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www.pontodosconcursos.com.br 1

CURSOS ON-LINE - INGLÊS – CURSO REGULAR

PROFESSOR CARLOS AUGUSTO

AULA 16

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY & THE INTERNET. WARM-UP Qualquer candidato a concurso público nowadays deve ter um grande background knowledge sobre information technology and the Internet. Muito provavelmente você está familiarizado com termos técnicos como: desktop // browser // computer screen// floppy disk // software // hardware // toolbar // mouse // websites // scanner // printer // e-mail addresses // server // surfing the net // multimedia //central processing unit // clone // control key// online // modem // link // spam // search engine // application // chat hackers // computer intrusion // cybercrime // online crimes // database // flowcharts // file size // interface // joystick // piracy // spacebar // delete // shift // pause// memory // video adapter// boot // back up // cursor // configuration ...and so many others Just checking: which of the words above is being defined below? 1. ______________ = program that enables you to download web pages

from the Internet onto your computer. 2. ______________ = screen that is visible when starting up procedures

are finished or when you close all you programs. 3. ______________ = computer which stores files and programs that a

client computer connects and retrieves. 4. ______________ = copy information from another computer onto your

own computer. 5. ______________ = a computer or application that uses texts,

graphics, audio and video materila.



PROFESSOR CARLOS AUGUSTO Text 1: Fighting Internet fraud - A Global Effort The increasing globalization of the electronic marketplace offers nearly unimaginable opportunities for businesses and consumers in terms of both access and choices. Yet it also presents more risks. The same qualities that make the Internet so attractive to legitimate businesses make it fertile ground for fraudsters targeting consumers from Joliet, 5 Illinois, to Jaipur, India. It gives con artists the ability to appear suddenly, defraud consumers quickly, and disappear without revealing their true identity or location. Stopping them requires law enforcement officials to move just as quickly - and to operate in a culture of unprecedented cooperation. 10 The challenges for law enforcement officials are legion. For example, cross-border con artists can be difficult to track down and stop, and redress for consumers may be difficult to achieve. But several new initiatives are helping to establish the international cooperation necessary to take on Internet fraud - and ultimately, to ensure that consumers 15 develop the confidence in the global electronic marketplace necessary for it to reach its true potential. The U.S. Federal Trade Commission's (FTC) leadership in law enforcement, the use of technology, and policy development should go a long way toward increasing consumer confidence in the online marketplace. (By Jodie Bernstein, Director of the 20 Bureau of Consumer protection US Federal Trade Commission) Visit: http://usinfo.state.gov/journals

VOCABULARY PRE-TEST Sem consultar nenhum dicionário procure correlacionar as colunas A & B:

A B 1. unimaginable opportunities a. ( ) confiança do consumidor 2. legitimate businesses b. ( ) vigaristas 3. con artists c. ( ) cumprimento da lei 4. defraud consumers d. ( ) oportunidades inimagináveis 5. law enforcement e. ( ) empresas legalizadas 6. consumer confidence f. ( ) fraudar os consumidores



PROFESSOR CARLOS AUGUSTO Reading Comprehension Questions 1. According to the author, the key element in trying to stop con artists is a) technological advances. b) global confidence. c) unprecedented cooperation. d) police training. e) cultural interchanges. 2. According to the text the U.S. Federal Trade Commission's (FTC) shows leadership in a) law enforcement. b) consumer confidence. c) use of technicians. d) police development. e) online marketplace. 3. In the 2nd paragraph the phrasal verb to ‘track down’ in “cross-border con artists can be difficult to track down” means a) find. b) notice. c) perceive. d) ascertain. e) achieve. 4. In “Yet it also presents more risks…” (L-3) the word in bold as a discourse marker expresses a) condition. b) emphasis. c) result. d) exemplification. e) contrast. 5. In “The challenges for law enforcement officials are legion” (L-11), the word in bold means a) legend. b) weird. c) uniform. d) many. e) hard.




WORD FORMS Complete with one word derived from the ones in bold. 1. increasing (L-1) 1. Wide band access to the Internet is becoming _________ popular. T: _________________________________________________ 2. unimaginable (L-2) Paula is a more ______________ programmer than Lilia. T: _________________________________________________ 3. presents (L-3) Just give a few minutes to look ___________ and I’ll go out with you. T: _________________________________________________ 4. attractive (L-3) Amusement parks offer countless ___________ for your kids. T: _________________________________________________ 5. fraudsters (L-5) Police agents have uncovered the ___________ scandal. T: _________________________________________________ 6. appear (L-6) ______________ can be deceptive is an old but true proverb. T: _________________________________________________ 7. revealing (L-7) The journalist decided not to publish those sensational ____________ about the star’s private life. T: _________________________________________________ 8. identity (L-8) We noticed there were some ___________ traces of fraud in the plot. T: _________________________________________________ 9. unprecedented (L-9) Refer to our ___________ lessons for more details on this subject. T: _________________________________________________ 10. cooperation (L-10) Sonia seems to be more ___________ than her sister. T: _________________________________________________



PROFESSOR CARLOS AUGUSTO 11. challenges (L-11) Move to a more __________ level please. This one is too easy T: _________________________________________________ 12. difficult (L-12) There were some ____________ we had to tackle at first, but now everything is all right. T: _________________________________________________ 13. consumers (L-13) ___________ of durable goods has never been higher in Brazil. T: _________________________________________________ 14. establish (L-14) Visibly it is a campaign to _____________ the government party. T: _________________________________________________ 15. ensure (L-15) Before leaving the office, she __________ that her computer was off. T: _________________________________________________ 16. confidence (L-16) You must have more ____________ in yourself. T: _________________________________________________ 17. reach (L-17) Man is traveling to until recently ____________ places. T: _________________________________________________ 18. technology (L-18) With all the __________ wonders at our disposal we feel puzzled. T: _________________________________________________ 19. development (L-19) It is not accurate to classify Brazil as an underdeveloped country. T: _________________________________________________ 20. market (L-20) Harry was appointed head of the ___________ department. T: _________________________________________________




DISCOURSE MARKERS (V) From text 1: For example, cross-border con artists can be difficult to track down and stop…” (L-11/12) Por exemplo, vigaristas na faixa de fronteira podem ser difíceis de rastrear e barrar... Os marcadores do discurso – as palavras de transição que vimos estudando são indispensáveis na conexão de frases e parágrafos. Sempre que precisar recorra aos principais discourse markers indicadores de exemplificação a seguir:

Indicando exemplificação FOR EXAMPLE, for instance, in other words, in particular, namely, particularly, specifically, such as, that is.

Outros exemplos do mesmo tipo: She went to the wrong bank, she misunderstood me. In other words, she made a whole mess this morning. Ela foi para o banco errado, ela não me entendeu bem. Em outras palavras fez uma grande confusão hoje de manhã. There is one factor that outweighs all the others, namely, the location of the building is perfect. Há um fator que sobrepuja todos os outros, a saber, a localização do prédio é perfeita. Of course Rio de Janeiro has its problems, such as urban violence and its chaotic traffic. Naturalmente o RJ tem problemas tais como a violência urbana e o seu trânsito caótico. Brandon loves studying scientific subjects, natural science in particular. Brandon adora estudar matérias cientificas, em especial ciências naturais. You could help the victims. For instance, work part time as a volunteer. Você podia ajudar as vítimas. Por exemplo, trabalhando como voluntário parte do seu tempo.



PROFESSOR CARLOS AUGUSTO Text 2: The Evolving Internet Each day brings new examples of how information and communication technology (ICT) is reshaping the lives of people around the world. To one degree or another, the digital revolution has arrived in just about every corner of the globe… On the Internet and the World Wide Web, people are governing, 5 learning, communicating, debating, “politicking,” shopping, and experimenting - conducting all kinds of interactions in ways only made possible by ICT. The Internet has brought into being a virtual world that, like the universe itself, is expanding every moment, full of promise, hope, and a little mystery. But challenges remain if it is to achieve its full 10 promise. The United States, in partnership with other governments, international organizations, and citizens of many countries, is committed to assisting people around the globe to meet these challenges so that this virtual world becomes a helpful and productive part of their everyday lives. 15 Visit: http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/itgic/1103/ijge/1103.htm

VOCABULARY PRE-TEST Associe as colunas A e B:

A B 1. reshaping the lives of people a. ( ) cumprir plenamente a promessa 2. meet these challenges b. ( ) comprometidos em ajudar 3. has brought into being c. ( ) mudando a vida da gente 4. achieve its full promise d. ( ) fez nascer 5. committed to assisting e. ( ) enfrentar tais desafios

BRITISH & AMERICAN ENGLISH Spelling differences: Observe que em British English escreve-se o substantivo ‘programmes’, enquanto que os norte-americanos escrevem ‘programs’, Quanto ao verbo ambos grafam program.




ANALYSIS OF TEXT 2 I - Como você traduz o título ‘The Evolving Internet’?

_________________________________________________ Reading Comprehension Questions 1. What does the author say about the digital revolution? __________________________________________________________ 2. What made it possible to conduct all kinds of interactions? __________________________________________________________ 3. What did the Internet bring into being? __________________________________________________________ 4. What does the author compare the virtual world to? __________________________________________________________ 5. In the fragment “But challenges remain if it is to achieve its full promise” (L-10/11) what does the pronoun ‘it’ refer to? __________________________________________________________

WORD FORMS - FLASHBACK a) the suffix –SHIP From the text ‘The Evolving Internet’: “The US, in partnership with other governments, international organizations …” (L-10/11) Os EUA, em parceria com outros governos, organizações internacionais... O sufixo –SHIP, conforme já estudamos, forma substantivos. Na frase do texto partner é sócio e partnership é sociedade. Estude os exemplos a seguir e traduza as palavras ou expressões em negrito. He said that friendship is the most valuable thing in life to him. Ele disse que a ___________ para ele é o bem mais valioso na vida. How do you expect to enter the club without a membership card? Como você espera entrar no clube sem sua _________________? Mario is of Italian descent. He has double citizenship. Mario é de descendência italiana. _____________________.




GRAMMAR TIPS – FLASHBACK THE …ING FORM a) A forma ‘evolving’ (+ ‘Internet’) no próprio título do texto funciona como verbal adjective e devemos traduzir por ‘em desenvolvimento’. Esse tipo de formação ocorre com freqüência em inglês. purchasing power poder de compra changing world mundo em transformação shopping center centro comercial b) Nos exemplos a seguir, extraídos do texto “The Evolving Internet”, as formas em negrito correspondem a estruturas com o present continuous (present simple of to be + ing form of principal verb). “… ICT is reshaping the lives of people around the world.” “… ICT está dando nova forma às vidas das pessoas pelo mundo afora.” “… people are governing, learning, communicating, debating, "politicking," shopping, and experimenting - conducting all kinds of interactions in ways only made possible by ICT” “as pessoas estão governando, aprendendo, se comunicando, debatendo, fazendo política, fazendo compras, experimentando, conduzindo todo tipo de interação de modo só possível pela ICT.” “…a virtual world that, like the universe itself, is expanding every

moment…” “…um mundo virtual que, assim como o próprio universo, está se

expandindo a todo momento.” c) Nestes casos, também do Text 2, a terminação ...ing é usada por causa de ‘into’ e ‘to’, mas, em português, traduz-se pelo infinitivo. “The Internet has brought into being a virtual world that…” A Internet fez nascer um mundo virtual que …” “The US, ..., is committed to assisting people around the globe” “Os EUA estão comprometidos em ajudar as pessoas no mundo todo” d) Não podemos esquecer dos substantivos terminados em ... ing: Swimming is good for most people’s health. Natação é bom para a saúde da maioria das pessoas.




GRAMMAR / USAGE ESSENTIALS – IF-CLAUSES From text 2: But challenges remain if it is to achieve its full promise. Porém, desafios permanecem se ela quiser atingir seu potencial máximo. As três formas mais conhecidas de orações condicionais, if-clauses, são: I- Pattern: What will you do if sby does this or that? (Verb tense in main clause: future / Verb tense in if-clause: Present simple) Exs.: If you decide to buy that car, it will cost you a fortune.

Se você decidir comprar aquele carro vai-lhe custar uma fortuna. II- Pattern : What would you do if sby did this or that? (Verb tense in main clause: conditional/Verb tense in if-clause: past simple) Exs.: If you bought that car, you would pay a fortune.

Se você comprasse aquele carro pagaria uma fortuna. III- Pattern: What would you have done if sby. had done this or that? (Verb tense in main clause: conditional perfect / verb in if-clause: past perfect) Exs.: If you had bought that car, it would have cost you a fortune.

Se você tivesse comprado aquele carro, teria custado uma fortuna. Atenção! Algumas vezes pode ocorrer a omissão da conjunção ‘if’: Had you invited me to the party, I would have been there to see you. Tivesse você me convidado para a festa e eu teria ido vê-la. Had she been smarter, she wouldn’t have phoned him again. Tivesse a Laura sido mais esperta e ela não lhe teria telefonado de novo.



PROFESSOR CARLOS AUGUSTO Essas não são as únicas formas de if-clauses existentes: IV- Use of Unless (if ... not) Unless he had been informed, how could he have discovered our plan? Se ele não tivesse sido informado, como poderia ter descoberto nosso plano? I won’t go to that nightclub unless Gilda goes with us. Não irei à boate a não ser que a Gilda vá. V- Verb tense in if–clause: present simple / verb tense in main

clause: imperative If you happen to buy that car, drive carefully. Se acontecer de você comprar aquele carro dirija com cuidado. Don’t eat so much chocolate if you want to lose weight. Não coma chocolate demais se quiser perder peso. VI. Should in if–clause/imperative in main clause If you should need help, give me a call. Se precisar de ajuda ligue para mim. NB: ‘If’ is often omitted in this case: Should you need help, give me a call. VII- Present simple in both if–clause and main clause. If you heat water, it boils. Se você esquentar a água ela ferve. VIII. Há palavras e expressões que funcionam as If “equivalents” Supposing you had five minutes to spare, would you talk to me? (i.e. If you had ....) Supondo que você tenha cinco minutos livres, você falaria comigo? (Se você tivesse ...) Provided (= On condition that) you follow my instructions, you may pass the test. (i.e. If you follow ...) Com a condição que você siga as minhas instruções você poderá passar na prova. (Se você seguir ...)




KEY WORD: PART From text 2: “so that this virtual world becomes a helpful and productive part of their everyday lives” (L-13/15) de modo que este mundo virtual se torne uma parte tão útil e tão produtiva de seu cotidiano. a) part as a noun How many car parts can you remember from our previous lessons? De quantas peças de carro você consegue se lembrar das nossas aulas anteriores? Are you sure Robert De Niro plays a part in that film? Tem certeza de que o Robert De Niro interpreta um papel nesse filme? b) the adverb partly Her story seems to be partly true. A história dela me parece parcialmente verdadeira. c) the adjectives partial / impartial. A judge is expected to make impartial decisions. Um juiz dever tomar decisões imparciais. It’s also worthwhile studying these expressions: 1) In part You’ll have to pay interest on the sum left outstanding because you have paid the invoice only in part. Você terá que pagar juros sobre o montante remanescente pois nãó pagou a fatura em parte. 2) For my part For my part, I don’t like either of the candidates. Quanto a mim, não gosto de nenhum dos dois candidates. 3) Take part in I refuse to take part in that fraud scandal. Recuso-me a participar desse esquema fraudulento. 4) Part-time / Full time He does not have a full time job. He works part time only. Ele não trabalha em horário integral; trabalha meio expediente só.



PROFESSOR CARLOS AUGUSTO Text 3: The Internet Today The Internet has been tremendously successful. In the less than four years since opening its door to commercial growth, the Internet has blossomed into a vibrant marketplace. More than a third of a million active commercial Websites conducted an estimated $24,400 million dollars of trade during 1997, according to a study we did at ActivMedia. 5 Nearly three-fourths of that trade was by companies based in the United States but rapid expansion by European and Asia-Pacific corporations promises to spread the benefits of the Net around the world. No area has been left out. China, countries in South America, Africa and elsewhere are now exploring ways to introduce Net activity consistent 10 with their cultures and political climates. (Excerpt from The Internet and Global Trade, by Harold Woihandler, Director of Research ActivMedia, Inc.) [Access: 01/06/05] Visit: http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/itgic/1097/ijge/gj-11.htm

VOCABULARY PRE TEST Correlacione as colunas A & B. Você verá que as transparent words lhe ajudarão nessa tarefa.

A B 1. crescimento comercial a. ( ) study we did 2. um estudo feito b. ( ) commercial growth 3. mercado vibrante c. ( ) consistent with 4. espalhar os benefícios d. ( ) vibrant marketplace 5. compatível com e. ( ) spread the benefits

WORD FORMS

a) The Suffixes -ANT // –ENT From text 3: “the Internet has blossomed into a vibrant marketplace” (L- 2/3) a Internet floresceu e se tornou um mercado vibrante ... “ … are now exploring ways to introduce Net activity consistent with their cultures and political climates.” (L-9/11) estão explorando maneiras de introduzir atividades na rede compatível com suas culturas e atmosferas políticas. Podemos ter substantivos e adjetivos terminados por estes sufixos. No texto a vibrant marketplace corresponde a mercado vibrante e a expressão consistent with equivale a em consonância com. Estude os exemplos a seguir e traduza as palavras ou expressões em negrito.



PROFESSOR CARLOS AUGUSTO You need to be a little more patient with the kids. Você precisa ___________________ com as crianças. Mr. Freitas has been our accountant for many years. O Sr. Freitas _______________________ há anos. Working as Prof. Bradley’s assistant gave Jenny a lot of experience. Trabalhar como __________________ deu a Jenny muita experiência. Did you know that Emily has been writing a new mystery book? She says that the title will be “The Occupant of Room 201’ Você sabia que a Emily está escrevendo um novo livro de mistério? Ela diz que o título será “_____________________”.

A LOOK AT PHRASAL VERBS From text 3: “No area has been left out.” (L-9) Nenhuma área foi deixada de lado. Can I leave earlier today? Posso sair mais cedo hoje? Além da acepção de ‘sair’, o verbo ‘leave’ pode ter outros significados dependendo da partícula adverbial a ele ligada. Estude estes exemplos: At first my name had been left out of the list of candidates who had passed the exam. A princípio o meu nome tinha sido omitido da lista dos candidatos aprovados no exame. When we moved to the big city I was forced leave behind all my friends. Quando nos mudamos para a cidade grande tive que deixar para trás todos os meus amigos. Do you know when Lara is leaving for Spain? Você sabe quando a Lara parte para a Espanha? Make an effort to leave some money aside at the end of the month. Faça um esforço para separar um dinheirinho no final do mês. Silvia asked Larry to leave her out of his argument with their boss. Silvia pediu ao Larry para deixá-la de fora da briga com o chefe deles.




VOCABULARY BUILD UP Mini-Text 1: Information Technology enhances productivity

speech seize prosperity source advanced "Information and communication technology (ICT) is a key to the future __________ (1) of all nations," said John H. Marburger, science advisor to the president and director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP). He delivered a keynote ___________ (2) to the meeting where delegates from 176 nations and hundreds of other agencies and non-governmental organizations have convened to examine how to allow all the world's people to enjoy the benefits that are created by ___________ (3) information and communication technologies. "An estimated 40 percent of U.S. productivity growth between 1995 and 2002 has been attributed to information technology," Marburger said. “Our ability to __________ (4) the opportunities afforded by information and communication technology depends upon a philosophy of shared optimism about the power of individual creativity and entrepreneurship as the ultimate _________ (5) of economic strength." (By Charlene Porter, Washington File Staff writer) visit: http://usinfo.state.gov Mini-Text 2: NASA Satellites Measure and Monitor Sea Level (1) impacted determined measured expertise predict

For the 1st time, NASA has the tools and ______ (1) to understand the rate at which sea level is changing, some of the mechanisms that drive those changes and the effects that sea level change may have worldwide. "It's estimated that more than 100 million lives are potentially ________ (2) by a one-meter increase in sea level," said Dr. Waleed Abdalati. "When you consider this information, the importance of learning how and why these changes are occurring becomes clear," he added. Although scientists have directly ________ (3) sea level since the early part of the 20th century, it was not known how many of the observed changes in sea level were real and how many were related to upward or downward movement of the land. Now satellites have changed that by providing a reference by which changes in ocean height can be _________ (4) regardless of what the nearby land is doing. With new satellite measurements, scientists are able to better ________ (5) the rate at which sea level is rising and the cause of that rise. http:///usinfo.state.gov/gi/Archive/2005/Jul/08-640958.html



PROFESSOR CARLOS AUGUSTO Mini-Text 3: NASA Satellites Measure and Monitor Sea Level (2) rate likely equivalent evidence expansion

'In the last fifty years sea level has risen at an estimated rate of .07 of an inch per year, but in the last 12 years that rate appears to be .12 of an inch per year. Roughly half of that is attributed to the _________ (1) of ocean water as it has increased in temperature, with the rest coming from other sources," said Dr. Steve Nerem, Associate Professor, Colorado Center for Astrodynamics Research, University of Colorado, Boulder. Another source of sea level rise is the increase in ice melting. _________ (2) shows that sea levels rise and fall as ice on land grows and shrinks. With the new measurements now available, it's possible to determine the _________ (3) at which ice is growing and shrinking. "We've found the largest _________ (4) factor for sea level rise is changes in the amount of ice that covers the earth. Three-fourths of the planet's freshwater is stored in glaciers and ice sheets or the _________ (5) of about 220 feet of sea level," said Dr. Eric Rignot, Principal Scientist for the Radar Science and Engineering Section at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif. "Ice cover is shrinking much faster than we thought, with over half of recent sea level rise due to the melting of ice from Greenland, West Antarctica's Amundsen Sea and mountain glaciers," he said. http:///usinfo.state.gov/gi/Archive/2005/Jul/08-640958.html Mini-Text 3: NASA Satellites Measure and Monitor Sea Level (2) observations changes researchers factors causes

Additionally, NASA scientists and partner ___________ (1) now are able to measure and monitor the world's waters globally in a sustained and comprehensive way using a combination of satellite ___________ (2) and sensors in the ocean. By integrating the newly available satellite and surface data, scientists are better able to determine the ___________ (3) and significance of current sea level changes. "Now the challenge is to develop an even deeper understanding of what is responsible for sea level rise and to monitor for possible future ___________ (4). That's where NASA's satellites come in, with global coverage and ability to examine the many ___________ (5) involved,” said Dr. Laury Miller, Chief of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric administration (NOAA) Laboratory for Satellite Altimetry, Washington. http:///usinfo.state.gov/gi/Archive/2005/Jul/08-640958.html




A LOOK AT PAST EXAMS Read the text below in order to answer questions 01 to 03. The Microchip Revolution The microchip revolution is based on size and cost. Microchips give us cheap computing power in a tiny space. As the cost of microchips continues to fall, it becomes economically worthwhile to use them in more and more ways. We have to accept the microchip, or face the alternative of opting out of 5 the world market. Accepting the microchip brings benefits and problems. The benefits include greater efficiency in finding and using information; the possibility of higher living standards through increased productivity; greater control over pollution and the use of natural resources; help for the sick and the 10 disabled; and a whole range of “smart” machines to inform, entertain and serve us. We can guard against some of the problems. We can, for example, be alive to the danger of the misuse of information held on computer files. There is the problem of alienation: people who cannot find a place in 15 the technological world of the future. To guard against this problem, we need education and training schemes, and machines which are easy to use. Finally, there's the problem of people whose skills are made redundant by machines. Again, there’s a need for education and retraining. The wealth needed to pay for schemes like these is more likely 20 to appear if we use the microchip. (ESAF/AFTN-1997) 1. According to pr. I, the economic aspect of the microchip revolution: a) is one of its two main advantages. b) is not relevant at all. c) shows the constant increase in the cost of microchips. d) is a disadvantage in financial terms. e) reflects its inconsistency. 2. According to pr. 2, those who do not accept the microchip revolution

will … a) be able to participate in the free world market in a more advantageous

way. b) certainly guarantee their presence in the free world market. c) be naturally excluded from the free world market. d) be naturally incorporated into the free world market. e) face a wider and more effective participation in the tree world market.



PROFESSOR CARLOS AUGUSTO 3. According to paragraph 4, we might have to face: a) the lack of consistency in the information stored on computer files. b) the periodical updating of data on files. c) the incorrect manipulation of microchips. d) the improper use of data contained on computer files. e) the meticulous manipulation of data held on computer files.




PICTURE TEST 16

My goodness, my boy is hooked on his computer.

He is becoming a [a) gist / b) geek].

USEFUL TIPS No caso do ‘informatês’ acontece uma coisa muito interessante. Outro dia eu estava dando uma aula para três engenheiros de uma firma de IT e surgiu a palavra ‘queue’, que no inglês britânico corresponde a line (= fila) do inglês no USA. O curioso é que a palavra ‘queue’ fazia parte do vocabulário técnico deles e conseqüentemente, não tiveram dificuldade em fazer a associação. Outra palavra do jargão de IT que me ocorre é default. O verbo regular to default significa normalmente ‘não pagar ficar inadimplente’. Veja este exemplo: If you default on your loan, the bank may charge you another fee. Se você deixa de pagar seu empréstimo, o banco pode cobrar taxa extra. Portanto descubra quanto do jargão médico, jurídico, pedagógico, seja lá qual for aquele que você conheça mais, pois pode auxiliar você por tabela na leitura de outros textos.




EXERCISES I - Rewrite the sentences using the ‘if equivalents’ in bold: 1. If you need my help, you should see me at my office tomorrow.

Supposing ___________________________________________ 2. If you had asked for Rose’s DVD, she might have lent it to you.

Providing that ________________________________________ 3. If you hand in your term papers in time you may start phase II of our

literature course. On condition that _____________________________________

4. If Lisa does not go to the dance, I won’t go either.

Unless ________________________________________________ 5. If she invites you to the baby shower, will you go?

On the assumption that _________________________________ II. Complete com um phrasal verb com leave. Um significado equivalente é dado entre parênteses:

OFF FOR ASIDE OUT BEHIND 1. Make sure you’re not leaving my name _________. (=omitting)

________________________________________________________ 2. My parents are leaving _________ Canada (= departing)

________________________________________________________ 3. It’s been raining heavily for days. There is no sign this rain will leave

_________. (= stop) ________________________________________________________

4. Let’s leave other factors ________, the point is: can we afford a new

car? (= not consider) ________________________________________________________

5. I was in the parking lot already when I realized that I had left my car

keys ________ (= forgotten) ________________________________________________________



PROFESSOR CARLOS AUGUSTO III. Use one of the words belonging to the ‘part’ family. 1. The rock band’s first CD was just a ___________ success. T: ______________________________________________________ 2. How can I be __________ when my daughter is involved in this competition? T: ______________________________________________________ 3. I’m sure I did not pay in full; I paid only in ___________. T: ______________________________________________________ 4. I must admit that you’re __________ correct this time. T: ______________________________________________________ 5. ‘A fool and his money are soon _________.’ That’s how the proverb goes. T: ______________________________________________________ IV. Vocabulary Cloze -Ten words have been removed from the passage. Complete with each of the words from the box below.

nicknamed availability fabric heart spread springing home fierce demand price

Only 72 kilometers south of San Francisco lies the __________ (1) of the U.S. aerospace, telecommunications, and computer research industry. __________ (2) for the __________ (3) of computer chips, “Silicon Valley” is __________ (4) to hundreds of companies attracted by California’s tax and land use policies and the __________ (5) of science and engineering graduates emerging from the nearby colleges and universities. New “silicon valleys” are __________ (6) near Boston and in the South to meet the still growing __________ (7). ___________ (8) competition has driven down the price of inventions like personal computers and has led to new ways of doing old things, such as electronic ___________ (9) reading in supermarkets. Most dramatic is the __________. (10) of computers into the lives of young people, who use them for both education and environment. (From Dateline Calendar, ‘Silicon Valley’, 1984, USIA publication)



PROFESSOR CARLOS AUGUSTO V. Word Forms - Complete with the best form in parentheses. Growing global trade in pirated and counterfeit goods threatens America’s innovation economy, the (1. competitors / competition / competitiveness) of our leading companies and small manufacturers, and the (2. liveliness / livelihoods / lively) of their workers. Bogus products—from CDs, DVDs, software and watches to electronic equipment, clothing, processed foods, consumer products, and auto parts—are estimated to account for up to seven percent of global trade and cost (3. legitimately / legitimize / legitimately) rights holders around the world billions of dollars annually. The Strategy Targeting Organized Piracy (STOP!) is the most (4. comprehensive / comprehensively / comprehension) initiative ever advanced to smash the criminal networks that traffic in fakes, stop trade in pirated and counterfeit goods at America’s borders, block bogus goods around the world, and help small businesses secure and enforce their rights in overseas markets. STOP! underscores the U.S. government’s continuing (5. committed / commitment / committing) to level the playing field for American businesses and workers. A key element is helping American businesses safeguard their intellectual property around the world; this guide is part of that effort. (From ‘Strategy Targeting Organized Piracy - STOP!’ US patent and trademark office)




ANSWERS WARM UP - Just checking definitions 1. [browser] programa que permite a você baixar páginas da rede na Internet para o seu computador. 2. [desktop] tela que é visível quando se encerram os procedimentos para iniciar o computador e quando se fecham todos os programas. 3. [server] computador que armazena arquivos e programas para que um computador de cliente se conecte e recupere. 4. [download] copiar informações de um outro computador para o seu próprio computador. 5. [multimedia] um computador ou applicativo que usa textos, graficos, material de audio e video. Text 1: Vocabulary Pre-Test

A B 1. unimaginable opportunities a. (6) confiança do consumidor 2. legitimate businesses b. (3) vigaristas 3. con artists c. (5) cumprimento da lei 4. defraud consumers d. (1) oportunidades inimagináveis 5. law enforcement e. (2) empresas legalizadas 6. consumer confidence f. (4) fraudar os consumidores

Reading Comprehension Questions 1. (c) O item chave para impedir a ação dos vigaristas é a cooperação sem precedentes, na (a) lê-se: avanços tecnológicos, na (b) confiança global; na (d) treinamento da polícia, na (e) intercâmbios culturais. 2. (a) De acordo com o texto, a FTC demonstra liderança na aplicação da lei. Na (b), tem-se: confiança do consumidor; na (c), uso dos técnicos; na (d), desenvolvimento da polícia; na e), mercado online. 3. (a) É a melhor tradução para track down no fragmento ‘os vigaristas na área da fronteira são difíceis de achar. Em (b), notice (= perceber), em c) perceive (=perceber, notar), em (d) ascertain (= averiguar), em e) achieve (= alcançar). 4. (e) Yet expressa contraste. Na a) condition (= condição), na (b) emphasis (= ênfase), na c) result (= resultado); na (d) exemplification (= exemplificação) 5. (d) legion aqui significa many (= muitas). Na (a), model (= modelo), na (b) weird (= estranhas), na (c), uniform (= uniformes), na (e) hard (= duras).



PROFESSOR CARLOS AUGUSTO Word Forms 1. Wide band access to the Internet is becoming increasingly popular. O acesso à Internet banda larga está ficando cada vez mais popular. 2. Paula is a more imaginative programmer than Lilia. Paula é uma programadora mais criativa do que a Lilia. 3. Just give a few minutes to look presentable and I’ll go out with you. Dê-me alguns minutos para eu ficar apresentável e sairei com vocês. 4. Amusement parks offer countless attractions for your kids. Os parques de diversão oferecem inúmeras atrações para seus filhos. 5. Police agents have uncovered the fraudulent scandal. Os agentes da polícia descobriram o escandaloso esquema fraudulento. 6. ‘Appearances can be deceptive’ is an old but true proverb. ‘As aparências enganam’ é um provérbio antigo e verdadeiro. 7. The journalist decided not to publish those sensational revelations about the star’s private life. O jornalista decidiu não publicar aquelas revelações sensacionais sobre a vida privada da estrela. 8. We noticed there were some identifiable traces of fraud in the plot. Notamos que havia alguns traços identificáveis de fraude no plano. 9. Refer to our preceding lessons for more details on this subject. Consulte nossas aulas anteriores para mais detalhes sobre este assunto. 10. Sonia seems to be more cooperative than her sister. Sonia parece ser bem mais cooperativa do que a irmã dela. 11. Move to a more challenging level, OK? This one is too easy. Mude para um nível mais desafiador, OK? Este é muito fácil. 12. There were some difficulties we had to face at first, but now it’s OK. Havia algumas dificuldades que tivemos que enfrentar no início, mas agora está tudo OK. 13. Consumption of durable goods has never been higher in Brazil. O consume de bens duráveis nunca foi tão alto no Brasil.



PROFESSOR CARLOS AUGUSTO 14. Visibly it is a campaign to disestablish the government party. Visivelmente é uma campanha p/ desestabilizar o partido do governo. 15. Before leaving the office, she ensured that her computer was off. Antes de sair do escritório, ela verificou se seu PC estava desligado. 16. You must have more confidence in yourself. Você deve ter confiança em você mesmo. 17. Man is traveling to until recently unreachable places. O homem está viajando para lugares inatingíveis até pouco tempo. 18. With all the technological wonders at our disposal we feel puzzled. Com todas as maravilhas tecnológicas a nosso dispor ficamos pasmos. 19. It is not accurate to classify Brazil as an underdeveloped country. Não está correto classificar o Brasil como um país subdesenvolvido. 20. Harry was appointed head of the marketing department. Harry foi nomeado chefe do departamento de mercadologia. Text 2:Vocabulary Pre-Test

A B 1. reshaping the lives of people a. (4) cumprir plenamente a promessa 2. meet these challenges b. (5) comprometidos em ajudar 3. has brought into being c. (1) mudando a vida da gente 4. achieve its full promise d. (3) fez nascer 5. committed to assisting e. (2) enfrentar tais desafios Analysis of Text 2 ‘The Evolving Internet’ (A Internet em Desenvolvimento) Reading Comprehension Questions 1. What does the author say about the digital revolution? It is reshaping the lives of the people around the world. O que diz o autor sobre a revolução digital? Diz que ela está reformulando a vida de todas as pessoas no mundo. 2. What made it possible to conduct all kinds of interactions? The Info and Communication Technology revolution made it possible. O que tornou possível realizar todos estes tipos de interações? A Revolução da tecnologia da comunicação e da info tornou isso possível.



PROFESSOR CARLOS AUGUSTO 3. What did the Internet bring into being? It brought into being a world that is constantly expanding. O que a Internet fez nascer? Um mundo que está constantemente em expansão. 4. What does the author compare the virtual world to? He compares it to the universe itself. A que o autor compara o mundo virtual? Ele o compara ao próprio universo. 5. In the fragment “But challenges remain if it is to achieve its full promise” (L-10/11) what does the pronoun ‘it’ refer to? It refers to ‘The Internet’. The suffix –SHIP He said that friendship is the most valuable thing in life to him. Ele disse que a amizade para ele é o bem mais valioso na vida. How do you expect to enter the club without a membership card? Como você espera entrar no clube sem sua carteira de sócio? Mario is of Italian descent. He has double citizenship. Mario é de descendência italiana. Ele tem dupla cidadania. Text 3:Vocabulary Pre-Test

A B 1. crescimento comercial a. (2) study we did 2. um estudo feito b. (1) commercial growth 3. mercado vibrante c. (5) consistent with 4. espalhar os benefícios d. (3) vibrant marketplace 5. compatível com e. (4) spread the benefits

The suffixes –ANT / -ENT You need to be a little more patient with the kids. Você precisa ser um pouco mais paciente com as crianças. Mr. Freitas has been our accountant for many years. O Sr. Freitas (é) tem sido nosso contador há anos. Working as Prof. Bradley’s assistant gave Jenny a lot of experience. Trabalhar como assistente do Prof. Bradley deu a Jenny muita experiência. Did you know that Emily has been writing a new mystery book? She says that the title will be “The Occupant of Room 201’ Você sabia que a Emily está escrevendo um novo livro de mistério? Ela diz que o título será “O Ocupante do quarto 201.”



PROFESSOR CARLOS AUGUSTO Vocabulary Build Up Mini-Text 1 1. prosperity // 2. speech // 3. advanced // 4. seize // 5. source Mini-Text 2 1. expertise // 2. impacted // 3. measured // 4. determined // 5. predict Mini-Text 3 1. expansion // 2. evidence // 3. rate // 4. likely // 5. equivalent Mini-Text 4 1. researchers // 2. observations // 3. causes // 4. changes // 5. factors The Microchip Revolution 1. (a) O aspecto econômico da revolução dos micro-componentes é uma das duas vantagens mencionadas. Na (b), diz-se que não é relevante; na (c), demonstra o constante aumento do custo do micro-componentes; na (d) que é uma desvantagem do ponto de vista econômico; na (e), que reflete sua inconsistência. 2. (c) Aqueles que não aceitam a revolução dos micro-componentes serão naturalmente excluídos do livre mercado mundial. Lê-se na (a) que serão capazes de participar do livre mercado mundial de uma maneira mais vantajosa; na (b) certamente garantirão sua presença no livre mercado mundial, na (d) serão naturalmente incorporados ao livre mercado mundial, na (e) enfrentarão uma participação mais ampla e mais efetiva no livre mercado mundial. 3. (d) A idéia de que talvez tenhamos que enfrentar o uso indevido de dados contidos em arquivos de computadores está expressa no texto (L-13/14); em (a), fala-se da falta de consistência das informações armazenadas nos arquivos dos computadores; na (b) fala-se da atualização periódica dos dados nos arquivos; na (c), fala-se da incorreta manipulação dos micro-componentes; e, na (e), fala-se da detalhada manipulação dos dados mantidos num computador. PICTURE TEST 16 (b) My goodness, my boy is hooked on his computer. He is becoming a geek. Por Deus! Meu filho está vidrado em computadores. Está se tornando um maníaco.




EXERCISES I - ‘if equivalents’ 1. Supposing you need my help, you should see me at my office tomorrow. // Supondo que você precise da minha ajuda, você deve procurar-me no meu escritório amanhã. 2. Providing that you had asked for Rose’s DVD, she might have lent it to you. // Se você tivesse pedido o DVD da Rosa ele poderia ter emprestado a você. 3. On condition that you hand in your term papers in time you may start phase II of our literature course. // Com a condição que você entregue seus trabalhos do semestre você poderá começar a fase II do nosso curso de literatura. 4. Unless Lisa goes to the dance, I won’t go either. // A menos que a Lisa vá ao baile eu não irei. 5. On the assumption that she invites you to the baby shower, will you go? // Supondo que ela convide você para o chá de bebê, você irá? II. Phrasal verbs with ‘leave’ 1. [OUT] Certifique-se de que não está omitindo meu nome. 2. [FOR] Meus pais estão partindo para o Canadá. 3. [OFF] Está chovendo forte há dias. Não há nenhum sinal de que esta chuva vai parar. 4. [ASIDE] Vamos deixar os outros fatores de lado, o fato é: nós podemos comprar um carro novo? 5. [BEHIND] Eu estava no estacionamento quando percebi que havia deixado as chaves do carro no escritório. III. Use one of the words belonging to the ‘part’ family. 1. [partial] O primeiro CD da banda fez um sucesso relativo. 2. [impartial] Como eu posso ser imparcial se minha filha está participando da competição? 3. [part] I’m Estou certo de que não paguei o total, paguei só parte. 4. [partly] Tenho que admitir que você está parcialmente correto desta vez. 5. [parted] Um tolo e seu dinheiro logo se separam’ é como diz um velho provérbio.



PROFESSOR CARLOS AUGUSTO IV. Vocabulary Cloze 1. heart // 2. nicknamed // 3. fabric // 4. home // 5. availability // 6. springing // 7. demand // 8. fierce // 9. price // 10. spread V – Word Forms Cloze 1. competitiveness // 2. livelihoods /// 3. legitimate // 4. comprehensive // 5. commitment



PROFESSOR CARLOS AUGUSTO Avalie se os seguintes objetivos da AULA 16 foram alcançados.

OBJECTIVES (OBJETIVOS)

Draw your attention to the following essential points: Chamar sua atenção para os seguintes pontos essenciais: I. Warm-up: Information technology and the Internet Aquecimento: A Tecnologia da Informação e a Internet II. Analysis of text 1: ‘Fighting Internet Fraud’ Análise do texto ‘Lutando contra a fraude na Rede’ III. Reading Comprehension Questions – multiple-choice Questões de interpretação do texto – múltipla-escolha IV. Word Forms – Deriving words Formação de palavras – palavras derivadas V. Discourse Marker (V) - Exemplification Marcadores do Discurso – indicando exemplificação VI. Analysis of text 2: ‘The Evolving Internet’ Análise do texto 2: ‘a Internet em Desenvolvimento’ VII. Reading Comprehension Questions Questões de interpretação do texto VIII. Word Forms – Suffix -SHIP Formação de palavras – o sufixo - SHIP IX. Grammar Tips – The ...ing form / If - clauses Dicas de Gramática: a forma ...ing // Orações condicionais X. Key Words : PART Palavras-Chave : PART XI. Analysis of text 3: ‘The Internet Today’ Análise do texto 3: ‘A Internet Hoje’



PROFESSOR CARLOS AUGUSTO XII. Phrasal verbs with LEAVE Phrasal verbs with LEAVE XIII. Word Forms: Suffixes -ANT & -ENT Formação de palavras: Sufixos –ANT & -ENT XIV. Vocabulary Build Up – Mini texts 1 thru 4 Construção do Vocabulário – mini-textos 1 a 4 XV. A Look at Past Exams – The Microchip Revolution (ESAF /AFTN – 1997) Uma olhada nos exames anteriores – A Revolução dos Micro-componentes (ESAF /AFTN –1997) XVI. Picture Test 16 Teste com gravuras 16 XVII. Exercise Section Seção de Exercícios

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Documents

client computer

internet fraud

online marketplace

law enforcement officials

legitimate businesses

increasing consumer

use of technology

copy information