignity and formality, reflectingclassic Greek and RomanArchitecture

Chimneys on each side

Central entrance



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Georgian (1745 1799)



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Georgian (1745 1799)

Dormers with pedamits



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g ( )

Widows Captains walk

Pilaster columns



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Coining on the side



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g ( )

CupolaFinial(Used on thetops of cupolaand can be adecoration ontop of apediment)



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Used brass chandlers

Used shell carving for

decoration



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What featurescan you pickout?

Anotherexample ofGeorgianstyle

Neoclassical or Late Georgian (Federal) 1760-1801


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Wanted a new architecture,Thomas Jefferson promotedthis new type of architecture

Architecture inspired byRoman Palladian style; evenmore formal Federal Style

Neoclassical or Late Georgian (Federal)


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Chimneys on eitherside

Crown moulding

over the windows

Woodwork paintedwhite

Used crystalchandeliers



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Rotunda Dome

The Federal styleis a very formaland majestic form

of architecture. Itwas used for thecapital buildings toimpress theleaders of othercountries whenthey came to visit.

Very commanding.



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What features can youpick out?

Another example ofFederal style

(4) American Styles1600-1700


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1. Saltbox

Wooden frame house with a ling,pitched roof that slopes down to theback

One story in the back and twostory's in the front

Flat front and central chimney

Asymmetry of the unequal sidesand the long, low rear roof line arethe most distinctive feature

Shingles

Central doors and chimney

Saltbox


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Another example ofSalt Box style

2. Garrison Style 1600-1700


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Typically is two storieswith the second-storyoverhang in the front

Pendants under theoverhang (pineapple ora corn shape)Chimney at the end

Older garrison homeshave casementwindows with smallpanes of glass, laterversions have double-hung windows

Second-story windowsoften are smaller thanthose on the first floor

2. Garrison Style


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What features canyou pick out?

Another example ofGarrison style

2. GarrisonStyle


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Another example ofGarrison style

3. Gambrel Style 1600-1700


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Symmetrical two-sided roof with twoslopes on each side.

Upper slope ispositioned at ashallow angle while

the lower slope issteep

Creates more headroom because of itsdouble pitched roof

Central chimney anddoors

3. Gambrel Style


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Barns are made after theGambrel style

3. GambrelStyle


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Another example ofGambrel style

4. Cape Cod 1600-1700


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A house covered in

wood with a slopedroof

Central chimney anddoor

Low cottage roof

Also called a rainbowroof

Can be two stories

No overhang

Small paned windows

Plank door

4. Cape Cod


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Another example ofCape Cod style

Colonial DutchEarly 20th CenturyHouses of stone, brick, or

clapboard


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clapboard

Gambrel roof with a line that

breaks near the ridge

Flaring eaves that give theroof a bell shape

Sash windows and doorstypical of mainstream

English/American design

Low doors

Inside decor includes:quilts, simple flowers andvases, hand stitched pillows,

stencils, blue and whitechina, simple furniture,country feel, tulip motif,ducks, ocean, heart theme,used tin for their chandeliers,and blue and white checkerdesign

Colonial Dutch


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Another example ofColonial Dutch style

Swedish


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Known for their log cabins

Hand made furniture

Quilts

Tulip motifs

Painted ceilings

Stencilling

Antler chandeliers

Swedish


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Interior of the log cabin

Swedish


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Italian Stately 1840-1920


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Dominated American houses between 1850-1880

Common in expanding towns and cities in Midwest, and still-growing older cities in Northeast Lest common the South

Very common in San Francisco

Style began in England as part of the picturesque (Romantic)movement: a reaction to formal classical ideas.

In U.S., houses followed the informal, rural models of picturesquemovement. Modified for use as typical main street commercial architecture in Midwest.

Popularised by Andrew Jackson Downing.

Italian Stately 1840-1920


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Porches

Tall narrow buildings

Tall, narrow windows

Commonly arched or

curved windows above

Brackets under the eves

Pediment

Flat roof

Steps going up to the frontdoor

Italian Stately


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Bay Windows

Italian Stately


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Italian Stately


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Italian Stately


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What features canyou pick out?

Anotherexample ofItalian Statelystyle

Queen Anne Victorian 1840-1920


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More asymmetrical

Steps that go up to porch

Collenets (cluster ofcolumns)3rd Floor was either a ballroom or play room

Queen Anne Victorian


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Fish Scale siding



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Ginger bread detail



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What featurescan you pickout?

Another exampleof Queen Annstyle

Arts & Crafts 1860-1920


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A deliberate attempt to expressing surface textures of ordinary materials,

such as stone and tiles, with an asymmetrical and quaint buildingcomposition.

The decline of rural handicrafts, corresponding to the rise of industrializedsociety, was a cause for concern for many designers and social reformers,who feared the loss of traditional skills and creativity

The Home Arts and Industries Association was set up to promote and protectrural handicrafts.

The first American Arts and Crafts Exhibition opened on April 5, 1897, with amandate to develop and encourage higher standards in the handicrafts. The 21 founders were interested in more than sales, and focused on therelationship of designers within the commercial world, encouraging artists to

produce work with the highest quality of workmanship and design.

In essence it was a revolt against machine-made products

Arts & Crafts

Shingle Homes


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Mahogany wood

Have bookcases on eitherside of the fireplace

Cover nail holes with woodpegs

Low pitched roof lines

Large porches

Exposed beams on theoutside of the home

Leaded glass in the doors

Shed Dormer

Green favourite color,green tiles and greenchairs

Arts & Crafts


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Another example ofArts & Crafts style

Art Nouveau 1890-1910


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Style based on nature,employing organicflowing forms

Well know architect is

Antonio Gaudi

Art Nouveau 1890-1910


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Style based on nature,employing organicflowing forms

Well know architect is

Antonio Gaudi

Art Nouveau


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Art Nouveau


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Organic Architecture 1894- Present


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Most famousarchitecture for thisstyle was Frank LloydWright

Developed prairie stylehouses

Characterized by abuilding that appearsto grow out of the land

Art & Vogue or Art Deco 1909-1940

Decorative Style


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Decorative Style

Swirling forms animals and humans

This time period is when poster became popular poster means poor mansart

Worshiped the move stars and movies

Time of glamour, jazz, ballroom dancing

Anything Goes was the motto

Different designs

Checker board designs

Jute box, rumpus rooms, and old coke machines

Introduced the white and black furniture and sky scraper furniture

Art & Vogue or Art Deco


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Skyscraper Furniture

White & Black


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Furniture

International Style (Turn of Century-1950)


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The international style term usually refers to the buildings and architects of

the formative decades of modernism, before World War II. The term had itsorigin from the name of a book by Henry-Russell Hitchcock and PhilipJohnson which identified, categorized and expanded upon characteristicscommon to modernism across the world. As a result, the focus was moreon the stylistic aspects of modernism. The basic design principles of theinternational style thus constitute part of modernism.

Style based on functionalism and purity of line

International Style


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Common materials includedreinforced concrete, stucco,steel, and glass

Stark white finishes

Open floor plan and largeexpanses of glass

International Style


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International Style


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18616501 history of architecture

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