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Space Vehicle Design

Second Edition

M ichael D GriffinOak Hill VirginiaJames R FrenchLas Cruces New Mexico

EDUCATION SERIESJoseph A. SchetzSeries Editor-in-ChiefVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburg Virginia

Published byAm erican Institute of Aeronau tics and Astronau tics Inc.1801 Alexander Bell Drive Reston VA 20191-4344

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Table of ontents

Preface xvPreface to the Previous Edition xviiChapter 1 Introduction 1

1.1 Introduction 11.2 Systems Engineering Process 21.3 Requiremen ts and Tradeoffs 6

Bibliography 16Chapter 2 M ission Design 172.1 Introduction 17

2.2 Low Earth Orbit 172.3 Medium-Altitude Earth Orbit 252.4 Geosyn chronous Earth Orbit 252.5 Lunar and Deep Space Missions 302.6 Advanced Mission Concepts 38

Bibliography 47Chapter 3 Spacecraft Environment 49

3.1 Introduction 493.2 Earth Environment 503.3 Launch Environment 543.4 Atmospheric Environment 583.5 Space and Upper Atm osphere Environment 69

References 99Problems 100

Chapter 4 Astrodynam ics 1034.1 Introduction 1034.2 Fundam entals of Orbital Mechanics 1044.3 Non-Keplerian Mo tion 1374.4 Basic Orbital Maneuvers 1554.5 Interplanetary Transfer 1674.6 Perturbation Methods 179

xi

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xii T BLE OF CON TENTS

4.7 Orbital Rende zvous 180References 186Problems 189

Chapter 5 Propulsion 1935.1 Rocket Propulsion Fundamentals 1945.2 Ascent Flight Mechanics 2145.3 Launch Vehicle Selection 229

References 268Problems 269

Chapter 6 Atmospheric Entry 2736.1 Introduction 2736.2 Fundam entals of Entry Flight Mechanics 2746.3 Fundam entals of Entry Heating 2986.4 Entry Vehicle Designs 3156.5 Aeroassisted Orbit Transfer 317

References 318Bibliography 320Problems 320

Chapter 7 Attitude Determ ination and Control 3257.1 Introduction 3257.2 Basic Concep ts and Terminology 3267.3 Review of Rotational Dyn amics 3367.4 Rigid Body Dynam ics 3407.5 Space Vehicle Disturbance Torques 3437.6 Passive Attitude Control 3497.7 Active Control 3537.8 Attitude Determination 3637.9 System Design Considerations 373

References 376Problems 377

Chapter 8 Configuration and Structural Design 3838.1 Introduction 3838.2 Design Drivers 3838.3 Spacecraft Design Concepts 3928.4 Mass Properties 4128.5 Structural Loads 4178.6 Large Structures 4278.7 Materials 428

References 433

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T BLE OF CON TENTS xiii

Chapter 9 Thermal Control 4359.1 Introduction 4359.2 Spacecraft Therm al Environm ent 4369.3 Thermal Control Methods 4379.4 Heat Transfer Mechanisms 4409.5 Spacecraft Therm al Modeling and Analysis 458

References 466Problems 467

Chapter 10 Power Systems 46910.1 Introduction 46910.2 Power System Functions 47010.3 Power System Evolution 47110.4 Power System Des ign Drivers 47210.5 Power System Elements 47410.6 Design Practice 47510.7 Batteries 47810.8 Primary Power Source 48610.9 Solar Arrays 48710.10 Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators 49810.11 Fuel Cells 50110.12 Power Condition ing and Control 50210.13 Future Con cepts 505

References 509Problems 509

Chapter 11 Telecomm unications 51111.1 Introduction 51111.2 Command Subsystem 51211.3 Hardware Redun dancy 51311.4 Autonomy 51411.5 Command Subsystem Elements 51611.6 Radio Frequency Elements 53011.7 Spacecraft Tracking 548

References 563Problems 564

Chapter 12 Reliability Ana lysis 56712.1 Introduction 56712.2 Review of Probability Theory 56812.3 Random Variables 57212.4 Special Probab ility Distribution s 57612.5 System Reliability 58212.6 Statistical Inference 589

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xiv T BLE OF CON TENTS

12.7 Design Considerations 600References 605Problems 606

Appendix A: Random Processes 609Appendix B: Tables 619Bibliography 643Index 645Series Listing 661