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Page 1: 1857 RevoltMilitary Causes of Revolt of 1857 •1. The Indian military was not a professional military- they were just peasants in uniform. Thus every impact on peasantry had large

1857 Revolt

Page 2: 1857 RevoltMilitary Causes of Revolt of 1857 •1. The Indian military was not a professional military- they were just peasants in uniform. Thus every impact on peasantry had large

The Revolt of 1857Causes of Revolt: 1) Social 2) Economical 3) Political 4) Military 5) Immediate Factor

Social Factors: • Racial discrimination was the

prime factor.• The British were also circumspect

about interfering in the religious and cultural affairs of Indians.

• Some glaring examples of this period are the 1813 Charter Act which conservative Indians viewed as an imposition of Christianity over them.

1857 का विद्रोह

विद्रोह के कारण: 1) सामाविक 2) आवथिक

3) रािनीविक 4) सैन्य 5) ित्काल कारक

सामाविक पररस्थथवि:

नस्लीय भेदभाि प्रमुख कारक था।

भारिीयोों के धावमिक और साोंसृ्कविक मामलोों

में दखल देने के बारे में अोंगे्रि भी चौकस थे।

इस अिवध के कुछ आकर्िक उदाहरण

1813 चार्िर एक्ट हैं िो रूव़ििादी भारिीयोों

को उनके ऊपर ईसाई धमि के वनरे्ध के रूप

में देखा गया।

Page 3: 1857 RevoltMilitary Causes of Revolt of 1857 •1. The Indian military was not a professional military- they were just peasants in uniform. Thus every impact on peasantry had large

• Until 1800, the British were thus not keen to interfere in the social and religious affairs of Indians. But, in the beginning of the 19th Century, the British began to support their bid of social reforms by the methods of legislation.

Economic Factors

• Ever since the grant of Diwani was made to the British in 1765, land revenue became an issue of much burden.

• British Government had imposed ‘pocket area transformation’, that means, introduction of Permanent Settlement in Bengal, Mahalwarisettlement in Central India, and Ryotwari settlement in southern India.

1800 िक, विवर्श इस प्रकार भारिीयोों के

सामाविक और धावमिक मामलोों में हस्तके्षप

करने के इचु्छक नही ों थे। लेवकन, 19 िी ों

शिाब्दी की शुरुआि में, विवर्शोों ने कानून

के िरीकोों से सामाविक सुधारोों की अपनी

बोली का समथिन करना शुरू कर वदया।

आवथिक कारक

िब से 1765 में अोंगे्रिोों को दीिानी का

अनुदान वदया गया, िब से भू-रािस्व बहुि

बोझ का मुद्दा बन गया।

विवर्श सरकार ने area पॉकेर् एररयार््ाोंसफॉमेशन ’लागू वकया था, विसका अथि

है, बोंगाल में थथायी वनपर्ान, मध्य भारि में

महलिारी बस्ती और दवक्षण भारि में

रयोर्िारी बस्ती।

Page 4: 1857 RevoltMilitary Causes of Revolt of 1857 •1. The Indian military was not a professional military- they were just peasants in uniform. Thus every impact on peasantry had large

• These three settlements were highly exploitative, and in particular, the Permanent settlement had created a devastating impact.

• But the high rates of land revenue, ruined the prospects of Indian peasantry.

• Thus the peasants were greatly encouraged to overthrow the British Government from India. The ‘Drain of Wealth’ impoverished peasants and they thus participated actively in the revolt of 1857.

• ये िीन बस्स्तयााँ अत्यवधक शोर्क थी ों, और

विशेर् रूप से, थथायी वनपर्ान ने एक

विनाशकारी प्रभाि पैदा वकया था।

• लेवकन भू-रािस्व की उच्च दरोों ने भारिीय

वकसानोों की सोंभािनाओों को बबािद कर

वदया।

• इस प्रकार भारि से विवर्श सरकार को

उखाड़ फें कने के वलए वकसानोों को बहुि

प्रोत्सावहि वकया गया। 'धन की दुबिल'

वकसानोों को नुकसान हुआऔर उन्ोोंने

1857 के विद्रोह में सविय रूप से भाग

वलया।

Page 5: 1857 RevoltMilitary Causes of Revolt of 1857 •1. The Indian military was not a professional military- they were just peasants in uniform. Thus every impact on peasantry had large

Military Causes of Revolt of 1857

• 1. The Indian military was not a professional military- they were just peasants in uniform. Thus every impact on peasantry had large repercussions in the form of military discontentment.

• 2. The policies followed by Lord Dalhousie and Lord Canning greatly hurt the sentiments of the Indian military.

• The Indian military was already largely discriminated against in terms of salaries, pensions, promotions.

1857 के विद्रोह के सैन्य कारण

• 1. भारिीय सेना एक पेशेिर सेना नही ों

थी- िे वसफि िदी में वकसान थे। इस प्रकार

वकसानोों पर हर प्रभाि के रूप में सैन्य

असोंिोर् के रूप में बडे़ निीिे थे।

• 2. लॉर्ि र्लहौिी और लॉर्ि कैवनोंग के

बाद की नीवियोों ने भारिीय सेना की

भािनाओों को बहुि आहि वकया।

• िेिन, पेंशन, पदोन्नवि के मामले में

भारिीय सेना में पहले से ही काफी

भेदभाि था।

Page 6: 1857 RevoltMilitary Causes of Revolt of 1857 •1. The Indian military was not a professional military- they were just peasants in uniform. Thus every impact on peasantry had large

• Indians were subjugated in the military while their European counterparts faced no such discrimination.

During the time of Lord Canning, two important laws were passed:

• General Service Enlistment Act a) This act meant that if Indian military personnel were posted abroad, they wouldn’t be entitled to get extra allowances.

• b) Thus this act was a jolt to the prospects to the Indian military personnel serving under the East India Company.

• भारिीयोों को सेना में अधीन कर वदया

गया, िबवक उनके यूरोपीय समकक्षोों को

इस िरह के भेदभाि का सामना नही ों

करना पड़ा।

• लॉर्ि कैवनोंग के समय में दो महत्वपूणि

कानून पाररि वकए गए:

• सामान्य सेिा प्रिििन अवधवनयम क) इस

अवधवनयम का अथि था वक यवद भारिीय

सैन्य कमी विदेश में िैनाि थे, िो िे

अविररक्त भते्त पाने के हकदार नही ों होोंगे।

• b) इस प्रकार यह अवधवनयम ईस्ट इोंवर्या

कों पनी के अधीन काम करने िाले

भारिीय सैन्य कवमियोों के वलए एक झर्का

था।

Page 7: 1857 RevoltMilitary Causes of Revolt of 1857 •1. The Indian military was not a professional military- they were just peasants in uniform. Thus every impact on peasantry had large

Religious Disabilities Act a) For Indian soldiers, the belief was that if they crossed the ocean, they would lose their religion. They would thus be socially ostracized.

b) Thus, Hindu soldiers skipped appointments that involved serving in a foreign land.

c) But, after the passing of the “Religious Disabilities Act”, they would have to compulsorily take the appointment, otherwise, they would lose their job.

d) At the same time, the use of religious symbols in the military were also restricted.

• धावमिक विकलाोंग अवधवनयम क) भारिीय

सैवनकोों के वलए, यह विश्वास था वक यवद िे

महासागर को पार करिे हैं, िो िे अपना धमि

खो दें गे। इस प्रकार िे सामाविक रूप से

अस्थथर हो िाएों गे।

• ख) इस प्रकार, वहोंदू सैवनकोों ने वनयुस्क्तयोों को

छोड़ वदया विसमें एक विदेशी भूवम में सेिा

करना शावमल था।

• ग) लेवकन, "धावमिक विकलाोंग अवधवनयम" के

पाररि होने के बाद, उन्ें अवनिायि रूप से

वनयुस्क्त लेनी होगी, अन्यथा, िे अपनी नौकरी

खो दें गे।

• d) उसी समय, सैन्य में धावमिक प्रिीकोों का

उपयोग भी प्रविबोंवधि था।

Page 8: 1857 RevoltMilitary Causes of Revolt of 1857 •1. The Indian military was not a professional military- they were just peasants in uniform. Thus every impact on peasantry had large

Revolt of 1857: Immediate Factor• The immediate factor was the

introduction of the ‘Enfield’ rifle. It was said that the cartridge of this rifle was wrapped in the fat of cow and pig.

• The cartridge had to be bitten off before loading it into the gun. Thus the Hindu and Muslim soldiers were reluctant to use the ‘Enfield’ rifle.

• At Barrackpore (Bengal), the soldiers of the 34th Native Infantry, refused to obey the commander Lt. B.augh.

1857 का विद्रोह: ित्काल कारक

ित्काल कारक 'एनफील्ड' राइफल की

शुरुआि थी। कहा िािा था वक इस राइफल

का कारिूस गाय और सुअर की चबी में

वलपर्ा हुआ था।

बोंदूक में लोर् करने से पहले कारिूस को

कार् वदया िाना था। इस प्रकार ’एनफील्ड’

राइफल का उपयोग करने के वलए वहोंदू और

मुस्स्लम सैवनक अवनचु्छक थे।

बैरकपुर (बोंगाल) में, 34 िी ों मूल वनिासी

इन्फैं र््ी के सैवनकोों ने कमाोंर्र लेस्िनेंर् बी।

Page 9: 1857 RevoltMilitary Causes of Revolt of 1857 •1. The Indian military was not a professional military- they were just peasants in uniform. Thus every impact on peasantry had large

• Mangal Pandey who led theuprising, wanted to kill Lt.Baughand finally Mangal Pandey wasoverpowered and he was hanged.

• He was the first rebel who washanged in the revolt of 1857. Thissparked a collective uprising in theform of the revolt of 1857.

• After the event of Barrackpore, on10th May, 1857 General BakhtKhan who was posted in Meerut,along with the contingent oftroops from Meerut and Bareily,marched to Delhi, and then thecontext of the revolt was set, whenhe declared Bahadur Shah Zafar asthe leader of the revolt.

• मोंगल पाोंरे्, विन्ोोंने विद्रोह का नेिृत्ववकया, लेस्िनेंर् को मारना चाहिे थेऔर आस्खरकार मोंगल पाोंरे् पर हािीहो गए और उन्ें फाोंसी दे दी गई।

• िह पहला विद्रोही था विसे 1857 केविद्रोह में फाोंसी दी गई थी। इसने1857 के विद्रोह के रूप में एकसामूवहक विद्रोह को िन्म वदया।

• बैरकपुर की घर्ना के बाद, 10 मई, 1857 को मेरठ और बरेली से सैवनकोोंकी रु्कड़ी के साथ मेरठ में िैनाििनरल बख्त खान को वदल्ली के वलएरिाना वकया गया, और वफर विद्रोहका सोंदभि वनधािररि वकया गया, िबउन्ोोंने बहादुर शाह की घोर्णा कीविद्रोह के नेिा के रूप में िफर।

Page 10: 1857 RevoltMilitary Causes of Revolt of 1857 •1. The Indian military was not a professional military- they were just peasants in uniform. Thus every impact on peasantry had large

• So, 10th May, 1857, was regarded as the beginning of the revolt.

• Bahadur Shah Zafar, agreed to become the leader of the revolt.

• General Bakht Khan raised BahadurShah Zafar as the leader of the revolt as the people of India still accepted Mughal suzerainty over India, and it was symbolic for him to lead this revolt.

• After 10th May, 1857, the revolt spread to different parts of India from Delhi, i.e. Jhansi, Kanpur, Lucknow, Bareily, Awadh, Assam, Bihar, etc.

• Thus various parts of Northern India were under the grip of the revolt.

• The revolt was suppressed by 1858.

• इसवलए, 10 मई, 1857 को विद्रोह कीशुरुआि के रूप में माना िािा था।

• बहादुर शाह िफर, विद्रोह के नेिा बननेके वलए सहमि हुए।

• िनरल बख़्त खान ने बहादुर शाह ज़फ़रको विद्रोह के नेिा के रूप में उभाराक्ोोंवक भारि के लोगोों ने अभी भी भारिपर मुग़ल आवधपत्य स्वीकार वकया था, और इस विद्रोह का नेिृत्व करना उनकेवलए प्रिीकात्मक था।

• 10 मई, 1857 के बाद, विद्रोह वदल्ली, यानी झाोंसी, कानपुर, लखनऊ, बरेली, अिध, असम, वबहार, आवद से भारि केविवभन्न वहस्ोों में फैल गया।

• इस प्रकार उत्तरी भारि के विवभन्न भागविद्रोह की चपेर् में थे।

• 1858 िक विद्रोह को दबा वदया गया था।

Page 11: 1857 RevoltMilitary Causes of Revolt of 1857 •1. The Indian military was not a professional military- they were just peasants in uniform. Thus every impact on peasantry had large

• According to Indian Historians, like V.D. Savarkar, and Ashok Mehta, this revolt was the ‘first war of Indian Independence’. V.D. Savarkar, wrote a book with the same title, i.e. ‘First war of Indian Independence’.

• He summarized the revolt to be arising out of contradictions between the foreigners and the natives.

• भारिीय इविहासकारोों के अनुसार,

िैसे िी.र्ी. सािरकर, और अशोक

मेहिा, यह विद्रोह भारिीय स्विोंत्रिाका पहला युद्ध था। V.D. सािरकरने इसी शीर्िक के साथ एक पुस्तकवलखी, अथािि् Indian भारिीयस्विोंत्रिा का पहला युद्ध ’।

• उन्ोोंने विदेवशयोों और मूल

वनिावसयोों के बीच विरोधाभास से

उत्पन्न होने िाले विद्रोह को सोंके्षप मेंप्रसु्ति वकया।

Page 12: 1857 RevoltMilitary Causes of Revolt of 1857 •1. The Indian military was not a professional military- they were just peasants in uniform. Thus every impact on peasantry had large

The Impact Of The 1857 Revolt

• The Government of India Act,1858: Under this Act, the rule ofthe EIC was abolished and theBritish Parliament had taken directresponsibility towards ruling India.

• Governor-General became Viceroy.

• Board of Control was abolished.

• A new ministry was created knownas ‘India House’, headed by theSecretary of State for India whowas a minister of cabinet rank.

• 1857 के विद्रोह का प्रभाि

• भारि सरकार अवधवनयम, 1858: इसअवधवनयम के िहि, EIC के वनयम कोसमाप्त कर वदया गया था और विवर्श

सोंसद ने भारि पर शासन करने की

सीधी विमे्मदारी ली थी।

• गिनिर-िनरल िायसराय बन गया।

• वनयोंत्रण बोर्ि को समाप्त कर वदया

गया था।

• एक नए मोंत्रालय को 'इोंवर्या हाउस' के

रूप में िाना िािा था, विसकी

अध्यक्षिा भारि के राज्य सवचि करिेथे, िो कैवबनेर् रैंक के मोंत्री थे।

Page 13: 1857 RevoltMilitary Causes of Revolt of 1857 •1. The Indian military was not a professional military- they were just peasants in uniform. Thus every impact on peasantry had large

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Page 14: 1857 RevoltMilitary Causes of Revolt of 1857 •1. The Indian military was not a professional military- they were just peasants in uniform. Thus every impact on peasantry had large

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Page 15: 1857 RevoltMilitary Causes of Revolt of 1857 •1. The Indian military was not a professional military- they were just peasants in uniform. Thus every impact on peasantry had large

Who was the prominent leader in Lucknow during the Revolt of 1857?

Begum Hazrat Mahal

Rani Laxmi Bai

Kuar Singh

Bahadur Shah Zafar

1857 के विद्रोह के दौरान लखनऊ में

प्रमुख नेिा कौन थे?

बेगम हजरत महल

रानी लक्ष्मी बाई

कुअर वसोंह

बहादुर शाह िफर

Page 16: 1857 RevoltMilitary Causes of Revolt of 1857 •1. The Indian military was not a professional military- they were just peasants in uniform. Thus every impact on peasantry had large

Who is the author of the book”The First Indian War of Independence- 1857-59”?

Karl Marx

Syed Ahmad Khan

R. C. Mazumdar

S. N. Sen

"द फस्टि इोंवर्यन िॉर ऑफ

इोंवर्पेंर्ेंस- 1857-59" पुस्तक के

लेखक कौन हैं?

कालि मार्क्ि

सैयद अहमद खान

आर सी मिूमदार

एस एन सेन

Page 17: 1857 RevoltMilitary Causes of Revolt of 1857 •1. The Indian military was not a professional military- they were just peasants in uniform. Thus every impact on peasantry had large

Who among the following British officers surpressed the Revolt of 1857 in Jhansi?

Colin Champbell

Major William Taylor

Gen. Hugh Rose

None of the above

वनम्नवलस्खि में से वकस विवर्श

अवधकारी ने झाोंसी में 1857 के विद्रोह

को झेला?

कॉवलन चैंवपयन

मेिर विवलयम रे्लर

जनरल हयू्ग रोज

इनमे से कोई भी नही ों

Page 18: 1857 RevoltMilitary Causes of Revolt of 1857 •1. The Indian military was not a professional military- they were just peasants in uniform. Thus every impact on peasantry had large

Sir Huge Rose described whom as ‘the best and bravest military leader of the rebel’?

Begum Hazrat Mahal

Rani Laxmi Bai

Kuar Singh

Bahadur Shah Zafar

सर विशाल रोि ने वकसको 'विद्रोही

का सबसे अच्छा और सबसे बहादुर

सैन्य नेिा' बिाया?

बेगम हिरि महल

रानी लक्ष्मी बाई

कुअर वसोंह

बहादुर शाह िफर

Page 19: 1857 RevoltMilitary Causes of Revolt of 1857 •1. The Indian military was not a professional military- they were just peasants in uniform. Thus every impact on peasantry had large

Who was the governor-general during the Revolt of 1857?

Lord Canning

Lord Irwin

Lord Lytton

Lord Willington

1857 के विद्रोह के दौरान गिनिर-

िनरल कौन था?

लॉर्ड कैननिंग

लॉर्ि इरविन

लॉर्ि वलर्न

लॉर्ि विवलोंगर्न

Page 20: 1857 RevoltMilitary Causes of Revolt of 1857 •1. The Indian military was not a professional military- they were just peasants in uniform. Thus every impact on peasantry had large

Which of the following act abolished all laws affecting the rights of persons converting to another religion or caste?Abolition of Sati (1829)Hindu Widow Remarriage Act (1856)Religious Disabilities Act of 1850None of the above

वनम्नवलस्खि में से वकस अवधवनयम ने

दूसरे धमि या िावि में पररिवििि होने िाले

व्यस्क्तयोों के अवधकारोों को प्रभाविि करने

िाले सभी कानूनोों को समाप्त कर वदया?

सिी का उनू्मलन (1829)

वहोंदू विधिा पुनविििाह अवधवनयम (1856)

1850 का धानमडक निकलािंग

अनधननयम

इनमे से कोई भी नही ों

Page 21: 1857 RevoltMilitary Causes of Revolt of 1857 •1. The Indian military was not a professional military- they were just peasants in uniform. Thus every impact on peasantry had large

Who among the following British officer captured Banaras during the revolt of 1857?

General John Nicholson

Sir Hugh Wheeler

Colonel Oncell

William Taylor

वनम्नवलस्खि में से वकस विवर्श

अवधकारी ने 1857 के विद्रोह के

दौरान बनारस पर कब्जा कर वलया

था?

िनरल िॉन वनकोलसन

सर ह्यूग व्हीलर

कनडल ऑनसेल

विवलयम रे्लर

Page 22: 1857 RevoltMilitary Causes of Revolt of 1857 •1. The Indian military was not a professional military- they were just peasants in uniform. Thus every impact on peasantry had large

Which of the following was the impact of 1857 revolt?

Doctrine of Lapse was withdrawn

End of Peshwaship and the Mughal rule

Control of Indian administration was passed on to the British Crown

All of the above

वनम्नवलस्खि में से कौन 1857 के

विद्रोह का प्रभाि था?

चूक के वसद्धाोंि को िापस ले वलया

गया था

पेशिावशप और मुगल शासन का अोंि

भारिीय प्रशासन पर वनयोंत्रण विवर्श

िाउन को वदया गया

ऊपर के सभी

Page 23: 1857 RevoltMilitary Causes of Revolt of 1857 •1. The Indian military was not a professional military- they were just peasants in uniform. Thus every impact on peasantry had large

Which of the following pair is correctly matched?

Kanpur: Nana Sahib,Tantia Tope, Azimullah Khan

Allahabad : Maulavi Liyakat Ali

Farrukhabad : Tufzal Hasan Khan

All of the above

वनम्नवलस्खि में से कौन सी िोड़ी सही

ढोंग से मेल खािी है?

कानपुर: नाना सावहब, र्ाोंवर्या िोपे,

अिीमुल्लाह खान

इलाहाबाद: मौलिी वलयाकि अली

फरुि खाबाद: िुफ़ज़ल हसन खान

ऊपर के सभी

Page 24: 1857 RevoltMilitary Causes of Revolt of 1857 •1. The Indian military was not a professional military- they were just peasants in uniform. Thus every impact on peasantry had large

Which of the following pair is not correctly matched?

Barrackpore: Mangal Pandey

Delhi: Bahadur Shah II, General Bakht Khan

Delhi: Maulavi Ahmadullah

Lucknow: Begum Hazrat Mahal, Birjis Qadir, Ahmadullah

वनम्नवलस्खि में से कौन सी िोड़ी सहीढोंग से मेल नही ों खािी है?

बैरकपुर: मोंगल पाोंरे्

वदल्ली: बहादुर शाह वििीय, िनरलबख्त खान

निल्ली: मौलिी अहमिुल्लाह

लखनऊ: बेगम हज़रि महल, वबरविस कावदर, अहमदुल्लाह

Page 25: 1857 RevoltMilitary Causes of Revolt of 1857 •1. The Indian military was not a professional military- they were just peasants in uniform. Thus every impact on peasantry had large