1789 - 1815
DESCRIPTION
1789 - 1815. The Old Regime. Absolute Monarchy 3 rigid classes: Estates 1 st Estate – Clergy 2 nd Estate – Nobles 3 rd Estate – Commoners. The Old Regime. PRIVILEGED CLASSES 1 ST Estate – Clergy Paid no taxes Wealthy Tithe Land 2 nd Estate – Nobility - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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1789 - 1815
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Absolute Monarchy3 rigid classes: Estates
1st Estate – Clergy2nd Estate – Nobles3rd Estate – Commoners
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PRIVILEGED CLASSES 1ST Estate – Clergy
Paid no taxesWealthy
TitheLand
2nd Estate – NobilityGreat wealth and
PrivilegesExempt from most
taxes
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Underprivileged Classes Paid taxes in money, produce
and labor The Third Estate
Bourgeoisie (Middle Class) Wealthy, educated, & outspoken Lawyers, bankers, merchants
and businessmen Sans Culottes (City Workers)
Little education, little money Peasants (Largest Group)
Heavy taxes Corvee – forced labor
The Old Regime
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THE ESTATE SYSTEMPolitical Cartoon
These 18thc. Political cartoons show a peasant bearing on his and her back a clergyman and a noble. The policies cartoonist is making a bitter comment of the fact that peasants must pay taxes and other dues to support the church, the nobles, and the government, while the clergy and nobles were exempt from most taxes.
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The triangle represents number of people in each class.
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Huge Debts had accrued from Previous Rulers: Louis XIV
Endless wars Versailles Lavish Spending brought France to the brink of Bankruptcy
Louis XV Continued wars Refused to tax the nobility
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Louis XVI Appointed 2 finance ministers: Turgot and Necker
Their solution: Tax the nobility Louis feared the nobles and dismissed Turgot
and Necker 1788 France entered bankruptcy
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The Estates General Louis called the Estates-General into session (Which
had not met since 1614) Estates General – Meeting of Representatives from
the 3 Estates
1st
Estate
3rd Estate
2nd
Estate
Despite somewhat proportional representation the voting policy was unfair, with 1 vote per Estate.
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The Third Estate Demanded the Creation
of the National Assembly – Each delegate = 1 vote
Locked out of the meeting
June 20, 1789 the delegates of the 3rd Estate assembled at an indoor tennis court and stayed until France had a Constitution
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July 14, 1789 Spurred by rumors– a
Paris mob surrounded the Bastille.
The Bastille was a prison for debtors and a symbol of the oppression of the Third Estate.
Governor of Prison and mayor of Paris were killed and their heads were mounted on pikes and paraded through the city.
This event symbolized the beginning of the French Revolution
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The Great Fear
• Peasants started attacking the nobles homes throughout France
• Nobles offered to pay taxes in order to end the violence
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October 5, 1789 Women from
neighborhoods around the Bastille, gathered
10,000 people (mostly women) walked to Versailles
Goal: to convince King to provide them with bread
Louis greeted the women and promised them bread
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Just before midnight, Louis accepted a prior proposal by the nobles and clergy to the National Assembly End tax exemptions of the
privileged classes End payment of feudal dues
by the peasants End the tithe End all class distinctions
King and his family would be confined to Paris from this point on.
What Enlightenedideas to you see?Which thinkers didthey come from?
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Constitution of 1791: Limited Monarchy King remained but…
1. Could not propose laws
2. Only had temporary veto to block legislation
What do you see inhis face? Why?
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Separation of Powers1. Legislative2. Executive 3. Judicial
The Legislative Assembly
1. Passed nation’s laws2. Members had to be
property owners and elected by taxpaying citizens
Which PhilosophePromoted
This?
Who was being left out?
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Eastern European Powers feared the spread of the Revolution
Declaration of Pillnitz Prussia and Austria
threatened to use force to protect French Royal Family
1792 The 2 powers entered France
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August 10 – Paris mob attacked the Tuileries Palace and Legislative Assembly Took King Captive Forced the Legislative
Assembly to suspend the monarchy and draft a constitution to create a French republic
Universal Manhood suffrage
This is howThe British viewed the
Incident.
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The Radical Stage: 1792 - 94
September 21, 1792 National Assembly declared France a Republic
Louis XVI was put on trial for Treason – convicted
January 21, 1793 Louis XVI was executed
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Louis’ execution is considered the beginning of the Radical Phase of the Revolution – the Sans Culottes
took over the Revolution.
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Leaders of 12 member Committee
1. George Danton
2. Jean Paul Marat
3. Maximilien Robespierre
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Goal: protect Republic from foreign enemies compulsory military
service created largest army ever seen in Europe
Pushed invading forces (Austria and Prussia) back across the Rhine
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Turned attention to Domestic Enemies
“Drunk with Power” Robespierre instituted the “Reign of Terror”
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The Reign of TerrorSeptember 1793 – July
1794Committee arrested people
they suspected of treason20,000 – 40,000 were put to
death by guillotineMarie Antoinette, was one
victimNobles and clergy went to
guillotineMost victims however were
commonersEnded with execution of
Robespierre July 1794
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After Robespierre – power passed to wealthy middle class
National Convention created a new Constitution – The Constitution of 1795
Five Directors – The Directory – acted as the executive authority
Incompetent and corrupt the new government could not solve the countries problems.
1799 The popular General Napoleon Bonaparte seized power.
The Directory
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