16: ROLE OF U.S. AT TURN OF CENTURY

• VOCABULARY/KEY TERMS1. NATIVISM2. CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT OF 18813. SPANISH AMERICAN WAR4. WAR IN THE PHILIPPINES5. ROOSEVELT COROLLARY TO

MONROE DOCTRINE6. PANAMA CANAL

New Immigrants• Eastern & Southern

Europeans arrived through Ellis Island in NYC– Many did not speak

English– Catholic– Jewish

• Chinese, Japanese, and other Asians arrived through Angel Island in San Francisco Bay, California

Americanization Movement• Assimilation: Schools

taught English, history & government to help immigrants become citizens

• Nativism: preference for native born Americans

• Immigration restrictions: laws passed to restrict entry to the United States by certain groups

Anti-immigrant sentiments• Late 1800s large Asian influx:

– Accept lower wages– took jobs from whites– Whites sought help from

Congress– CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT

OF 1881: banned Chinese immigration until 1943

– California passed laws that forbade Japanese immigrants from owning land and from becoming U.S. citizens

– Federal government worked with Japanese government to limit immigration into U.S

SPANISH AMERICAN WARCAUSES1. U.S. EXPANSIONISM: wanted to

expand in Latin America and Pacific

2. REBELLIONS IN CUBA AND PHILIPPINES: People were rebelling against Spain in Cuba and Philippines

3. MEDIA– Yellow Journalism: the use of

sensationalism and exaggerated stories to sell papers

– PICTURES OF CUBAN CONCENTRATION CAMPS

– William Randolph Hearst- Morning Journal

– Joseph Pulitzer- NY World

4. U.S.S. Maine: explosion blamed on Spain although cause is unknown

RESULTS OF SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR

1. War lasted 3-4 months and U.S. won

2. U.S. gained: Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines, and control over Cuba

TELLER AMENDMENT: said U.S. would not annex Cuba (written before war)

PLATT AMENDMENT: gave the US control over Cuba (written after war)

FYI: Rough Riders- volunteer Calvary in Cuba

led by Theodore Roosevelt – Battle of San Juan Hill in Cuba

PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR• 1ST battles of Spanish-American war took

place in Philippines where rebels were also fighting for freedom from Spain

• U.S. promised Filipino people freedom in exchange for support during war

• U.S. defeated Spain and then claimed the Philippines as a US territory

• Filipino people declared war on U.S in 1899

• War lasted 3+ years and the Philippines remained a U.S. territory until 1946

U.S. EXPANSIONISM

• The acquisition of the new territories: Puerto Rico, Philippines and Guam, led to a fierce congressional debate over U.S. expansionism near the end of the 1800s. Many felt that the US was trying to create an Imperial Empire

• 1917 people of PR become US citizens

• 1949 people of Guam become US citizens

Theodore Roosevelt’s Foreign Policy• Monroe Doctrine

cornerstone of his policy

• Control Western Hemisphere

• 1904 ROOSEVELT COROLLARY to the Monroe Doctrine: U.S. claimed the right to protect its economic interests by means of military intervention in the affairs of Latin America and countries in the Western hemisphere

• US would police western hemisphere

The Panama Canal

Americans needed a shorter route between the Atlantic and Pacific 1. U.S. Navy: more

efficient in time of war

2. Faster Global shipping

• One of the greatest engineering feats in US history

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PANAMA CANAL ISSUES:• 1879 A French company attempted to build the canal

but failed after 10 years: yellow fever, injuries, mismanagement

• Colombia occupied Panama & wanted more $ for the canal zone.

• U.S. encouraged a Panamanian revolution: Panamanians vs. Colombia

• Revolution: November 1903 & U.S. immediately supported the rebels and proclaimed an Independent Panama with the U.S. as its “protector.”

• FEB 1904 HAY-BUNA-VARILLA TREATY: gave U.S. a permanent grant of 10-mile-wide strip for the Canal Zone

• US paid Panama $10 m and $250,000 per year for use• 1904-1914 while building the canal, thousands died

from disease and accidents• 1921 US paid Columbia $25 m for its role in revolution

OPEN DOOR POLICY TO CHINA

•1899: Open Door Policy: U.S feared that it would be closed out of the Chinese market because the U.S lacked the naval power to establish a sphere of influence. Instead, the U.S. turned to diplomacy. Sec. of State John Hay sent a series of notes to Japan and most European nations outlining the “Open Door Policy.” “All countries will have equal access to China.” As none of the countries accepted or rejected the Policy, the U.S announced that they accepted it.