15th international symposium on heavy ion inertial fusion · poster session i and pppl tour 15:30 -...

15th International Symposium on Heavy Ion Inertial Fusion

Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA

June 7-11, 2004

Sponsored by: U.S. Department of Energy

Hosted by:Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory

Organized by:Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

15th International Symposium on Heavy Ion Inertial FusionProgram Outline

07-11 June, 2004, Princeton University, New Jersey, USA

Sunday, June 6 17:00 – 19:00 Registration and Welcoming Reception

Monday, June 7 MorningI. Opening Statements and Program Reviews 8:30 - 8:45 Opening Remarks 8:45 – 10:45 Program Reviews: 30,30,30,30 min 10:45 - 11:00 Coffee Break11:00 - 11:30 Overview: 30 min

II. Targets for Fusion Energy and High Energy Density Physics - Part I11:30 - 12:30 Targets: 30,30 min

12:30 - 14:00 Lunch

Monday, June 7 Afternoon II. Targets for Fusion Energy and High Energy Density Physics - Part II 14:00 – 15:20 Targets and Fabrication: 25,30,25 min15:20 - 15:35 Coffee Break15:35 – 17:30 Fast Ignition: 30,30,30,25 min

Tuesday, June 8 Morning III. Atomic Physics and Ion and Laser Interactions with Matter 8:30 - 9:00 HEDP, Beam Stopping and Beam-Plasma: 30,30,20,20,20 min 10:30 - 10:45 Coffee Break10:45 - 11:15 Cross-Sections, WDM Equations of State, Beam-Plasma, Resistivity:

30,25,25,25 min

12:30 - 14:00 Lunch

Tuesday, June 8 AfternoonV. Accelerators and Beam Physics - Part I14:00 - 14:30 GSI Project, Beam Stability: 30,25,25 min15:50 - 16:05 Coffee Break 16:05 - 16:35 Ion Sources, ITEP Project, Beam Science: 30,25,25 min

Tuesday, June 8 Evening18:30 - 21:00 Banquet

Wednesday, June 9 Morning IV. Fusion Chamber 8:30 - 10:30 5 HIF Chamber, Recycling, Neutronics, Vapor Condensation:

30,30,20,20,20 min10:30 - 10:45 Coffee Break10:45 - 11:05 Salt Chemistry: 20 min

V. Accelerators and Beam Physics - Part II11:05 - 11:35 Space-Charge Experiments, Beam Simulations: 30,30,25 min

12:30 - 14:00 Lunch

Wednesday, June 9 AfternoonV. Accelerators and Beam Physics - Part II (continued)14:00 - 14:30 PPPL Paul Trap, Maryland e- Ring, Solenoidal Transport: 30,30,30 min

Poster Session I and PPPL Tour 15:30 - 17:30 Poster Presentations16:30 - 18:30 Tour of PPPL to run concurrently with poster session

Thursday, June 10 Morning V. Accelerators and Beam Physics - Part III 8:30 - 10:05 Electron-Cloud, Final Focus, Drift and Bunch Compression:

30,20,20,25 min10:05 - 10:20 Coffee Break10:20 - 10:50 30,25,25,25,25 min

12:30 - 14:00 Lunch

Thursday, June 10 AfternoonV. Accelerators and Beam Physics - Part III (continued)14:00 - 15:35 Diagnostics, Modulators, Laser-Ion Source, Superconducting Magnets:

25,25,25,20 min

Poster Session II 15:35 - 17:35 Poster Presentations

Friday, June 11 Morning

VI. System Studies and Alternates 8:30 - 9:00 HIF Point Designs, Laser IFE, Z-Pinch IFE, Systems, IBX Options:

30,30,30,25,25,25 min 11:15 - 11:30 Coffee Break

Summaries and Closing Remarks11:30 - 12:45 Summaries: Target, Atomic, Chamber, Accelerators, Systems 15 min each12:45 - 13:00 Closing Remarks

Committees for the2004 International Symposium on Heavy Ion Inertial Fusion

Symposium Chair

R.C. Davidson PPPL, USA

2004 Scientific Program Committee

W.A. Herrmannsfeldt SLAC, USA, ChairS.M. Lund LLNL, USA, Co-ChairE.P. Lee LBNL, USA, Proceedings Editor

S. Atzeni ENEA, Italy T. Kayayama RIKEN, Japan M. Basko ITEP, Russia A. Molvik LLNL, USA J. Barnard LLNL, USA M. Ogawa TIT, Japan H.J. Bluhm FZK, Germany C.L. Olson SNL, USA D. Callahan LLNL, USA P. Peterson UCB, USA C.M. Celata LBNL, USA H. Qin PPPL, USA R. Davidson PPPL, USA B. Sharkov ITEP, Russia C. Deutsch LPGP, France E. Sonnendrucker U.Strasbourg, I. Haber U. MD, USA Germany D.H.H. Hoffmann TU, Germany N.A. Tahir GSI, Germany I. Hofman GSI, Germany V. Vatulin VNIIEF, Russia

International Advisory Committee

R. Bangerter LBNL, USAJ. J. Barnard LLNL, USAM. Basko ITEP, RussiaR. Bock GSI, GermanyD. Callahan LLNL, USAR. Davidson PPPL, USAC. Deutsch LPGP, FranceA. Friedman LLNL, USAW. A. Herrmannsfeldt SLAC, USAD. Hoffmann TU, GermanyI. Hofmann GSI, GermanyK. Horioka TIT, JapanT. Katayama RIKEN, Japan H. Klein IAP-Goethe U.,

GermanyE. P. Lee LBNL, USAJ. Lindl LLNL, USAB. G. Logan LBNL, USAS. M. Lund LLNL, USAJ. Meyer-ter-Vehn MPQ, Germany

K. Nishihara Osaka U., JapanM. Ogawa TIT, TokyoC. Olson SNL, USAJ. M. Perlado UMP, SpainM. Pusterla INFN, ItalyH. Qin PPPL, USAR. Ramis UMP, SpainM. Reiser U. Md., USA B. Sharkov ITEP, RussiaP. Spiller GSI, GermanyV. Smirnov KIAE, RussiaK. Schultz GA, USAM. Tabak LLNL, USAF. Thio DOE, USAV. Vatulin VNIIEF, RussiaG. Velarde DENIM, SpainP. Zenkevich ITEP, RussiaZ. Zinamon Weizmann Inst.,

Israel

2004 Symposium Webmasters

D. P. Grote LLNL, USAH. Qin PPPL, USA

2004 Organizing Committee

R. C. Davidson PPPL, USA ChairJ. J. Barnard LLNL, USA Vice-ChairP. Efthimion PPPL, USAT. Greenberg PPPL, USAD. P. Grote LLNL, USAL. Heimbucher LBNL, USAI. Kaganovich PPPL, USAP. LaMarche Princeton U, USA

E. P. Lee LBNL, USAS. M. Lund LLNL, USAS. Meade PPPL, USAH. Qin PPPL, USAW. Tabler LBNL, USA

Welcome to the 2004 International Symposium onHeavy Ion Fusion

It is a great pleasure to welcome all participants and companions to the 15th International Symposium on Heavy Ion Fusion. The Symposium is being held on June 7 – 11, 2004, on the campus of Princeton University in historic Princeton, New Jersey. The 2004 Symposium is hosted by the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, organized by the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy.

The International Symposium on Heavy Ion Fusion has been held approximately on a biannual basis since 1976, and provides an important international forum for researchers from around the world to discuss recent scientific advances and future plans in heavy ion fusion and beam-driven high energy density physics. The week-long opportunity to exchange technical information and develop collaborative ties among international researchers at these Symposia have provided a key stimulus for the significant technical advances in the field, with strong participation by scientists from France, Germany, Japan, Russia, Spain, the United States and other countries

The Program Committee for the 15th International Symposium has developed a very exciting technical program for the Symposium, with 60 invited oral presentations, and 50 poster presentations. The program for the 15th International Symposium covers a broad range of topics, including overviews of national programs, target physics and design, high energy density physics, target fabrication, fast ignition, ion beam production by intense lasers, beam-plasma interaction physics, atomic physics and cross sections, warm dense matter physics, accelerator and intense beam physics, collective instabilities, ion source and injector experiments, beam transport, fusion chamber technology, electron cloud effects, neutralized transport, drift compression and final focus, induction module development, system studies and driver point designs.

Again, on behalf of the Organizing Committee, welcome to the 2004 International Symposium on Heavy ion Fusion. I hope you find the conference stimulating, and enjoy your stay in Princeton.

Ronald C. Davidson, 2004 HIF Symposium CoordinatorPrinceton Plasma Physics LaboratoryPrinceton University, Sayre Drive at Route 1, P.O. Box 451Princeton, New Jersey, 08543-0451, USATelephone: (609) 243-3552; Fax: (609) 243-2418Email: [email protected]

General Information

Symposium Location

Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA Physics Department, Jadwin Hall, Room A - 10

Conference Hotel

Nassau Inn, 10 Palmer Square Princeton, New Jersey, USA 08542 Telephone: 609-921-7500 http://www.nassauinn.com

Registration

Registration starts on Sunday, 17:00 – 18:00 and then each morning from 8:00. The regular on-site registration fee is $400 US. The student registration fee is $ 175 US. You will receive a name badge upon registration. Please wear it to attend all sessions and events.

Oral Presentations

The oral sessions include all invited papers. An overhead projector will be available for showing viewgraphs. A Windows PC, a Macintosh PC, and a LCD projector will be available for electronic presentations. It is strongly recommended that electronic presentations be submitted in advance using a portable memory device, and individuals making electronic presentations verify that their visual materials are compatible with the computers and the LCD projector provided. A microphone and a laser pointer will also be available. Requests for additional audio-visual equipment should be made in advance with Hong Qin ([email protected]). Speakers should allow 5 minutes at the end of their presentation time for questions and should attend the full session in case changes in speaking order are needed. Limited space will be available on a first-come first-served basis in the poster sessions for speakers who wish to post their oral talks for further discussion �

Poster Presentations

Poster sessions of contributed papers are on Wednesday and Thursday afternoon. Posters should be prepared for display in the morning of the day of presentation and removed after the session. The Poster boards are two-sided with each side measuring 3 ft x 4 ft (0.91 m x 1.22 m). If necessary, both sides of a board can be used for each individual presentation. At least one author of the poster is expected to be present at their poster for all of the session. Posters have been grouped by topic and then distributed between Wednesday and Thursday. This should allow those making presentations time to communicate with those presenting similar topics and aid attendees searching for specific topics.

Proceedings

All attendees making oral and poster presentations at the Symposium are requested to submit papers for a peer-reviewed special issue to be published in Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A. Journal page limits are 6 pages for invited (oral) presentations and 4 pages for contributed (poster) presentations. Manuscripts are due at the Symposium and can be turned in at the registration desk. More information on the proceedings including preparation instructions can be found on the Symposium web site: http://nonneutral.pppl.gov/HIF04/.

Tour

A tour of Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory will be held on Wednesday, June 9, 16:30 - 18:30. Bus transportation will be provided from the conference center to the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and back at the end of the tour. Please observe the following rules:

Passport or picture ID required for identification No smoking

No high-heeled or open-toed shoes, or sandals No briefcases or packages Children should be over 10 years of age People with pacemakers will not be permitted in experimental areas Radiation monitoring will be performed on the group per DOE requirements (radiation areas will not be entered) Areas may be entered where hardhats are required Cameras are permitted

2004 International Symposium on Heavy Ion Inertial FusionScientific Program

Monday, 07 June MorningI. Opening Statements and Program Reviews

(150 min, 5 30 min talks ... not including opening remarks)

Chair: R. Davidson

8:30 - 8:45 Opening Remarks, R. Davidson 8:45 - 9:15 25+5 M.I-01 G. Logan (LBNL - USA) "Overview of US Heavy-Ion Fusion Progress and Plans" 9:15 - 9:45 25+5 M.I-02 D. Hoffmann (GSI - Germany) M.I-02 "European Program Overview" 9:45 - 10:15 25+5 M.I-03 B. Sharkov (ITEP - Russia) "Russian HIF Program Overview"10:15 - 10:45 25+5 M.I-04 T. Katayama (RIKEN - Japan) "Japanese Program Overview"

10:45 - 11:00 Coffee Break

Chair: D.H.H. Hoffmann

11:00 - 11:30 25+5 M-I-05 M. Campbell (General Atomics - USA) "Future Prospects for Heavy Ion Fusion"

II. Targets for Fusion Energy and High Energy Density Physics - Part I (60 min, 2 30 min talks)

A. Physics

11:30 - 12:00 25+5 M.I-06 D. Callahan (LLNL - USA) "Heavy Ion Target Physics and Design in the USA"

12:00 - 12:30 25+5 M.I-07 N. Tahir (GSI - Germany) "Studies of High-Energy-Density States in Matter at the GSI Darmstadt Using Intense Beams of Energetic Heavy Ions"

12:30 - 14:00 Lunch

Monday, 07 June Afternoon II. Targets for Fusion Energy and High Energy Density Physics - Part II

(195 min, 7 talks: 4 30 min, 3 25 min) A. Physics B. Fabrication and Technology

Chair: S. Kawata

14:00 - 14:25 20+5 M.I.-08 A. Piriz (University of Castilla-La Mancha - Spain) "Target Design for the Cylindrical Compression of Matter Driven by Heavy Ion Beams"14:25 - 14:55 25+5 M.I-09 D. Goodin (General Atomics - USA) "Progress in Heavy Ion Driven Target Fabrication and Injection"14:55 - 15:20 20+5 M.I-10 A. Nikroo (General Atomics - USA) "Fabrication of Capsules with Angle Dependent Gold Shims

for Hohlraum Drive Symmetry Correction"


C. Fast Ignition

Chair: P. Velarde

15:35 - 16:05 25+5 M.I-11 M. Tabak (LLNL - USA) "Models of Gain Curves for Fast Ignition"16:05 - 16:35 25+5 M.I-12 M. Geissel (SNL - USA, TU - Darmstadt) "Short Pulse Laser Generated Ion Beams for Fast Ignition"16:35 - 17:05 25+5 M.I-13 R. Town (LLNL - USA) "Simulations of Electron Transport for

Fast Ignition Using LSP"17:05 - 17:30 20+5 M.I-14 M. Murakami (ILE Osaka - Japan) "A New Twist to Inertial Confinement Fusion -- Impact Ignition"

Tuesday, 08 June Morning III. Atomic Physics and Ion and Laser Interactions with Matter

(225 min, 9 talks: 3 30 min, 3 25 min, 3 20 min) A. Beam Stopping in Matter and Beam-Plasma Interaction B. Cross Sections for Beam and Chamber Physics C. Warm Dense Matter Physics

Chair: G. Logan

8:30 - 9:00 25+5 Tu.I-01 V. Fortov (RAS - Russia) "Some Physical Processes at High Energy Densities, Worth Investigating by Intense Heavy Ion Beams" 9:00 - 9:30 25+5 Tu.I-02 D. Varentsov (GSI - Germany) "High Energy Density Physics Experiments with Intense Heavy Ion Beams"

9:30 - 9:50 15+5 Tu.I-03 A. Blazevic (TU Darmstadt - Germany) "Ion Beam Interactions with a Dense, Laser Produced Plasma" 9:50 - 10:10 15+5 Tu.I-04 Y. Oguri (TIT - Japan) "Stopping of Low-Energy Highly-Charged Ions in Dense Plasma"10:10 - 10:30 15+5 Tu.I-05 G. Maynard (LPGP UParis XI Orsay - France) "Isochoric Heating of DT fuels Through PW-Laser Produced Non Relativistic Ion Beams"


Chair: C. Deutsch

10:45 - 11:15 25+5 Tu.I-06 I. Kaganovich (PPPL - USA) "Ionization Cross Sections for Ion-Atom Collisions in

High Energy Ion Beams"11:15 - 11:40 20+5 Tu.I-07 I. Lomonosov (RAS - Russia) "Equation of State of Warm Dense Matter Generated by Heavy Ions" 11:40 - 12:05 20+5 Tu.I-08 A. Golubev (ITEP - Russia) "Experiments on Beam-Plasma Interaction Physics"12:05 - 12:30 20+5 Tu.I-09 S. Udrea (GSI - Germany) "Electrical Resistivity Measurements of Ion Driven High Energy Density Matter"

12:30 - 14:00 Lunch

Tuesday, 08 June AfternoonV. Accelerators and Beam Physics - Part I (160 minutes, 6 talks: 2 30 min, 4 25 min) A. Sources and Injectors B. Transport and Acceleration C. Pulse Compression Methods

Chair: H. Klein

14:00 - 14:30 25+5 Tu.I-10 P. Spiller (GSI - Germany) "Accelerator Plans at GSI and Plasma Physics Applications"14:30 - 15:25 20+5 Tu.I-11 R. Davidson (PPPL - USA) "Survey of Collective Instabilities and Beam-Plasma Interactions in Intense Heavy Ion Beams"15:25 - 15:50 20+5 Tu.I-12 E. Startsev (PPPL - USA) "Three-Dimensional Simulation Studies of the Temperature Anisotropy Instability in Intense Charged Particle Beams"


Chair: M. Pusterla

16:05 - 16:35 25+5 Tu.I-13 J. Kwan (LBNL - USA) "Ion Source and Injector Experiments at the HIF VNL"16:35 - 17:00 20+5 Tu.I-14 P. Zenkevich (ITEP - Russia)

"Beam Physics in the ITEP-TWAC Synchrotron Rings" 17:00 - 17:25 20+5 Tu.I-15 C. Celata (LLNL - USA) "Scientific Issues in Future Accelerators for Heavy Ion Fusion"

Tuesday, 08 June Evening Banquet

18:30 - 21:00 Dinner

Wednesday, 09 June Morning IV. Fusion Chamber

(140 min, 6 talks: 2 30 min, 4 20 min) A. Beam Transport B. Technology and Power Plant Considerations

Chair: G. Miley

8:30 - 9:00 25+5 W.I-01 P. Peterson (Berkeley - USA) "HIF Chamber Phenomena and Design"

9:00 - 9:30 25+5 W.I-02 S. Kawata (Utsunomiya Univ. - Japan) "Final Beam Transport and Target Illumination" 9:30 - 9:50 15+5 W.I-03 L. El-Guebaly (Univ. of Wisconsin at Madison - USA) "Recycling Issues Facing Target and RTL Materials of Inertial Fusion Designs" 9:50 - 10:10 15+5 W.I-04 J. Latkowski (LLNL - USA) "Neutronics of Heavy Ion Fusion Chambers" 10:10 - 10:30 15+5 W.I-05 P. Calderoni (UCLA - USA) "Vapor Condensation Study for HIF Liquid Chambers"


Chair: TBA

10:45 - 11:05 15+5 W.I-06 Dai-Kai Sze (UCSD - USA) "Molten Salt Chemistry Control for Fusion Chambers"

V. Accelerators and Beam Physics - Part II(175 minutes, 6 talks: 5 30 min, 1 25 min)

A. Sources and Injectors B. Transport and Acceleration C. Pulse Compression Methods

11:05 - 11:35 25+5 W.I-07 L. Prost (LBNL - USA) "Experimental Study of the Transport Limits of Intense Heavy Ion Beams in the High Current Transport Experiment"11:35 - 12:05 25+5 W.I-08 A. Friedman (LLNL - USA) "Simulation of Intense Beams for Heavy Ion Fusion"12:05 - 12:30 20+5 W.I-09 E. Sonnendrucker (Univ. of Strasbourg - France) "Adaptive Numerical Vlasov Simulation of Intense Beams"

12:30 - 14:00 Lunch

Wednesday, 09 June Afternoon

Chair: D. Rose

14:00 - 14:30 25+5 W.I-10 E. Gilson (PPPL - USA) "Simulation of Long-Distance Beam Propagation in the Paul Trap Simulator Experiment" 14:30 - 15:00 25+5 W.I-11 R. Kishek (Univ. of Maryland - USA) "HIF Research on the University of Maryland Electron Ring"15:00 - 15:30 25+5 W.I-12 E. Lee (LBNL - USA) "Solenoidal Transport for Heavy Ion Fusion"

Wednesday, 09 June AfternoonPoster Session I and PPPL Tour (120 minutes) 15:30 - 17:30 Poster Presentations (See Poster Program)

16:30 - 18:30 Tour of PPPL to run concurrently with poster session

Thursday, 10 June Morning V. Accelerators and Beam Physics - Part III (315 minutes, 12 talks: 3 30 min, 6 25 min, 3 20 min) D. Final Focus E. Electron Production and Interactions F. Technology

Chair: A. Schempp

8:30 - 9:00 25+5 Th.I-01 A. Molvik (LLNL - USA) "Experimental Studies of Electrons in a Heavy-Ion Beam" 9:00 - 9:20 15+5 Th.I-02 A. Lifschitz (LPGP UParis XI Orsay - France) "Dynamics of Neutralizing Electrons and the Focusability of Intense Ion Beams in HIF Accelerating Structures" 9:20 - 9:40 15+5 Th.I-03 R. Cohen (LLNL - USA) "Simulating Electron Cloud Effects in Heavy-Ion Accelerators" 9:40 - 10:05 20+5 Th.I-04 L. Grisham (PPPL - USA) "Experimental Evaluation of a Negative Ion Source for a Heavy Ion Fusion Negative Ion Driver"


Chair: G. Turchetti

10:20 - 10:50 25+5 Th.I-05 P. Roy (LBNL - USA) "Neutralized Transport Experiment"10:50 - 11:15 20+5 Th.I-06 D. Welch (Mission Research Corp - USA) "Simulations of Neutralized Final Focus"11:15 - 11:40 20+5 Th.I-07 J. Barnard (LLNL - USA) "A Final Focus Model for Heavy Ion Fusion Driver System Codes"11:40 - 12:05 20+5 Th.I-08 H. Qin (PPPL - USA) "Drift Compression and Final Focus Options for Heavy Ion Fusion"12:05 - 12:30 20+5 Th.I-09 T. Kikuchi (Univ. of Tokyo - Japan) "Beam Dynamics and Emittance Growth During Final Beam Bunching in HIF Driver Systems"

12:30 - 14:00 Lunch

Chair: G. Westenskow

14:00 - 14:25 20+5 Th.I-10 F. Bieniosek (LBNL - USA) "Diagnostics for Intense Heavy Ion Beams" 14:25 - 14:50 20+5 Th.I-11 K. Horioka (TIT - Japan) "Development of Induction Modules for High Power Accelerators"

14:50 - 15:15 20+5 Th.I-12 T. Cowan (U. Nevada Reno - USA) "Ultra-Low Emittance, High Current Proton Beams Produced with a Laser-Virtual Cathode Sheath Accelerator" 15:15 - 15:35 15+5 Th.I-13 G-L. Sabbi (LBNL - USA) "Development of Superconducting Magnet Systems for HIF"

Thursday, 10 June Afternoon Poster Session II (120 minutes) 15:35 - 17:35 Poster Presentations (See Poster Program)

Friday, 11 June Morning VI. System Studies and Alternates (165 min, 7 talks)

Chair: E. Lee

8:30 - 9:00 25+5 F.I-01 S. Yu (LBNL - USA) "HIF Driver Point Designs" 9:00 - 9:30 25+5 F.I-02 J. Sethian (NRL - USA) "Laser Fusion Energy" 9:30 - 10:00 25+5 F.I-03 C. Olson (SNL - USA) "Progress on Z-Pinch IFE and HIF Target Work on Z"10:00 - 10:25 20+5 F.I-04 S. Medin (IHT RAS - Russia)

"Power Plant Conceptual Design for Fast Ignition Heavy Ion Fusion" 10:25 - 10:50 20+5 F.I-05 W. Meier (LLNL - USA) "Systems Analysis for Modular Versus Multi-Beam HIF Drivers"10:50 - 11:15 20+5 F.I-06 M. Leitner (LBNL - USA) "Options for an Integrated Beam Experiment"


Chair: R. Davidson

11:30 - 12:45 Summaries Target 15 R. Bangerter

Atomic 15 C. Deutsch Chamber 15 P. Peterson Accelerator 15 P. Seidl Systems 15 W. Meier

12:45 - 13:00 Closing Remarks R. Davidson

2004 International Symposium on Heavy Ion Inertial FusionPoster Presentations

Wednesday, 09/06 AfternoonPoster Session I and PPPL Tour

15:30 - 17:30 Poster Presentations 16:30 - 18:30 Tour of PPPL to run concurrently with poster session

W.P - 01 D. Clark, M. Tabak “Nonlinear Rayleigh-Taylor Growth in Converging Geometry”

W.P - 02 G. Dolgoleva, A. Gorbunov, V. Kechin, V. Nechpai, P. Pevnaya, L. Sizova, S. Kholin, “Heavy-Ion Target with a Disc Converter”

W.P – 03 K. Starikov, C. Deutsch“Stopping of Relativistic Electrons in Partially Generate Electron Fluid”

W.P – 04 P. Velarde, F. Ogando, S. Eliezer“Fast Ignition Heavy Ion Fusion Target by Jet Impact”

W.P – 05 R. Olson, “Electron Loss Cross Sections for Low Charge State Ions”

W.P – 06 A. Konkachbaev, N. Morley, M. Abdou, “3D Modeling of Liquid Jets, Used in Heavy Ion Fusion for Beam Line Protection”

W.P – 07 C. Debonnel, S. Yu, P. Peterson“Progress Towards a Detailed Tsunami Modeling of the Heavy Ion Fusion Modular Point Design”

W.P – 08 J-L. Vay, P. Colella, J. Kwan, P. McCorquodale, D. Serafini, A. Friedman, D. Grote, G. Westenskow, J-C. Adam, A. Héron, I. Haber, “Application of Adaptive Mesh Refinement to PIC Simulations in Inertial Fusion”

W.P – 09 W. Lee, R. Davidson, E. Startsev, H. Qin, “The Electromagnetic Darwin Model for Intense Charged Particle Beams”

W.P – 10 D. Grote, “Simulation of Integrated Beam Experiment Designs”

W.P – 11 H. Li, S. Bernal, T. Godlove, I. Haber, R. Kishek, B. Quinn, M. Reiser, M. Walter, M. Wilson, Y. Zou, P. O’Shea, “Beam Control and Matching on the University of Maryland Electron Ring (UMER)”

W.P. – 12 M. Walter, D. Lamb, S. Bernal, T. Godlove, I. Haber, R. Kishek, H. Li, P. O’Shea, B. Quinn, M. Reiser, “Experimental Tests of the Injection Y on the University of Maryland Electron Ring.

W.P – 13 P. Efthimion, E. Gilson, L. Grisham, R, Davidson, S. Yu, B. Logan“Development of a One-Meter Plasma for Heavy Ion Beam Charge Neutralization”

W.P –14 I. Kaganovich, E. Startsev. R. Davidson, D. Welch“Theory of Ion Beam Pulse Neutralization by a Background Plasma in a Solenoidal Magnetic Field”

W. P – 15 D. Rose, T. Genoni, D. Welch, “Two-Stream, Stability Assessment of Intense Heavy Ion Beam Propagating in Preformed Plasmas”

W.P – 16 D. Ho, S. Brandon“Is Laser Calling for Heavy-Ion Fusion Feasible”

W.P - 17 T. Kikuchi, T. Katayama, S. Lund, “Bunch Compression in a Ring in Future Riken Projects”

W.P – 18 J. Harris, S. Bernal, D. Feldmen, I. Haber, T. Godlove, R. Kishek, H. Li, B. Quinn, M. Reiser, M. Walter, M. Wilson, Y. Zou, P. O’Shea, “Longitudinal Drift Experiments at the University of Maryland Electron Ring”

W.P – 19 W. Sharp, J. Barnard, D. Grote, C. Celata, S. Yu, D. Rose, D. Welch, “Simulation of Drift-Compression for Heavy-Ion- Fusion”

W.P – 20 J. Hasegawa, T. Mawatari, Y. Oguri, M. Ogawa, K. Horioka,“Dynamics of Plasma Channels for Chamber Transport”

W.P – 21 H. Zimmermann, U. Bartz, N. Mûller, A. Schempp, J. Thibus“The Frankfurt Funneling Experiment”

Thursday, 10/06 Afternoon Poster Session II

15:35 - 17:35 Poster Presentations

Th.P - 01 M. Rosen, J. Hammer,“Analytic Expression for Optimal Hohlraum Wall Density”

Th.P – 02 T. Someya, S. Kawata, T. Kikuchio, A. Ogoyski, “HIB Illumination on a Target in HIF”

Th.P – 03 A. Aksenov, “Cylindrical Targets in HIF”

Th.P – 04 G. Dolgoleva, V. Ermolovich, “Numerical Evaluation of the Influence of Non-Stationary State and Heterogeneity of the Rotated Ion Beam on the Irradiated Cylindrical Target Compression Parameters”

Th.P – 05 S. Bouchigny, C. Commeaux, J-P. Didelez, G. Rouillé, “Progress in the Polarization of HD”

Th.P – 06 V. Nechpai, L. Potapkina, S. Smirnov, S. Kholin, “2-D Model of a Concentrated Shell with Magnetic Field”

Th.P – 07 A. Bret, M. Firpo, C. Deutsch, “Between Filamentation and Two Stream Instabilities”

Th.P – 08 M. Velarde, J. Perlado, J. Abascal“The Role of Organically Bound Tritium After Ingestion in Normal and Accidental Scenarios in Inertial Fusion Reactors”

Th.P – 09 J. Perlado, M. Caturla, E. Domínguez, D. Lodi, J. Marian, F. Mota, M. Salvador,G. Velarde, J. Abascal., “Review of Structural and Ceramic Materials under Irradiation in Inertial Fusion Reactors: Comparison of Multi-Scale Modeling and Experiment”

Th.P – 10 A. Fertman, A. Golubev, B. Sharkov, M. Prokouronov, G. Fehrenbacher, R. Haase, I. Hofmann, D. Hoffmann, E. Mustafin, D. Schardt, K. Weyrich “Residual Radioactivity of Copper Induced by Argon Beam Irradiation”

Th.P – 11 J. Kwan, F. Bieniosek, W. Waldron, J-L. Vay, G. Westenskow, E. Halaxa, I. Haber, “Production of a High Brightness Beam from a Large Surface Source”

Th.P – 12 G. Westenskow, D. Grote, E. Halaxa, J. Kwan, J. Kapica, W. Waldron, Th.P – 13 E. Henestroza, J. Kwan, E. Lee, S. Yu, R. Briggs, “Extraction and Acceleration of High Line Charge Density Beams” Th.P – 14 I. Haber, S. Bernal, R. Kishek, P. O’Shea, B. Quinn, M. Reiser, Y. Zou, A.

Friedman, D. Grote, J-L. Vay, “Measurement and Simulation of the UMER Beam in the Source Region”

Th.P – 15 O. Meusel, A. Bechtold, J. Pozimski, U. Ratzinger, A. Schempp, H. Klein, “Low Energy Beam Transport Using Space Charge Lenses”

Th.P – 16 R. Bhatt, C. Chen, E. Henestroza, J. Zhou, “The Path to Ideal High-Intensity Beams in Alternating-Gradient Focusing Systems” Th.P - 17 M. Pusterla, ”Unconventional Theoretical Methods Applied to High Intensity

Ion Beams in Circular and Linear Accelerators” Th.P – 18 S. Hudson, H. Qin, R. Davidson, “Chaotic Particle Trajectories in High Intensity Finite-Length Charge Bunches” Th. P – 19 G. Benedetti, G. Turchetti, “Collision Effects and Dynamic Aperture in High Intensity Storage Rings” Th.P - 20 S. Lund, D. Grote, R. Davidson, “Simulation of Beam Emittance Growth from the Collective Relaxation of Space-Charge Nonuniformities” Th.P – 21 F. Bieniosek, A. Faltens, L. Prost, P. Roy, P. Seidl, S. Eylon, E. Henestroza,

W. Waldron, S. Yu, “Experimental Study of Space-Charge Waves in Intense Heavy Ion Beams”

Th.P – 22 P. Seidl, D. Baca, G. Ritchie, G. Sabbi, D. Shuman, M. Covo, A. Molvik, “Magnetic Field Measurements of Quadrupoles in the High Current Experiment”

Th.P - 23 J. Zhou, C. Chou, B. Qian “Beam Halo Formation and Bean Loss Induced by Image-Charge Effects in a Small-Aperture Alternating-Gradient Focusing System”

Th.P – 24 R. DuBois, A. Santos “Scaling Laws for Electron Loss from Ion Beams” Th.P – 25 P. Stoltz, S. Veitzer, R. Cohen, A. Molvik, J.L.-Vay “Electron Effects Due to Grazing Collisions Between Heavy Ions and Walls” Th.P. – 26 S. Eylon, E. Henestroza, P. Roy, S. Yu “Electron Effects in the Neutralized Transport Experiment (NTX)” Th.P – 27 M. Chung, E. Gilson, R. Davidson, P. Efthimion, R. Majeski, E. Startsev

“Laser Induced Fluorescence Diagnostic of Barium Ion Plasmas in the Paul Trap Simulator Experiment”

Th.P – 28 P. Roy, S. Yu, S. Eylon, E. Henestroza, J. Ludvig, D. Shuman, W. Greenway, D. Vanecek, W. Waldron, R. Hannink, “Study of a Non Intercepting Beam Diagnostic for Beam Density Profile”

Th.P – 29 Y. Cui, Y. Zou, M. Reiser, R. Kishek, I Haber, S. Bernal, P. O’Shea, “Resolution Study of a Retarding Energy Analyzer” Th.P – 30 Y. Zou, Y. Cui, M. Reiser, K. Tian, M. Walter, I. Haber, R. Kishek, S. Bernal,

P. O’Shea, “Progress on Experimental Study of Beam Energy in the Space-Charge Dominated Beams”

Th.P – 31 L. Wu, G. Miley, H. Momota, “Space-Charge Neutralization of Heavy Ion Beams via Electron Injection

AbstractsOral Presentations

Monday, 07 June, 2004

Program OverviewsTargets for Fusion and High Energy Density Physics

Listed in Program OrderOne Per Page

OVERVIEW OF US HEAVY- ION FUSION RESEARCH* B. Grant Logan

Heavy Ion Fusion Virtual National Laboratory (HIF-VNL)+

Significant experimental and theoretical progress has been made in the U.S. heavy ion fusion program on high-current sources, transport, final focusing, chambers and targets for inertial fusion energy (IFE) driven by induction linac accelerators. The program seeks to provide the scientific and technical basis for the Integrated Beam Experiment (IBX), an integrated source-to-target physics experiment recently included in the list of future facilities planned by the U.S. Department of Energy. To optimize the design of IBX and future inertial fusion energy drivers, current HIF-VNL research is addressing several key issues (representative, not inclusive): gas and electron cloud effects which can exacerbate beam loss at high beam perveance and magnet aperture fill factors; ballistic neutralized and assisted-pinch focusing of neutralized heavy ion beams; limits on longitudinal compression of both neutralized and un-neutralized heavy ion bunches; and tailoring heavy ion beams for uniform target energy deposition for high energy density physics (HEDP) studies.

Recent progress highlights: The Source Test Stand (STS): High brightness beamlets of Ar+1 ions have been measured with current density (100 mA/cm2 @ 5 mA), emittance (Teff < 2 eV), charge state purity (> 90%) and energy spread (< 0.01%) supporting future merging-beamlet injectors for heavy ion fusion. Sixty-one beamlets have been extracted through 4 Einzel lens arrays with good uniformity across the array. The High Current Experiment (HCX): Beam loss from transport of 180 mA, 1 MeV K+ beams over five electric-quadrupole lattice periods has been reduced by a factor of three by flattening the injector extraction voltage waveform [flatter Ib(t)], improved matching (smaller envelope oscillations), and better beam centroid control. Experiments with transport through four pulsed quadrupole magnets began in May 2003 to study gas and electron effects. Work in progress includes a variety of new diagnostics and use of electron clearing electrodes, as well as addition of small induction gaps to expel electrons. The Neutralized Transport Experiment (NTX): a very high brightness ion beam ( n < 0.05 mm-mr at 25 mA, 300 keV K+ ), supports small neutralized focal spots, RF and MEVVA plasma sources have been characterized, and initial experiments focusing high perveance (3x10-4 ) beams show that plasma neutralization reduces focal spot radii from ~ 1.1 cm (vacuum focus) to <0.14 cm (neutralized focus) consistent with particle-in-cell calculations. In addition, transport physics experiments relevant to long-path heavy ion fusion drivers have begun with the University of Maryland Electron Ring, and with the Paul Trap Simulator Experiment at PPPL. Recent heavy ion fusion theory and simulation research has developed 3D time-dependent simulations of HCX and IBX, new insights have been gained on electron cloud effects by including electron cloud models in WARP simulations, new Adaptive Mesh Refinement capabilities in WARP are yielding better injector simulations, and the behavior of anisotropy and two-stream modes have been explored with the nonlinear perturbative BEST f code.

A multi-beam induction linac driven power plant study (9-03) shows detailed requirements for distributed radiator targets (spot size, power, symmetry and pulse shape) can be met with ballistic neutralized focusing of a 120 beam array over 6 meter focal lengths. Provided neutralized drift compression and focusing onto larger-spot hybrid targets can be experimentally validated, preliminary studies indicate that modular induction linac driver systems with ~ 20-40 linacs may be cost-competitive. Methods to accommodate or correct chromatic aberrations with neutralized drift compression are being investigated in this new study. Combinations of tangential liquid injection and ejection allow controlled and flexible liquid cavity geometry, giving rise to new large vortex-liquid protection chamber concepts without oscillating jets.

The above research by the U.S Heavy Ion Fusion –Virtual National Laboratory, and associated heavy ion fusion chamber and target research, by the Virtual Laboratory for Technology supports the scientific and technical basis for heavy ion induction-linac-driven inertial fusion energy and high energy density physics.

*This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by the University of California, Lawrence Berkeley and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories under Contract Numbers DE-AC03-76SF00098 and W-7405-Eng-48, and by the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory under Contract Number DE-AC02-76CH03073.

+ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory

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EUROPEAN PROGRAM OVERVIEW

Basic Physics for Inertial Fusion Energy in High Energy Density Physics with

Intense Heavy Ion and Laser Beams

GSI-Plasma Physics Group represented by Dieter H.H. Hoffmann

Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung GSI, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany

By definition there is no European program on Inertial Fusion and definitely no HIIF program. There are, however, basic science issues which are studied at universities and research centers throughout Europe that contribute to improve the understanding of fundamental inertial fusion issues, like:

Beam Plasma Interaction Processes

Interaction of intense Laser fields with matter

Accelerator physics

Beam transport and focusing

In this talk, emphasis will be given to the development of the understanding of beam plasma interaction phenomena relevant to inertial fusion physics. Intense beams of ions and photons interacting with matter transform the interacting zone into transient plasma. The system, then generally consists of a mixture of electrically charged ions, electrons and neutral particles as well. In this situation collective effects, determine the statistical properties of the sample. Atoms and ions immersed in a plasma environment experience perturbations from the plasma. As a result the atomic and ionic states turn out to be mixed, and strongly different from pure, unperturbed atomic states and they are different as well from the situation of a cold matter environment. Consequently not only the spectral characteristics of radiation emission and absorption by the atoms and ions in plasma are substantially different from spectra of the unperturbed species, but also bulk matter properties. These can be expressed in terms of an equation-of-state, relating pressure and temperature to the matter density of the sample, by the electrical, and thermal conductivity, and radiation transport properties. In general these properties turn out to be vastly different from those of matter under ordinary conditions. The physics of such dense, and strongly coupled plasmas is closely related to those states of matter with a high energy density and high pressure above 1 megabar. Examples are the interior of planets, giant planets and stars or even compact astrophysical objects or the converter of an inertial fusion target. The knowledge of the behaviour of matter under extreme conditions, especially at ultrahigh pressures in the megabar region, is of fundamental importance for inertial fusion energy research as well as improved models for the planetary and stellar structure. Future perspective of intense ion and laser beams for inertial fusion physics will be discussed from a European perspective

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M.I-03

RUSSIAN HIF PROGRAM OVERVIEW

Boris Sharkov – ITEP-Moscow, 117259, Russia.

Studies of heavy ion driven inertial fusion aiming at energy production have been pursued with increasing activities in Russian HIF community. The emphasis of the related studies on Heavy Ion Fusion Energy were centered on the

fusion targets design, experimental and theoretical study of heavy ion beam-plasmainteraction,theoretical and experimental investigations of the state of matter under extreme conditions,critical issues of the physics and technology of intense heavy ion accelerators-drivers,critical issues of the fast ignition heavy ion driven power plant concept.

Overview of the joint activities of numerous institutes of Russia is presented.

JAPANESE PROGRAM OVERVIEW

M. Ogawa, RLNR, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ohokayama,Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550 Japan

T. Katayama, CNS, The University of Tokyo, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama,351-0198 Japan

Fundamental issues for HIF research are intensively studied at severaluniversities and institutes as collaborating works of domestic and internationalforms.

Beam dynamics in the final beam bunching from 1.6 kA to 40 kA withinduction modulators and FODO transverse focusing structure, is simulated usinga PIC code. Emittance growth of 20% is observed which is independent of theinitial particle distribution. The emittance growth during the bunch compression isattributed to the flute perturbation instability for the KV and Waterbagdistributions. The other activity on the beam dynamics is the study of high currentbunch compression in the storage ring project at RIKEN which is presently underthe discussion stage.

Heavy-ion beam irradiation onto the fuel targets is simulated to study theinfluence of non-uniformity of energy deposition on the target implosion. Thecalculation is carried out as a function of beam non-uniformity such as Gaussianshape or semi-Gaussian shape, beam number, reactor-chamber radius and so on.The RMS non-uniformity of beam irradiation is reduced when the calculationincludes the beam temperature.

A driver system based on controllable repetitive induction modulators isstudied to accelerate and bunch the intense heavy-ion beams. A basic conceptproposed is to synthesize the desired shape of voltage pulse from sinusoidalwaveforms. A small-scale test has successfully proved to operate the moduleelements with a rep-rate of 1 MHz at 2.5 kV.

The beam-plasma interaction experiments are to be extended to the non-idealtarget plasma. Calculation with a particle code predicts that the non-linearityeffect in the stopping power is observable even for the plasma of couplingconstant Γ<1 if the low-energy (~ 100 keV/u) and highly-charged ( > 25+) ionsare available. The non-linearity of the stopping power can be discussed byintroducing a beam-plasma coupling constant. To perform the interactionexperiments, plasma targets based on the shockwave drive and the exploding wireare developed. As a fundamental experiment of the interaction of heavy ion beamwith the laser induced plasma, Xe and Kr beams are used at RIKEN linearaccelerator facility. The enhancement of stopping power was observed comparingwith ones at cold matter case.

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HEAVY ION TARGET PHYSICS AND DESIGN IN THE USA*

D. A. Callahan, D. S. Clark, A. E. Koniges, M. Tabak, LLNL, 7000 East Ave, L-015, Livermore, CA, 94551

Over the past few years, the emphasis in heavy ion target design has moved from the distributed radiator target [1,2] to the “hybrid” target [3] because the hybrid target allows a larger beam focal spot than the distributed radiator (~ 5 mm radius rather than ~ 2 mm radius). The beam focusing requirements were one of the motivations for going to a large number of beams (120 beams) in the “Robust Point Design” [4]. The large beam spot of the hybrid target may also allow lower energy, lower mass ions which should reduce the driver cost and size and possibly even allow a modular driver with a small number of separate accelerators. The hybrid target introduces some new target physics issues, however. Most notable is the use of shims to correct asymmetries that result from the ion beam geometry. Since heavy ion accelerators that are capable of experimentally testing these concepts are years away, we are using x-rays produced by a z-pinch on the Sandia Z machine [5] to test the concept of shims.

In addition to our hohlraum work, we continue to work on capsule design using calculations in both 2-d and 3-d [6] as well as analytic theory to guide the calculations. Gaining a better understanding of the capsule performance is critical if we want to trade capsule margin for lower peak power from the driver.

*This work performed under the auspices of the U.S Department of Energy by University of California, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under contract No. W-7405-Eng-48.

1. M. Tabak, D. A. Callahan-Miller, Phys. Of Plasmas, 5, 1895 (1998).

2. D. A. Callahan-Miller and M. Tabak, Nuclear Fusion, 39, 883 (1999).

3. D. A. Callahan, M. C. Herrmann, and M. Tabak, Laser and Particle Beams, 20, 405 (2002).

4. S. S. Yu, et. Al, Fusion Science and Technology, 44, 266 (2003).

5. G. R. Bennett, et. Al, Phys of Plasmas, 10, 3717 (2003).

6. A. E. Koniges, M. M. Marinak, M. Tabak, M. C. Herrmann, proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Inertial Fusion Sciences and Applications, Sept 2003, Monterey, CA.

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STUDIES OF HIGH-ENERGY-DENSITY STATES IN

MATTER AT THE GSI DARMSTADT USING

INTENSE BEAMS OF ENERGETIC HEAVY IONS

N.A. Tahir, GSI Darmstadt, Planckstrasse 1, 64291 Darmstadt, GermanyA. Shutov, I.V. Lomonosov, V.E. Fortov, IPCP, Chernogolovka, Russia

A.R. Piriz, M. Temporal, UCLM, 13071 Ciudad Real, SpainC. Deutsch, LPGP, University of Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsy, FranceN. Grandjouan, LULI, University Paris VI, Palaiseau, France

D.H.H. Hoffmann, S.Udrea, D. Varentsov, IKP, TU Darmstadt, Germany

The Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung (GSI) Darmstadt, is a uniquelaboratory worldwide that has a heavy ion synchrotron (SIS18) that deliv-ers intense beams of energetic heavy ions. Currently this facility delivers auranium beam that deposits about 0.7 kJ/g specific energy in solid matter.This facility is being upgraded and numerical simulations show that the theuranium beam generated at this upgraded facility will deposit about 50 kJ/genergy in solid targets [1]. GSI is also in the process of constructing a newbigger synchrotron ring, SIS100 that will deliver a much more intense uraniumbeam which will lead to a specific energy deposition of 200 kJ/g [2]. Avail-ability of such high specific energy deposition will open up the possibility tostudy the equation-of-state (EOS) and transport properties of high-energy-density (HED) matter and access those parts of the phase diagram that arenot accessible with other techniques.

An intense heavy ion beam can be used in two different schemes to achievethe above goals. One scheme involves isochoric heating of matter by the beamand subsequent isentropic expansion of the heated material [3]. In the sec-ond scheme one achieves a low-entropy compression of a sample material, likehydrogen that is imploded in a multi-layered cylindrical target [4,5]. In thispaper we present novel designs for current and future EOS experiments usingtwo-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations.

1 N. A. Tahir et al., Phys. Rev. E, 61 (2000) 1975.

2 N. A. Tahir et al., PR ST AB, 6 (2003) 020101.

3 D. H. H. Hoffmann et al., Phys. Plasmas , 9 (2002) 3651.

4 N. A. Tahir et al., Phys. Rev. E, 63 (2001) 016402.

5 A. R. Piriz et al., Phys. Rev. E, 66 (2002) 056403.

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TARGET DESIGN FOR THE CYLINDRICAL COMPRESSION OFMATTER DRIVEN BY HEAVY ION BEAMS

A. R. Piriz, M. Temporal, R. Portugues, J. J. Lopez-Cela, ETSII, UCLM, 13071 CiudadReal, Spain.N. A. Tahir,, GSI Darmstadt, Planckstarsse 1, 64291 Darmstadt, GermanyN. Grandjouan, LULI, University Paris VI, Palaiseau, FranceD. H. H. Hoffmann, TU Darmstadt, Germany

The compression of a cylindrical sample of cryogenic hydrogen contained in ahollow shell of Pb or Au has been analyzed in the framework of the experiments to beperformed in the heavy ion synchrotron SIS100 to be constructed in the Gesellschaft fürSchwerionenforschung (GSI) Darmstadt [1,2]. The target implosion is driven by anintense beam of heavy ions and, in order to avoid the direct heating of the sample, it hasa ring shaped focal spot.

In this work we report the results of a parametric study of the final state of thecompressed matter in terms of the target and beam parameters [3]. Then we consider thegeneration of the annular focal spot by means of a radio frequency wobbler that rotatesthe beam at extremely high frequency and we determine the required frequency in orderto accommodate symmetry constraint [4,5]. Besides, the sample parameters that can beachieved with a Gaussian focal spot (non rotating beam) has also been studied as well asthe possibility to use a mask as an alternative way to avoid the direct heating of thesample [6]. Finally we report the analysis of the hydrodynamic instabilities that affectthe implosion and the mitigating effects of the elastoplastic properties of the shell [7].

[1] N. A. Tahir et al. Phys Rev. E 61, 1975 (2000).[2] N. A. Tahir et al. Phys Rev. E 63, 016402 (2001).[3] A. R. Piriz et al. Phys Rev. E 66, 056403 (2002).[4] A. R. Piriz et al. Plasma Phys. Contr. Fusion 45, 1733 (2003).[5] M. Temporal et al. Laser Part. Beams 21, 605 (2003).[6] M. Temporal et al, submitted to Plasma Phys.[7] J. J. Lopez-Cela et al, submitted to EPJ-AP.

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PROGRESS IN HEAVY ION DRIVEN TARGETFABRICATION AND INJECTION

D.T. Goodin,1 A. Nobile,2 N.B. Alexander,1 R. Gallix,1 J.L. Maxwell,2

R.W. Petzoldt,1 W.S. Rickman,3 E.I. Valmianski4

1General Atomics, San Diego, California USA2Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico USA

3TSD Management Associates, Encinitas, California USA4Consultant to General Atomics, San Diego, California USA

The target for an Inertial Fusion Energy (IFE) power plant introduces thefusion fuel to the chamber, where it is compressed and heated to fusion conditionsby the driver beams. The “Target Fabrication Facility” of an IFE power plantmust supply over 500,000 targets per day. The target is then injected into thetarget chamber at a rate of 5–10 Hz and tracked precisely so the driver beams canbe directed to the target. The feasibility of developing successful fabrication andinjection methodologies at the low cost required for energy production (about$0.25/target, about 104 less than current costs) is a critical issue for inertial fusion.

The technologies for producing Heavy Ion Fusion (HIF) targets havesignificant overlaps and synergisms with current day inertial fusion experimentaltargets and with laser fusion (direct drive) IFE targets. Capsule formation andcharacterization, permeation filling, and layering of the DT using a cryogenicfluidized bed are common methodologies shared between laser fusion and HIF.Specific to HIF targets are the techniques for fabricating and assembling thehohlraum components. We will report on experimental progress with the Laser-assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition (LCVD) technique to produce “micro-engineered” low density metallic foams for the hohlraum, and calculations ofhohlraums materials performance during handling. Fiber growth by LCVD inarrays has been demonstrated for the first time, important to achieve the volumeproduction needed for IFE. We have also evaluated a variety of hohlraum materialselections, with consideration of target physics, cost, ES&H, activation, andcompatibility with the molten salt coolant. These materials include selections foronce-through and for re-cycle scenarios. We have performed a cost analysis for an“nth-of-a-kind” Target Fabrication Facility using our current assumptions aboutthe production processes. Some of these scenarios result in future targetmanufacturing costs consistent with economical electricity production.

*Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC03-98ER54411, DE-FC02-04ER54698, and W-7405-ENG-36.

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FABRICATION OF CAPSULES WITH AN ANGLEDEPENDENT GOLD SHIMS FOR HOHLRAUM

DRIVE SYMMETRY CORRECTION

A. Nikroo, J. Pontelandolfo, A.Z. Greenwood, General Atomics, P.O. Box85608, San Diego, Ca

J. L. Stillwell, University of California, Mechanical Engineering Dept.Berkeley, Ca, 94720

D. Callahan, LLNL, P.O. Box 808, L-015, Livermore, CA 94551,

Sandia National Laboratory’s (SNL) Z-pinch facility can generate atremendous amount of x-rays suitable for compression of ICF capsules in theseveral millimeter diameter range. In particular, the double Z-pinch schemedriving a sandwiched hohlraum, closely mimics the indirect laser or heavy iondrives and can be used as a test bed for innovative target design and fabricationfor overcoming some of the driver related issues. One specific study on Zinvolves compensating for the asymmetries of the hohlraum drive by shimmingthe target itself. These targets are typically ~ 5 mm in diameter and 25 µm in wallthickness, with a gold coating, ~ few tenth of micron in thickness, which varies asa function of the polar angle in a specified manner. We have recently producedsuch targets for the first experiments testing the viability of the target shimmingconcept. The developmental effort for producing and characterizing the propergold thickness profile as well as the fabrication issues involved in producing thetargets recently fielded at Z will be discussed in this talk.

*This work performed under General Atomics’ internal research and developmentfunds, number 40011.265.70000.

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MODELS OF GAIN CURVES FOR FAST IGNITION *

M. Tabak, D. Callahan,M. Herrman, LLNL, P.O. Box 808, Livermore,CA 94550

We consider gain curves for Fast Ignition that have the following ingredients:hydrodynamic efficiency of the implosion for a range of drive intensities, densityof the assembled fuel resulting from the reflected shock produced at theculmination of the implosion, effective particle range produced in the laser-plasma interaction as well as the heat capacity of the ignition region asdetermined by Atzeni. The dependence of the gain curves on the couplingefficiency from ignition laser to fuel, allowed in-flight-aspect-ratio, compressedfuel density profile and fraction of implosion energy in the compressed fuel isshown. In addition the fraction of the total driver energy devoted to the ignitiondriver that maximizes the gain is shown. These estimates will be made forsystems where the implosion is directly driven with a laser of various colors orindirectly with various drivers.*This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energyby the University of California Lawrence Livermore National Laboratoryunder contract No. W-7405-Eng-48.

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SHORT PULSE LASER GENERATED ION BEAMSFOR FAST IGNITION *

M. Geissel, M. Cuneo, Sandia National Laboratories†, Albuquerque, NM 87185

M. Roth, A. Blaževi�, E. Brambrink, TU Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany

P. Audebert, J.-C. Gauthier, LULI – École Polytech., 91128 Palaiseau, France

T.E. Cowan, J. Fuchs, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557

M. Hegelich, LANL, Los Alamos, NM 87545

S. Karsch, Rutherford Appleton Lab., Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 OQX, UK

M. Allen, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720

The generation of highly collimated, ultra-intense ion beams at laserintensities beyond 1019 W/cm2 is proposed as an alternative driver for fast ignitionof compressed fuel pellets in Inertial Fusion Energy scenarios. The energydeposition characteristics and the ability to propagate through plasmas exceedingthe critical density of common high intensity lasers are the major beneficialproperties of ion beams to enhance the energy density in the hot and compressedcore of a fuel pellet.

A series of experiments at the 100 TW laser facility of the Laboratoire pourl’Utilisation des Lasers Intenses (LULI) in Palaiseau, France, was performed toinvestigate the generation mechanisms and to shape the properties of lasergenerated ultra-intense ion beams. It could be shown that ions in the MeV regimeare created by “Target Normal Sheath Acceleration” (TNSA), which is an effectof a space charge layer on the back surface of a foil, caused by Laser-target-interaction electrons, which penetrate the target1. Furthermore, the geometricalproperties of the target back surface strongly influence the resulting ion beam2.

A summary of the results achieved in Palaiseau will be presented along withan outlook on upcoming experiments at Sandia National Laboratories, which willaddress this interesting research field.

1. J. Fuchs, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 (2003), p. 255002.

2. M. Roth, et al., Phys. Rev. ST- AB 5 (2002), p. 061301.

* This work was supported by the European Union program HPRI CT 1999-0052.

† Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States

Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

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SIMULATIONS OF ELECTRON TRANSPORT FOR

FAST IGNITION USING LSP*

R. P. J. Town, L. A. Cottrill, M. H. Key, W. L. Kruer, A. B. Langdon,

B. F. Lasinski, R. A. Snavely, C. H. Still, M. Tabak, S. C. Wilks,

LLNL, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550-9234

D. R. Welch, Mission Research Corp., 5001 Indian School Rd NE, Albuquerque,

NM 87110-3946

A crucial issue for the viability of the fast ignition approach [1] to inertial

fusion energy is the transport of the ignition pulse energy from the critical surface

to the high-density compressed fuel. Experiments have characterized this

transport through the interaction of short pulse, high intensity lasers with solid-

density targets containing thin K fluorescence layers [2]. These experiments

show a reasonably well-collimated beam, although with a significantly larger

radius than the incident laser beam. We have previously reported LSP calculations

that showed reasonable agreement with these experiments, but used an ad-hoc

prescription for the fast electron source. We are coupling the particle distribution

from Z3 (a massively parallel explicit 3D PIC code based on Zohar [3]) to our

LSP calculations. The LSP code uses a direct implicit particle-in-cell (PIC)

algorithm in 2 or 3 dimensions to solve for beam particle transport, while treating

the background particles as a fluid [4]. The implications for fast ignition will be

discussed.

* This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy

by the University of California, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under

contract No. W-7405-Eng-48. UCRL-ABS-202062.

1. M. Tabak, et al, Phys. Plasmas 1, 1626 (1994).

2. R.B. Stephens, et al, submitted to Phys. Rev. E.

3. C. K. Birdsall and A. B. Langdon, Plasma Physics via Computer Simulation

(McGraw-Hill, New York, 1985).

4. D.R. Welch, et al, Nucl. Inst. Meth. Phys. Res. A 464, 134 (2001).

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1

A New Twist to Inertial Confinement Fusion – Impact Ignition -

M. Murakami,1 H. Nagatomo,1 K. Nishihara,1 F. Ogando,2 P. Velarde2, and S. Eliezer3

1 Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 565-0871 Osaka, Japan2 Institute of Nuclear Fusion, ETSII, Madrid, Spain3 Plasma Physics Department, SOREQ N.R.C., Yavne, Israel

e-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract

A new scheme for fast ignition is proposed, in which the compressed DT main fuel is

ignited by impact collision of another fraction of separately imploded DT fuel. The

second DT shell is ablatively driven in the hollow conical target to hyper-velocities ~

108 cm/sec corresponding to temperatures > 5 keV on the collision with the main fuel,

and this self-heated portion plays the role of igniter. The cone shell is irradiated at

intensities > 1015 W/cm2 to exert ablation pressures > 100 Mbar at laser wavelength of

0.35 µm. A preliminary two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulation shows the

generation of a dense hot core and thus the feasibility of the new scheme. Application of

the scheme to heavy ion fusion is also discussed.

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Tuesday, 08 June, 2004

Atomic Physics and Ion and Laser Interactions with MatterAccelerator and Beam Physics – Part I


SOME PHYSICAL PROCESSES AT HIGH ENERGYDENSITIES, WORTH INVESTIGATING BY INTENSE

HEAVY ION BEAMS

V.E.Fortov, IHED RAS, Izhorskaya 13/19, 127412 Moscow RUSSIA

High energy densities in matter can be generated by different methods.Review of modern experimental techniques, such as methods of shockcompression, multi-step shock compression, isochoric heating and others is given.A special attention is pointed out to possibilities of intense heavy ion beams inhigh-energy-density matter research. Due to the unique feature of energydeposition process of heavy ions in dense matter (volume character of heating) itis possible to generate high entropy states in matter without necessity of shockcompression. Previously, such high entropy states could only be achieved byusing most powerful shock wave generators like nuclear explosions or powerfullasers. This novel technique of heavy ion heating and expansion [1] allows one toexplore new fascinating regions of the phase diagram including liquid phase,evaporation region with the critical point and strongly coupled plasmas.

1. D.H.H. Hoffmann, V.E. Fortov, I.V. Lomonosov, V.B. Mintsev, N.A. Tahir, D.Varentsov, J. Wieser, “Unique capabilities of an intense heavy ion beam as atool for equation-of-state studies”, Phys. Plasmas, 9 (2002) 3651-3655.

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HIGH ENERGY DENSITY PHYSICS EXPERIMENTSWITH INTENSE HEAVY ION BEAMS*

D. Varentsov, D.H.H. Hoffmann, P. Ni, N.A. Tahir, S. Udrea,Technical University Darmstadt, Schlossgartenstrasse 9, 64289 Germany

andGSI-Darmstadt, Planckstrasse 1, 64291 Germany

V.E. Fortov, V.K. Gryaznov, M. Kulish, I.V. Lomonosov, V. Minstev,D. Nikolaev, N. Shilkin, A. Shutov, V. Ternovoi,

IPCP, pr. Akad. Semenova 1, Chernogolovka, Moscow reg., 142432 Russia

A. Adonin,Frankfurt University, Senckenberganlage 31, Postfach 11 19 32, 60054 Germany

Intense beam of energetic heavy ions is an excellent tool to create largesamples of high energy density (HED) matter with fairly uniform physicalconditions. This paper presents an overview of the current experimental researchthat has been done at GSI-Darmstadt in the field of heavy-ion beam generatedHED matter. Special attention is given to the most recent experiments at GSI withan emphasis on developed ion-beam and target diagnostic techniques as well ason new target designs for such experiments. Some prospects on the future workplanned at GSI in this direction are also discussed.

*This work has been supported by GSI-INTAS contract No. 03-54-4254.

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STOPPING OF LOW-ENERGY HIGHLY-CHARGED IONS IN DENSE PLASMAS

Y. Oguri, J. Hasegawa, J. Kaneko and M. Ogawa, Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactors, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Oh-okayama 2, Meguro-ku

152-8550 Tokyo, Japan

K. Horioka, Department of Energy Sciences, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259,

Midori-ku, 226-8503 Yokohama, Japan

Heavy ion stopping in dense plasmas was numerically analyzed to find realistic parameters of the experiments on nonlinear interactions between the plasma targets and 10-100 keV/u beams delivered by a small electrostatic accelerator. We investigated interactions between the beams and highly-ionized hydrogen plasmas with coupling constants 0.1-2. To evaluate the energy loss we applied a simple particle code, in which the equations of motion were integrated for the projectile and all particles in the plasma contained in a cylinder. If the projectile charge was sufficiently high, nonlinear stopping was clearly observed even for plasmas with < 1. The evaluated nonlinearity was explained comprehensively by introducing a projectile-plasma coupling constant. However we found that such a high projectile charge is not realistic for the low-energy ions at least during the passage through cold targets. Possibility of attaining high charge states needed for successful observations of the nonlinearity is discussed by considering the charge-changing processes of the projectile in target plasmas with different ionization degrees.

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ISOCHORIC HEATING OF DT FUELS THROUGH PW-LASER PRODUCED NON RELATIVISTIC ION

BEAMS*

G. Maynard, M. D. Barriga-Carrasco, LPGP, CNRS-UMR8578, Université Paris XI, 91405 Orsay, France

Y. Kurilenkov, Institute for High Temperatures of Russian Academy of Sciences, 13/19 Izhorskaya, Str., 125412 Moscow, Russia

Several experiments have demonstrated that a short pulse of a high current well collimated proton beam can be generated by irradiation of a thin solid target by a high intensity sub-picosecond laser. Due to the large proton/electron mass ratio, a proton beam is much less affected by instabilities. It has lead M. Roth et al. [1]) to propose a proton beam Fast Ignitor Scenario (FIS). This scenario is quite attractive, in particular because the Laser generated Proton Source (LPS) is put outside the indirect driven target and so has no interference with the evolution of the target during the main pulse irradiation. To investigate this scenario in more details, and also for application such that the proton imaging of plasma targets, we have constructed a numerical code that describes the transport and energy deposition of high current energetic proton beams, as those generated by a LPS, through complex targets. Energy loss and dispersion together with angular diffusion due to multiple scattering have been included in our model.

For ion beams generated by standard accelerators, the transverse dispersion is not of fundamental importance to predict the interaction of the beam with dense targets, so more efforts have been put previously on the determination of the longitudinal force (stopping) induced mainly by the interaction of the beam with the plasma electron. However, due to the specific properties of LPS, the transverse dispersion becomes a central quantity to accurately determine the density of deposited energy by the proton beam.

Inside a target, the transverse spreading of a beam generated by a LPS is related mainly to the low frequency (ionic) part of the microfield, whereas the high frequency (electronic) part produces the longitudinal force. We are thus here in a quite stimulating case, from a theoretical point of view, where a large domain of frequencies of the fluctuating field inside a dense plasma has to be investigated. Together with our code results for FIS applications we will describe at the conference the present state of our modeling on this field.

* This work was support by CEA-EURATOM (under grant V.3094.003). M. D. B-C thanks Fundacion Séneca for a post-doctoral grant.

1. M. Roth et al. Phys. Rev. Lett., 86, 436, 2001

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IONIZATION CROSS SECTIONS FOR ION-ATOM

COLLISIONS IN HIGH ENERGY ION BEAMS*

Igor D. Kaganovich, Edward A. Startsev, Ronald C. Davidson, Steve R.

Kecskemeti, Amitai Bin-Nun, Dennis Mueller and Larry Grisham, Plasma

Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08543 USA

R. L. Watson, V. Horvat, K. E. Zaharakis, and Y. Peng, Cyclotron Institute, Texas

A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA

Knowledge of ion-atom ionization cross sections is of great importance for

many accelerator applications. We have recently investigated theoretically and

experimentally the stripping of more than 18 different pairs of projectile and

target particles in the range of 3-38 MeV/amu to study the range of validity of

both the Born approximation and the classical trajectory calculation. In most

cases, both approximations give similar results [1,2]. However, for fast projectile

velocities and low ionization potentials, the classical approach is not valid and can

overestimate the stripping cross sections by neutral atoms by an order-of-

magnitude [3]. We have developed a hybrid approach, which automatically

chooses between the Born approximation and the classical mechanics

approximation depending on the parameters of the collision.

When experimental data and theoretical calculations are not available,

approximate formulas are frequently used. Based on experimental data and

theoretical predictions, a new fit formula for ionization cross sections by fully

stripped ions is proposed. The resulting plots of the scaled ionization cross

sections of hydrogen by fully stripped ions are presented. The new fit formula has

also been applied to the ionization cross sections of helium [4]. Again, the

experimental and theoretical results merge close together on the scaled plot.

* This research was supported by the U. S. Department of Energy.

1. D. Mueller, L. Grisham, I. Kaganovich, R. L. Watson, V. Horvat and K. E.

Zaharakis, Physics of Plasmas 8, 1753 (2001).

2. D. Mueller, L. Grisham, I. Kaganovich, R. L. Watson, V. Horvat, K. E.

Zaharakis and Y. Peng, Laser and Particle Beams 20, 551 (2002).

3. I. D. Kaganovich, E. A. Startsev and R. C. Davidson, Phys. Rev. A 68, 022707

(2003).

4. I. D. Kaganovich, E. A. Startsev and R. C. Davidson, "Scaling cross sections

for ion-atom impact ionization", submitted to Phys. Rev. A (2003) and

http://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/814022-BYDtRM/native/; Letter version to

be published in Physics of Plasmas (2004).

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EQUATION OF STATE OF WARM DENSE MATTERGENERATED BY HEAVY IONS*

I. V. Lomonosov, IPChP RAS, pr. Akad. Semenova – 1, 142432 Chernogolovka,Moscow reg., RUSSIA

Physical states of warm dense matter (WDM) resulting from action of intenseenergy fluxes on condensed media include hot compressed liquid, dense plasmas,liquid-gas region with the critical point and quasi-ideal gas. The availableequation-of-state (EOS) information of WDM for most materials is limited byknowledge of the principal shock adiabat and several evaluations of the criticalpoint. The idea to create and to investigate states of WDM through isochoricheating is very promising [1-3]. The possibilities of intense heavy ion beams togenerate WDM are discussed. We used in the present analysis a wide-range multi-phase EOS for metals and 3D parallel particles-in-cells gas dynamic code.Discussed are results obtained for SIS18 and SIS 100 heavy ion beams at GSI,Darmstadt.

*This work has been supported by GSI-INTAS contract, No. 03-54-4254.

1. D.H.H. Hoffmann, V.E. Fortov, I.V. Lomonosov, V.B. Mintsev, N.A. Tahir, D.Varentsov, J. Wieser, “Unique capabilities of an intense heavy ion beam as atool for equation-of-state studies”, Phys. Plasmas, 9 (2002) 3651-3655.

2. P. Renaudin, C. Blancard, J. Cle´rouin, G. Faussurier, P. Noiret, and V.Recoules, “Aluminum Equation-of-State Data in the Warm Dense MatterRegime”, Phys. Rev. Lett., 91 (2003) 125004-1 - 125004-4.

3. P. K. Patel, A. J. Mackinnon, M. H. Key, T. E. Cowan, M. E. Foord, M. Allen,D. F. Price, H. Ruhl, P.T. Springer, and R. Stephens, “Isochoric Heating ofSolid-Density Matter with an Ultrafast Proton Beam”, Phys. Rev. Lett., 91(2003) 07500-1 - 075001-4.

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EXPERIMENTS ON BEAM-PLASMA INTERACTIONPHYSICS

A.Golubev, M.Basko, V.Dubenkov, A.Fertman, A.Kantsyrev, T.Kulevoi,T.Mutin, I.Roudskoy, B.Sharkov. ITEP, B.Cheremushkinskaya 25,

117218, Moscow, Russia

K.Weyrich, HWahl, D.H.H.Hoffmann. GSI, Darmstadt, Germany

M.Kulish, A.Dudin, V.Mintsev, V.Fortov, V.Gryaznov. IPCP, Chernogolovka,Russia.

Investigation of heavy ion beam interaction physics with dense plasma is one ofkey issues for Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) driven by powerful heavy ionbeams. In fact it determines the requirements to the output parameters of powerfulion beams, final focusing system, number of beamlets in reactor chamber, beamtransport through the reactor chamber, target positioning and the design of thetarget geometry itself. The detailed modeling of the heavy ion beam driven ICFconditions requires adequate quantitative description of the interaction processesof heavy ion beams with dense plasmas in a wide range of parameters.

Since 2001 at the UNILAC accelerator at GSI an experimental set-up existsfor measuring the interaction of heavy ions with non-ideal plasmas. [1] Theexperimental results of energy loss measurements of C, Ne, Ar and Xe ions inenergy range 5.9 – 11.4 MeV/u and charge state distribution in a shockwave-driven, strongly-coupled (non-ideal) Ar plasma with a variation of the plasmaparameters are present.

New experimental setup for stopping power measurements based on a 27MHz RFQ-linac has been designed and assembled at ITEP, Moscow. Energylosses of 101 keV/n Cu ions in nitrogen and hydrogen have been measured forsubsequent comparison with the energy losses of the same ions in plasma. Theplasma was generated by igniting a 3 kA electric discharge in two 78 mm longcollinear quartz tubes of 6 mm in diameter [2]. It is closed at both sides by 1 mmdiameter diaphragms. This set-up allows producing plasma with linear electrondensity of up to 5 1017 cm-2.

1. K.Werich, H.Wahl, M.Giessel, D.H.H.Hoffmann, A.Golubev, A.Fertman,A.Kantsyrev, B.Sharkov, M.Kulish, S.Dudin, V.Mintsev. “Interaction ofheavy ion with shockwave-driven, strongly-coupled plasma” Abstakts of the14th International Symposium on Heavy Ion Inertial fusion, May 26-31, 200299.

2. Belyaev G., Basko M., A.Cherkasov, A.Golubev, A.Fertman, I.Roudskoy,S.Savin, V.Turtikov, A.Arzumanov, A.Borisenko, I.Gorlachev, S.Lysukhin,D.H.H.Hoffmann, A.Tauschwitz. “Measurement of the oulomb energy lossby fast protons in a plasma target.” Phys. Rev. E, 53, 3, 2701 (1996)

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ACCELERATOR PLANS AT GSI AND PLASMAPHYSICS APPLICATIONS

P. Spiller, K. Blasche, U. Blell, O.Boine-Frankenheim, P. Forck, P. Huelsmann,G. Moritz, H. Ramakers, H. Reich-Sprenger

GSI-Gesellschaft fuer Schwerionenforschung, Planckstr.1, 64291 Darmstadt,Germany

In November 2001 the Conceptual Design Report presented the concepts for "AnInternational Accelerator Facility for Beams of Ions and Antiprotons".

The main accelerator stage of the proposed facility is the synchrotron complexSIS100/300 consisting of two separate synchrotron accelerator rings with amaximum rigidity of 100 and 300 Tm at the same circumferences of 1083m,which shall provide beams of protons and heavy ions with high intensities and athigh energies. The existing GSI accelerators UNILAC and SIS18 will serve asinjector facility for the SIS100/300.

The SIS100 will be used for the acceleration of high intensity heavy ion beams todeliver up to 1-2�1012 U28+ - ions with energies ranging from 400 to 2700 MeV/uwith one machine cycle every second. These beams of heavy and also of lighterions shall be used for the production of secondary beams of radioactive ions, butmay also provide unique properties for high energy density in matter experiments.

The status of the technical planning and the design studies will be presented.Special emphasis will be on the experiences with intermediate charge-stateoperation of heavy ions gained by preparing the SIS18 as a booster for SIS100.

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Survey of Collective Instabilities and Beam-Plasma Interactions inIntense Heavy Ion Beams*

Ronald C. Davidson, Igor Kaganovich, Hong Qin and Edward A. StartsevPrinceton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey, USA

Dale R. Welch and David V. RoseMission Research Corporation, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA

Han S. UhmAjou University, Suwon, Korea

This paper presents a survey of the present theoretical understanding of collectiveprocesses and beam-plasma interactions affecting intense heavy ion beam propagation inheavy ion fusion systems. In the acceleration and beam transport regions, the topicscovered include: discussion of the conditions for quiescent beam propagation over longdistances; the electrostatic Harris-type instability and the transverse electromagneticWeibel-type instability in strongly anisotropic, one-component nonneutral ion beams; andthe dipole-mode, electron-ion two-stream instability driven by an (unwanted) componentof background electrons. In the plasma plug and target chamber regions, collectiveprocesses associated with the interaction of the intense ion beam with a charge-neutralizing background plasma are described, including: the electrostatic electron-iontwo-stream instability, the electromagnetic Weibel instability, elecron plasma oscillationexcitations, and the resistive hose, sausage, and hollowing instabilities. Particularemphasis is placed on identifying operating regimes where the possible deleteriouseffects of collective processes on beam quality are minimized.

* Research supported by the U. S. Department of Energy.

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Three-Dimensional Simulation Studies of theTemperature Anisotropy Instability in Intense Charged

Particle Beams∗

Edward A. Startsev, Ronald C. Davidson, Hong Qin, Princeton PlasmaPhysics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08536

In plasmas with strongly anisotropic distributions (T||b/T⊥b � 1) a Harris-type collective instability may develop if there is sufficient coupling betweenthe transverse and longitudinal degrees of freedom. Such anisotropies developnaturally in accelerators and may lead to a detoriation of beam quality. Theinstability may also lead to an increase of longitudinal velocity spread, whichwould make the focusing of the beam difficult and impose a limit on the mini-mum spot size achievable in heavy ion fusion experiments. Our previous stud-ies [1] clearly show that moderately intense beams with sb = ω2

pb/2γ2

b ω2

β⊥ ≥ 0.4are linearly unstable to short wavelength perturbations with k2

zr2

b ≥ 1, pro-vided the ratio of longitudinal and transverse temperatures is smaller thansome threshold value. This paper reports the results of recent simulationsof the temperature anisotropy instability using the Beam Equilibrium Stabil-ity Transport (BEST) code for space-charge-dominated, low-emittance beamswith sb → 1. Such high-intensity beams are relevant to the Integrated BeamExperiment (IBX) which would serve as proof-of-principal experiment forheavy ion fusion.

∗Research supported by the U. S. Department of Energy.

1. E. A. Startsev, R. C. Davidson and H. Qin, Physical Review Special

Topics on Accelerators and Beams 6, 084401 (2003).

��

Ion Source and Injector Experiments at the HIF/VNL*

J. W. Kwan, D. Baca, E. Henestroza, J. Kapica, F. M. Bieniosek,W.L. Waldron, J.-L. Vay, S. Yu, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA

G.A. Westenskow, D. P. Grote, E. Halaxa, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA

I. Haber, Univ. of Maryland, MD

L. Grisham, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, NJ

Heavy ion fusion requires ion sources that can produce high current, but the beamsmust have low emittance in order to achieve high brightness. Furthermore the injector

must be able to transport and match the severely space-charge dominated beam into aninduction linac channel.

The traditional approach is to use large diameter surface ionization sources that

produce ions with low thermal velocities. In this case, the maximum current density isdetermined by the space-charge limit of a large extraction diode. At low ion“temperature” the beam emittance can be dominated by spherical aberrations. An

experiment is set up on a 500-kV test stand to study the beam optics and to find ways forimprovement. The finite ion transit time in a large diode can be a problem for injectorsthat try to produce short pulses with fast rise time. Fortunately, our simulations have

shown that a proper waveform can be constructed to produce a rise time as short as 50-nsbeam. We have conducted an experiment to benchmark the simulation results.

Simulation has also shown that by merging a large number of high current density

beamlets, a high current beam can be formed with an acceptable low emittance. In ourexperiment, we have tested an RF-driven argon plasma source to produce an array of 61beamlets. We have reached our goal of producing 100 mA/cm2 current density (= 4.9 mA

per beamlet) with 90% of the ions in the single charged Ar+ state. Other beamletparameters will be reported in the symposium. At present, the schedule is to completethe Merging-Beamlets Experiment in FY05. Design of the apparatus is in progress and

the experiment is expected to begin in the summer of 2004.There are other innovative injector concepts being developed in the VNL, e.g.,

using an accel-decel scheme to reach high line charge density, or using negative ion

beams to prevent the secondary electrons problem in beam transport. These proposedexperiments along with data from the present experiments will be discussed.

* This work is supported by the Office of Fusion Energy Science, US DOE under contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00098 (LBNL) and W-7405-ENG-48 (LLNL).

email: [email protected]

��

BEAM PHYSICS IN ITEP-TWAC SYNCHROTRON RINGS.

P. Zenkevich, N. Alexeev, A. Bolshakov, B. Sharkov

ITEP, B.Cheremushkinskaia,26, Moskow, Russia

For plasma physics experiments in TWAC accelerator facility there are essential the following parameters of the extracted beam: kind of ions, beamenergy and beam power, beam momentum spread and beam emittances (theseparameters define specific energy and specific power dissipated in theexperimental target). We have proposed three stages of complex upgrade directed on an improvement of the beam parameters: 1) change of the laser source on a new more powerful one; 2) development of a new linac; 3) enhancement of the booster repetition rate up to 20 Hz. For modified complex, it is considered beam physics phenomena limiting beam intensity and beam quality: space charge effects, intra-beam scattering, beam induced pressure growth in the vacuum chambers and electron cloud effects. The corresponding cures for suppression of these effects have been described. It is marked that achievement of design TWAC parameters requires significant technical and intellectual efforts.

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3 ��4��5��76��8%9��#: ��!#;=<�>@?A��!#B�?�� <�%�C�/ ��?A��!� �C��%D��E ��

The U.S. and wordwide heavy ion fusion programs have made a large amount of

progress over almost three decades of research on the intense beam physics and

driver concepts needed for our concept. In the 1970Õs, Ô80Õs, and Ô90Õs, most

experiments used driver parameters scaled to low energy and low line charge in

order to study, most often with a single beam, the physics of high-perveance

beams. More recently, the U.S. program has introduced higher line-charge

experiments, where the beam space charge potential is significant. This allows

investigation of the production, and effect on the beam, of stray electrons.

Increasingly, the possibilities for neutralizing plasmas are also being investigated,

both just upstream, and in, the target chamber. This talk will outline the scientific

issues which remain to be examined. These include issues of longitudinal

compression, dynamic aperture, electron/ion instabilities, effect of electrons and

gas on the beam, longitudinal emittance evolution, halo production, inductive

effects at high energy, multiple beams, innovative final focus approaches, and

driver issues for solenoid transport. A outline of future experiments to address

these issues will be presented and discussed.FHG 5�?�>�I�� -J>K<�L�L�� $#D��#��5��7M 3N3 ?��7� 3PO !��Q&��#"��8>K�8 � ��5��R/�TS=� U��L� � �AVW��!��H� 3O !��N&��8��<�!�$��4��!��E ��H!�<�VWD��E>XU O 1Y.��)�Z�1Y(�[�S\;=)�)�)�0�2��^]�1Y(�'�)�_�1 O !�&�1�'�2�� !�$.��)�+�1Y(�[��6�)�Z�)�(�Z��

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Wednesday, 09 June 2004

Fusion ChamberAccelerator and Beam Physics – Part II


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FINAL BEAM TRANSPORT AND TARGET ILLUMINATION*

S. Kawata, T. Someya, T. Kikuchi, Utsunomiya Univ., 7-1-2 Yohtou, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8585, Japan

A. I. Ogoyski, Varna Technical University, Physics Department 2 Studentska Str.VARNA 9010, Bulgaria

Key issues in heavy ion beam (HIB) inertial confinement fusion (ICF) include an accelerator design for an intense HIB, an efficient HIB transport, a HIB-target interaction, a reactor design and so on. At the final transport region in HIF the HIB space charge should be neutralized and several effective methods for the HIB space charge neutralization have been already proposed. In our study, an insulator annular tube guide has been proposed at the final transport part, through which a HIB is transported, in order to neutralize the HIB space charge [1]. After the HIB final transport, HIBs enter the fusion reactor and should illuminate a fuel target. Therefore, in our study three-dimensional computer simulations are performed for a HIB irradiation onto a direct-driven spherical fuel pellet in HIB ICF in order to clarify a dependence of multi-HIB illumination non-uniformity on parameter values of HIB illumination. If HIBs are not well neutralized, the HIB energy may not be used effectively and the present-designed fuel pellet may not lead a high gain. Therefore we employ this reasonable assumption that HIBs are neutralized well in our calculation of HIB irradiation. For various beam parameters and reactor chamber radii we investigate the energy deposition non-uniformity using 12, 20, 32, 60, 92 and 120-beam irradiation systems. In this study, effects of HIB temperature, HIB illumination systems, HIB emittance and pellet temperature on the HIB illumination non-uniformity are also evaluated. In addition, the non-uniformity growth due to a little pellet displacement from a reactor chamber center is investigated. The calculation results demonstrate that we can realize a rather low non-uniform energy deposition: for example, less than 2.0 % even for a 32-beam irradiation system.

*This work has been partly supported by JSPS (Japan Society for the Promotion of Science). We would like to present our thanks to Prof. K. Tachibana for his fruitful discussions on this subject.

1. T.Someya, S.Kawata, T.Nakamura, A.I.Ogoyki, K.Shimizu, J.Sasaki, “Beam Final Transport and Direct-Drive Pellet Implosion in Heavy-Ion Fusion”, Fusion Science and Tech. 43 (2003) 282-289.

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RECYCLING ISSUES FACING TARGET AND RTLMATERIALS OF INERTIAL FUSION DESIGNS

L. El-Guebaly, P. Wilson, M. Sawan, D. Henderson, A. Varuttamaseni and theARIES and Z-Pinch Teams, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Fusion

Technology Institute, 1500 Engineering Dr., Madison, WI 53706

Designers of heavy ion (HI) and Z-pinch inertial fusion power plants haveexplored the potential of recycling the target and recyclable transmission line(RTL) materials as an alternate option to disposal in a geological repository. Thechoice between disposal and recycling primarily depends on the volume of thetarget/RTL waste relative to the nuclear island waste and the economics of therecycling process. Although the physics basis of the HI and Z-pinch concepts iswidely different, many of the recycling issues facing both designs are quitesimilar. This work represents the first time a comprehensive recycling assessmentwas performed on both machines with an exact pulse history. The irradiationschedule begins with inserting the target/RTL into the nearly spherical chamber ata design-specific repetition rate and generating x-rays of sufficient energy andintensity to indirectly heat the DT capsule to ignition and burn. During burn, thetarget/RTL materials are irradiated by the energetic source neutrons and afterburn, the debris is pumped out of the chamber for disposal or recycling. Weexamined two extreme irradiation approaches and assessed their impact on multi-disciplinary design requirements, such as the waste level, economics, and designcomplexity. The open-cycle, once-through approach irradiates the target/RTLmaterials a single time and then disposes of them in a repository. In the closed-cycle recycling approach, the target/RTL materials are remanufactured, spendinga few days outside the chamber in an on-site factory, and reused for the entire lifeof the plant. The main goal of the latter approach is to lower the target/RTLinventory and minimize the waste stream at the expense of more radioactive endproducts and a more severe radiation environment at the target/RTL fabricationfacility. Our results offer two divergent conclusions on the target/RTL recyclingissue. For the HI concepts, target recycling is not a “must” requirement and thepreferred option is the one-shot use scenario as target materials represent a smallwaste stream, less than 1% of the total nuclear island waste. We recommendusing low-cost hohlraum materials once-through and then disposing of theminstead of recycling expensive materials such as Au and Gd. On the contrary,RTL recycling is a “must” requirement for the Z-pinch concept in order tominimize the RTL inventory and enhance the economics. The initial activationresults showed that the steel-based RTLs could meet the low level waste andrecycling dose requirements with a wide margin when the RTLs are recycled forthe entire plant life even without a cooling period. The incremental costassociated with the recycling scheme and the timeline of the remoteremanufacturing process using robotic or similar technology should beinvestigated during the course of the Z-pinch power plant study.

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NEUTRONICS OF HEAVY ION FUSION CHAMBERS*

J. F. Latkowski and S. Reyes, LLNL, 7000 East Avenue, Mailstop L-641,

Livermore, CA, 94550

The leading candidate for a Heavy Ion Fusion (HIF) chamber is the thick-

liquid wall concept, where a liquid (usually a lithium molten-salt) is used to

attenuate neutrons and protect the solid structures from radiation damage,

therefore lengthening the lifetime of components. This thick-liquid wall is also

used to remove the heat from the fusion chamber and to breed the tritium fuel that

is consumed during the fusion process. A very important advantage of the thick-

liquid concept resides in the fact that the neutron spectrum at the chamber first

wall (FW) has lower energy and intensity than that experienced in a dry wall

system. Therefore, an HIF chamber could be built with materials that have already

been developed and tested for neutron damage using currently available fission

irradiation sources.

In this paper we investigate the nuclear characteristics of an HIF thick-liquid

wall chamber in terms of neutron attenuation capability for FW protection.

Starting with the HIF target output spectra, we have used a Monte Carlo neutron

transport code to calculate the chamber spectra for various candidate liquids and

thicknesses. We have used available radiation damage data from fission reactor

testing to evaluate the performance of various steels as potential FW material. It is

found that while some transmutant generation and temperature history effects may

require further investigation, the development path for HIF chambers may not

require the construction of a 14 MeV neutron source for chamber material testing.

* This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy

by University of California Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under

contract No. W-7405-Eng-48.

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VAPOR CONDENSATION STUDY FOR HIF LIQUIDCHAMBERS*

P. Calderoni, A. Ying, L. Smith, M. Abdou, T. Sketchley, Mechanical andAerospace Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los

Angeles, CA 90095-1597

The condensation rate of flibe vapors under conditions relevant to a HIFsystem is experimentally assessed and reported. An HIF system involves usingliquid flibe to absorb the energy released by the fusion reaction (x-ray, debris, andneutrons). As a consequence, part of the liquid material vaporizes. Because of thehigh repetition rates necessary to keep the IFE power plant economicallycompetitive, the issue of chamber vapor clearing plays an important role indemonstrating the feasibility of the concept. In the laboratory experiment, theprototypical dynamic characteristics of the excited vapor are obtained by rapidlypassing a large current generated from a pulsed electric arc to a pool of moltenflibe. The excited vapor expands inside a chamber that has been scaled toreproduce IFE conditions, and condenses as it comes in contact with the chamberwalls, in which are maintained at a controlled temperature. The pressure history inthe chamber and the residual gas composition are recorded to characterizecondensation rates. The experiment results show that chamber clearing can becharacterized by an exponential decay with a time constant of 6.58 milliseconds.The resulting period for chamber clearing for IFE systems requirements is 60milliseconds. The conclusion is that condensation rates are sufficiently fast toallow the required repetition rates, but that the problem of the feasibility of theuse of flibe in IFE systems lies in the control of the impurities dissolved in thesalt.

*This work performed under the auspices of the U.S Department of Energy byUniversity of California, Los Angeles under Grant No. DE-FG03-94ER54287.

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Molten Salt Chemistry Control

for Fusion Chambers

Dai-Kai Sze, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla,California, 92903-0417

The molten salt of Lif-BeF2 is an attractive coolant breeding material for fusionapplications. This was the coolant salt used for the molten salt reactor experiment(MSRX). Many engineering issues were studied in the development of the MSRX.One of the key issues for the molten salt is the development a process for chemistrycontrol. Due to the transmutation of Li and Be, the F is the molten salt would be freed toform either free fluorine or hydrogen fluorine. Both F2 and TF can be very corrosivetoward the structural materials.

A REDOX process, based on the following chemical reaction, was developed for theMSRE. (REDOX means REDuction and Oxidation, which indicates the chemical state ofthe molten salt.)

TF + UF3 --à 0.5T2 + UF4

This process controlled the TF activities successfully. In the fusion chamber, there is noU for this chemistry control process. However, we will have Be in the fusion chamber forneutron multiplication. Since BeF2 is very stable, we can use the following reaction forthe chemistry control,

2TF + Be ---à T2 +BeF2

Based on thermodynamics, this reaction will process toward the left side of the reaction.However, while this reaction will be fast enough to control the chemical state of themolten salt remains to be demonstrated. As a part of JUPITER-II collaboration betweenus and Japan, an experimental program has been established at INEL to study thisprocess. The results will be available during the earlier part of 2005.

��

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE TRANSPORT LIMITS

OF INTENSE HEAVY ION BEAMS IN THE HCX*

L. R. Prost, F. M. Bieniosek, C.M. Celata, C. C. Dugan, A. Faltens, P. A. Seidl, W. L.

Waldron, LBNL, 1 Cyclotron Road Bldg 47R0112, Berkeley, CA, 94720-8201

R. Cohen, A. Friedman, M. Kireeff Covo, S.M. Lund, A.W. Molvik, LLNL, Livermore,

CA 94550 USA

I. Haber, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-3511

The High Current Experiment (HCX) at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory is part

of the US program to explore heavy-ion beam transport at a scale representative of the

low-energy end of an induction linac driver for fusion energy production. The primary

mission of this experiment is to investigate aperture filling factors acceptable for the

transport of space-charge-dominated heavy-ion beams at high space-charge intensity (line

charge density up to ~ 0.2 µC/m) over long pulse durations (>4 µs) in alternating gradient

electrostatic and magnetic quadrupoles. The experiment also contributes to the practical

baseline knowledge of intense beam manipulations necessary for the design, construction

and operation of a heavy ion driver for inertial fusion. This experiment is testing -- at

driver relevant scale -- transport issues resulting from nonlinear space-charge effects and

collective modes, beam centroid alignment and beam steering, matching, image charges,

halo, electron cloud effects, and longitudinal bunch control. We first present the results

for a coasting 1 MeV K+

ion beam transported through the first ten electrostatic transport

quadrupoles, measured with optical beam-imaging and double-slit phase-space

diagnostics. This includes studies at two different radial filling factors (60% and 80%),

for which the beam transverse distribution was fully characterized. Additionally,

longitudinal phase space and halo measurements will be shown. We then discuss the first

results of beam transport through four pulsed room-temperature magnetic quadrupoles

(located downstream of the electrostatic quadrupoles), where the beam dynamics become

more sensitive to the presence of secondary electrons.

*This work performed under the auspices of the U.S Department of Energy by University

of California, Lawrence Livermore and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories under

contracts No. W-7405-Eng-48 and DE-AC03-76SF00098.

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Adaptive Numerical Vlasov Simulation of Intense

Beams

Eric Sonnendrucker

IRMA, Universite Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France

Numerical simulation of intense beams studied for heavy ion fusion are often

based on the Vlasov-Poisson equations and involve strongly nonlinear phenom-

ena. In such regimes a direct simulation of the Vlasov equation can be more

efficient than a PIC method especially when a precise description of the tail of

the distribution function is needed.

One of the drawbacks of Vlasov solvers in the context of beam simulation

is that they are in general based on a uniform mesh of phase space that needs

to cover the whole phase-space that will be reached by the particles during

the entire simulation. In configurations like periodic focusing or alternating

gradient focusing the beam envelope can move considerably so that one needs to

grid enormous regions of phase space that are inoccupied at any given moment.

In order to overcome this kind of inefficiencies inherent to Vlasov solvers we

investigate different kind of methods based on a grid of phase space which moves

during time. The first kind of method is based on the use of a uniform logical

grid that is mapped to the envelope of the beam at each time step. The second

kind of method uses a fully adaptive grid which is automatically determined at

each time step according to the local variations of the distribution function.

In this talk, we shall describe both these approaches and their application

to beam simulation.

1

��

SIMULATION OF LONG-DISTANCE BEAM

PROPAGATION IN THE PAUL TRAP SIMULATOR

EXPERIMENT∗

Erik P. Gilson, Moses Chung, Ronald C. Davidson, Philip C. Efthimion,Richard Majeski, Edward A. Startsev, PPPL, P.O. Box 451, Princeton, NJ,

08543-0451

The Paul Trap Simulator Experiment (PTSX) simulates the propagationof intense charged particle beams over equivalent distances of many kilome-ters through magnetic alternating-gradient (AG) transport systems by makinguse of the similarity between the transverse dynamics of particles in the twosystems. Plasmas have been trapped that correspond to normalized intensityparameters s = ω2

p(0)/2ω2

q≤ 0.8, where ωp(r) is the plasmas frequency and

ωq is the average transverse focusing frequency in the smooth-focusing ap-proximation. The PTSX device confines one-component cesium ion plasmasfor hundreds of milliseconds, which is equivalent to over 10 km of equivalentbeam propagation. Detailed comparisons are made with WARP 3D simula-tions, and initial results are presented for experiments in which the confiningvoltage waveform has been modified so that it is no longer purely sinusoidal.Results using a cesium ion source and a barium ion source are presented, andthe development of a laser-induced fluorescence diagnostic system is discussed.

∗Research Supported by the U.S. Department of Energy.

��

HIF RESEARCH ON THE

UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND ELECTRON RING

(UMER)*

R.A. Kishek, S. Bernal, Y. Cui, T.F. Godlove, I. Haber, J. Harris, Y. Huo, H. Li,

P.G. O'Shea, B. Quinn, M. Reiser, M. Walter, M. Wilson, Y. Zou , Institute for

Research in Electronics & Applied Physics (IREAP), University of Maryland,

College Park, MD 20742-3511

The understanding of collective interactions of particles in an intense beam by

means of long range forces is crucial for successful development of heavy ion

inertial fusion. Designs for a heavy ion fusion drivers call for beam brightness

and intensity surpassing traditional limits. Collective effects such as halo

formation and emittance growth impose stringent limits on the driver and can

raise the costs of the machine. The University of Maryland Electron Ring

(UMER), currently near completion, is designed to be a scaled model (3.6-m

diameter) for exploring the dynamics of such intense beams. The ring

configuration permits the investigation of dispersion and other effects that would

occur in bends and a recirculator machine, in addition to those occurring in a

straight lattice. Using a 10 keV electron beam, other parameters are scaled to

mimic those of much larger ion accelerators, except at much lower cost. An

adjustable current in the 0.1-100 mA range provides a range of intensities

unprecedented for a circular machine. By design, UMER provides a low-cost,

well-diagnosed research platform for driver physics, and for beam physics in

general. UMER is augmented with a separate setup, the Long Solenoid

Experiment (LSE) for investigating the longitudinal beam dynamics and the

evolution of energy spread due to Coulomb collisions in a straight geometry.

* This work is funded by US Dept. of Energy under contracts No. DE-FG02-

92ER54178 and DE-FG02-94ER40855.

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AbstractsPoster Presentations

Wednesday, 09 June 2004

Poster Session I


NONLINEAR RAYLEIGH-TAYLOR GROWTH INCONVERGING GEOMETRY*

D. S. Clark and M. Tabak, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 EastAve., L-312, Livermore, CA, 94551

The early nonlinear phase of Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) growth is typicallydescribed in terms of the classic models of Layzer [1] or Davies & Taylor [2] inwhich bubbles of light fluid rise into the heavy fluid at a constant rate determinedby the bubble radius and the gravitational acceleration. However, these modelsare strictly valid only for planar interfaces and hence ignore any effects whichmight be introduced by the spherically converging interfaces of interest in ICF.The work of G. I. Bell [3] and M. S. Plesset [4] introduced the effects of sphericalconvergence on RT growth but only for the linear regime. Here, a generalizationof the Layzer nonlinear bubble rise rate is given for a spherically converging flowof the type studied by Kidder [5]. A simple formula for the bubble amplitude isfound showing that, while the bubble initially rises with a constant velocitysimilar to the Layzer result, during the late phase of the implosion, an accelerationof the bubble rise rate occurs. Analytical results are compared with numericalsimulations using the Hydra code [6].

*This work performed under the auspices of the U.S Department of Energy byUniversity of California, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under contractNo. W-7405-Eng-48.

1. D. Layzer, Astrophysical J., 122, 1 (1955).

2. R. M. Davies and G. I. Taylor, Proc. R. Soc. A 200, 375 (1950).

3. G. I. Bell, Los Alamos National Laboratory report LA-1321 (1951).

4. M. S. Plesset, J. Appl. Phys. 25, 96 (1954).

5. R. E. Kidder, Nucl. Fusion, 14, 53 (1974).

6. M. Marinak et al., Phys. Plasmas 5, 1125 (1998).

Document number: UCRL-ABS-202120

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STOPPING OF RELATIVISTIC ELECTRONS INPARTIALLY DEGENERATE ELECTRON FLUID

K.I. Starikov, Department of Physics, Kazakh State University, Tole Bi 96.ALMATY 480012, Kazakhstan

C. Deutsch, LPGP, Bât. 210, University Paris-Sud, 91405 ORSAY Cedex, France

The stopping mechanisms of relativistic electron beams (REB) in superdenseand partially degenerate electron fluid targets are investigated in the framework ofthe fast ignitor concept for inertial confinement fusion. ln order to comply withspecific demands in this area, we focus attention on the target partial degeneracyparameter θ = Te/Tf, in terms of thermal to Fermi temperature ratio. Targetelectron fluid (TEF) is thus modelled very accurately with a RPA dielectricfunction. Stopping results are shown very weakly θ-dependent. However, aquantum target description is needed to recover their correct and increasing trendwith increasing projectile energy.

Ranges and effective penetration depths in precompressed thermonuclear fuelsare shown to be nearly a factor of two shorter compared to earlier classicalestimates in same conditions. Overall conclusions pertaining to the feasibility offast ignition thus remain unchanged.

��

FAST IGNITION HEAVY ION FUSION TARGET BY

JET IMPACT∗

P.Velarde, F.Ogando, Instituto de Fusion Nuclear, Jos Gutirrez Abascal 2,28006 Madrid (Spain)

S.Eliezer, Soreq Nuclear Center, Yavne (Israel)

Fast ignition[1] targets usually require two energy sources, one for the com-pression of the target and the other to start the ignition in the compressedtarget. We present a design based on the same principles as the laser drivenfast ignition but only using one drive, either laser or heavy ion beam. The ideais to transform part of the X ray energy from the hohlraum cavity to generatea high speed, medium density jet[2]. This jet will collide with the compressedtarget starting the ignition of the DT fuel. The design is composed by twocones, one to produce the jet by cumulative effect, and the other to guidespherically the target.

Several configurations are studied in order to increase the efficiency of theprocess, and other designs based on this will be presented and briefly analyzed.We have performed numerical simulations of these designs with the Arwencode[3], an AMR Radiation Transport code.

∗This work has been supported by Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnologıa,with project number FTN2001-3885.

1 M. Tabak et al., Ignition and High Gain with Ultrapowerful Lasers, Phys

Plasma 1 1626 (1994)

2 P. Velarde et al., Fusion Ignition by Jet Interaction, to appear in Fusi.Sci. Tech (2004).

3 F. Ogando and P. Velarde, Development of a Radiation Transport Fluid

Dynamic Code Under AMR, JQSRT 71 541 (2001)

��

ELECTRON LOSS CROSS SECTIONS FOR LOWCHARGE STATE IONS

R. E. Olson, Physics Department, University of Missouri, Rolla, MO 65401

Projectile electron loss cross sections have been calculated for a series ofsystems using large multi-electron, two-center basis sets within the classicaltrajectory Monte Carlo method. Studied is U28+ colliding with H, N and Artargets. Here, 39-, 45- and 54-body calculations are used to represent the collisionsystems, respectively. These electron loss cross sections are central to the designof the SIS-100 cyclotron ring at GSI-Darmstadt. The present calculations predicta constant beam lifetime between 10 and 150 MeV/amu which leads to verystringent vacuum requirements, especially at the highest energies.

Multi-electron calculations have also been performed for Ar and Xeisoelectronic ions colliding with nitrogen. These systems include K+ and Cl-, andCs+ and I- at energies from 10 keV/amu to 30 MeV/amu. At all energies, thenegative ion electron removal cross section is approximately a factor of threelarger than its isoelectronic positive ion.

In the above cases the calculated cross sections are compared to availableexperimental data. The agreement between theory and experiment is reasonable.However, for all systems our multi-electron based cross sections departsignificantly from those predicted by one-electron theories such as the binaryencounter and first Born calculations. The inclusion of multiple electron removal,Auger losses, and preserving unitarity in the calculations is essential for anaccurate description of the scattering processes.

*Work supported by the Office of Fusion Energy Sciences – DOE.

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3D MODELING OF LIQUID JETS, USED IN HEAVY ION

FUSION FOR BEAM LINE PROTECTION*

A. I. Konkachbaev, N. B Morley and M. A Abdou, Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering

Department, UCLA, 43-133 Engineering IV, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1597, USA

Current designs for thick liquid protection of heavy ion inertial fusion reactors utilize

banks of liquid jets to protect sensitive beam line components from neutrons and debris

following target explosions. IFE designers must have knowledge of the surface quality of

these jets in order to determine the distance between the jets and the ion beams that must

propagate through the void spaces between them. Here numerical simulations of such jet

flows performed with the customized Flow3D solver are reported. 3-D unsteady flow

simulations are qualitatively verified by comparison to several jet flow experiments.

These numerical simulations predicted no significant jet breakup in region of interest, but

did show surface and shape deformation that may end up determining the minimum

standoff distance between jets and driver beams. The simulations also show small

droplet ejection that may adversely affect beam propagation characteristics. The

intrusion distance of liquid into the beamlines was determined to be below 10% of the

original jet thickness throughout computational domain (up to 1 meter downstream from

the nozzle). A discussion of the relative effect of turbulence level and direction, and

velocity profile is given. Recommendations on how to avoid or minimize unwanted

hydrodynamic phenomena (surface rippling and droplet ejection) by upstream

conditioning and nozzle design are developed for free surface jets in vacuum in the

context of qualitative understanding of the physical mechanisms at play.

* This work performed under the auspices of the U.S Department of Energy by University

of California Los Angeles under Grant No. #DE-FG03-94ER54287

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PROGRESS TOWARDS A DETAILED TSUNAMI

MODELING OF THE HEAVY ION FUSION

MODULAR POINT DESIGN

C.S. Debonnel, S.S. Yu, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720

P.F. Peterson, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720

The �robust point design� (RPD) [1] describes a self-consistent heavy-ion inertial fusion power plant based on a single linear accelerator and the neutralized ballistic beam transport scheme. The heavy-ion fusion community is exploring the feasibility of a modular power plant, with several, smaller accelerators---this approach has the potential to offer a faster and cheaper development path to a viable fusion power plant. The Berkeley hydrodynamics code TSUNAMI is being used to model x-ray ablation and gas venting in the target chamber and beam tubes of the yet-to-be-finalized modular point design. Gas dynamics simulations are presented along with a comparison to a previous RPD modeling [2]. The need for this modeling stems from strict requirements on background gas density set to achieve proper beam and target propagation; differences between limits imposed by various beam propagation schemes are highlighted.

This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S Department of Energy under contracts No. DE-AC03-76SF00098 and DE-FG03-97ER5441.

1. S.S. Yu, W.R. Meier, R.P Abbott, J.J. Barnard, T. Brown, D.A. Callahan, C.S. Debonnel, P. Heitzenroeder, J.F. Latkowski, B.G. Logan, S.J. Pemberton, P.F. Peterson, D.V. Rose, G.-L. Sabbi, W.M. Sharp, D.R. Welch, �An updated point design for heavy ion fusion,� Fusion Science and Technology, 44-2 (2003) 266-273

2. C.S. Debonnel, S.S. Yu, P.F. Peterson �X-ray ablation and debris venting for the heavy-ion point design,� Fusion Science and Technology, 44-2 (2003) 274-278

��

APPLICATION OF ADAPTIVE MESH

REFINEMENT TO PIC SIMULATIONS IN

INERTIAL FUSION∗

J.-L. Vay, P. Colella, J.W. Kwan, P. McCorquodale, D. SerafiniLBNL, 1 Cyclotron Road Bldg 47R0112, Berkeley, CA, 94720

A. Friedman, D.P. Grote, G. WestenskowLLNL, Livermore, CA, 94550

J.-C. Adam, A. HeronCPHT, Ecole Polytechnique, F91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France

I. HaberUniversity of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-3511

We have recently merged AMR with the Particle-In-Cell (PIC) method forsimulation of plasmas and particle beams. The application of AMR to plasmamodeling poses significant challenges, including the introduction of spuriousforces on simulation particles. We have carried out a detailed analysis of thecoupling of the two methods and, in collaboration with the developers of thepopular Chombo package for AMR, have developed practical methods anddemonstrated their effectiveness on electrostatic Particle-In-Cell simulationsof intense ion beams [1]. Initial successes include major savings of compu-tational effort in simulations of time-dependent space-charge-limited flow (ina 5-D phase space); and demonstrations of numerical convergence. Most re-cently, the merger of the PIC code WARP (developed for Heavy Ion Fusionstudies) and Chombo has been accomplished. The application of AMR to elec-tromagnetic plasma modeling is even more challenging; we have introduced anew methodology using recently developed Absorbing Boundary Conditions,and are beginning to employ it on laser-plasma interaction in the context offast-ignition.

∗This work performed under the auspices of the U.S Department of Energy byUniversity of California, Lawrence Livermore and Lawrence Berkeley NationalLaboratories under contracts No. W-7405-Eng-48 and DE-AC03-76SF00098.

1 J.-L. Vay et al, Mesh refinement for particle-in-cell plasma simulations:Applications to and benefits for heavy ion fusion, Laser and ParticleBeams 20 (2002) 569-575.

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SIMULATION OF INTEGRATED BEAMEXPERIMENT DESIGNS*

D. P. Grote, LBNL, 1 Cyclotron Road Bldg 47R0112, Berkeley, CA, 94720-8201

Simulation of designs of an Integrated Beam Experiment (IBX) classaccelerator have been carried out using the WARP[1] particle-in-cell code. Thesesimulations are an important tool for validating such designs. Issues such asenvelope mismatch and emittance growth can be examined in a self-consistentmanner, including the details of injection, accelerator transitions, long-termtransport, and longitudinal compression. The simulations are three-dimensionaland time-dependent, and begin at the source. They continue up through the end ofthe acceleration region, at which point the data is passed on to a separatesimulation of the drift compression. Various aspects of the lattice design wereexamined - for example, the frequency of accelerating gaps. Results will bepresented.

*This work performed under the auspices of the U.S Department of Energy byUniversity of California, Lawrence Livermore and Lawrence Berkeley NationalLaboratories under contracts No. W-7405-Eng-48 and DE-AC03-76SF00098.

1. D. P. Grote, A, Friedman, I. Haber, S. Yu, “Three-Dimensional Simulations ofHigh-Current Beams in Induction Accelerators with WARP3d,” Proceedingsof the 1995 International Symposium on Heavy Ion fusion, FusionEngineering and Design, 32-33 (1996) 193-200.

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BEAM CONTROL AND MATCHING ON THEUNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND ELECTRON RING

(UMER)∗

H. Li, S. Bernal, T.F. Godlove, I. Haber, R.A. Kishek, B. Quinn,M. Reiser, M. Walter, M. Wilson, Y. Zou, and P.G. O’Shea,Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics,

University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742

The transport of intense beams for heavy-ion inertial fusion demands tightcontrol of beam characteristics from the source to the target. The Universityof Maryland Electron Ring (UMER), which uses a low energy (10 keV), highcurrent (∼100 mA) electron beam to model the transport physics of a futurerecirculator driver, employs real time beam characterization and control in or-der to optimize beam alignment and envelope matching throughout the strong-focusing lattice. We describe in this paper the main components and operationof the diagnostics/control system in UMER, which employs phosphor screens,real-time image analysis and iterative beam steering and quadrupole-currentscans. The procedure is not only indispensable for optimum single-turn trans-port (over ∼ 12 m, or 36 FODO periods), but also provides important insightsinto the beam physics involved. Some of the issues discussed are: quadrupolerotation errors, mechanical alignment, rms envelope matching, halo formationand emittance growth. Understanding of the single-turn physics provides thebasis for multi-turn operation in UMER.

∗Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy.

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EXPERIMENTAL TESTS OF THE INJECTION YON THE UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND

ELECTRON RING*

Mark Walter, D. Lamb, S. Bernal, T. Godlove, I. Haber, R. Kishek, H. Li,P. O'Shea, B. Quinn, and M. Reiser, IREAP, University of Maryland,

College Park, MD 20742

The injection Y has been designed and built for the University ofMaryland Electron Ring (UMER). The design incorporates a combinationof two unique printed circuit magnet designs. The dipole component of anoffset quadrupole and a pulsed dipole are used to achieve the 10 degreebend required from the injection line. The current for each magnet issupplied by its own pulse-forming network (PFN). The dipole PFN isdesigned as a long pulse (300 V, 15 A, 20 µs duration) for multiple beampasses with a short pulse (2 kV, -30 A, 100 ns flat top duration)superimposed for beam extraction. To accommodate field penetration aglass gap covers the area near the pulsed dipole. The glass gap has a thinconductive coating on the inner surface to minimize perturbations on thebeam due to changing boundary conditions. The completed Y assemblyhas been installed on the downstream end of the beam line to facilitateexperimental tests before closure of the ring. Initial experimental resultsof the testing of this design will be presented.

* This work is funded by US Dept. of Energy grant numbersDE-FG02-94ER40855 and DE-FG02-92ER54178.

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Development of a One-Meter Plasma Source for Heavy Ion BeamCharge Neutralization*

Philip C. Efthimion, Erik P. Gilson, Larry Grisham and Ronald C. DavidsonPlasma Physics Laboratory

Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08543 USA

Simon Yu and B. Grant LoganLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720 USA

Highly ionized plasmas are being employed as a medium for charge neutralizing heavyion beams in order to focus to a small spot size. Calculations suggest that plasma at adensity of 1 - 100 times the ion beam density and at a length ~ 0.1-1.0 m would besuitable for achieving a high level of charge neutralization. An electron cyclotronresonance (ECR) source was constructed at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory(PPPL) in support of the joint Neutralized Transport Experiment (NTX) at theLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) to study ion beam neutralization.Pulsed operation of the source enabled operation at pressures in the 10-6 Torr range withplasma densities of 1011 cm-3. Near 100% ionization was achieved. The source wasintegrated with the NTX facility and used in the plasma neutralization experiments.The plasma was approximately 10 cm in length in the direction of the beampropagation, but future experiments require a source 1m long. The present ECR sourcedoes not easily scale to that length. Consequently, large-volume plasma sources basedupon ferroelectric ceramics are being considered.1 These sources have the advantage ofbeing able to increase the length of the plasma and operate at low neutral pressures.The source will utilize the ferroelectric ceramic BaTiO3 to form a metal plasma. A 1 mlong section of the drift tube inner surface of NTX will be covered with the ceramic. Ahigh voltage (~ 1-5 kV) is applied between the drift tube and the front surface of theceramic by placing a wire grid on the front surface. A current density of ~ 0.5 A/cm2 isrequired. Pulsed plasma densities of 1012 cm-3 and neutral pressures ~ 10-6 Torr areexpected. A test stand to produce a 20 cm long plasma in a drift tube is beingconstructed and will be tested before a 1 m long source is developed. Experimentalresults from the source development are presented.

1 A. Dunaevsky, Bull. Am Phys. Soc. 48, No. 7, 294 (2003).

*Research supported by Department of Energy Contract No. DE-AC02-76-CH-03073.

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THEORY OF ION BEAM PULSENEUTRALIZATION BY A BACKGROUND PLASMA

IN A SOLENOIDAL MAGNETIC FIELD∗

Igor D. Kaganovich, Edward A. Startsev and Ronald C. Davidson, PlasmaPhysics Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA

Dale Welch, Mission Research Corporation, Albuquerque, NM, 87110-3946,USA

Ion beam pulse propagation through a background plasma in a solenoidalmagnetic field has been studied analytically. The neutralization of the ionbeam pulse current by the plasma has been calculated using a fluid descriptionfor the electrons. This study is an extension of our previous studies of beamneutralization without an applied magnetic field [1,2]. The high solenoidalmagnetic field inhibits radial electron transport, and the electrons move pri-marily along the magnetic lines. For high-intensity ion beam pulses propa-gating through a background plasma with pulse duration much longer thanthe electron plasma period, the quasineutrality condition holds, ne = np + nb,where ne is the electron density, nb is the ion density of the ion beam pulse,and np is the ion density of the background ions (assumed unperturbed bythe beam). For one-dimensional electron motion, the charge density continu-ity equation ∂ρ/∂t + ∇ · j = 0 combined with the quasineutrality condition[ρ = e(np + nb − ne) = 0] yields j = 0. Therefore, in the limit of a strongsolenoidal magnetic field, the beam current is completely neutralized. Ana-lytical studies show that the solenoidal magnetic field starts to influence theradial electron motion if ωce � ωpeβ, (where ωce = eB/mec is the electrongyrofrequency, ωpe is the electron plasma frequency, and β = Vb/c is the ionbeam velocity relative to the speed of light). The condition already holds forrelatively small magnetic fields; for example, for a 100MeV Ne+ 1kA ion beam(β = 0.1) and plasma density of 1011cm−3, B corresponds to a magnetic fieldof 100G.

∗This research was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Office ofFusion Energy Sciences and the Office of High Energy Physics.

1 I. D. Kaganovich, G. Shvets, E. Startsev and R. C. Davidson, Physics ofPlasmas 8 (2001) 4180;

2 D. R. Welch, D. V. Rose, B. V. Oliver, et. al, Phys. Plasmas 9 (2002)2344;

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TWO-STREAM STABILITY ASSESSMENT OFINTENSE HEAVY ION BEAMS PROPAGATING IN

PREFORMED PLASMAS∗

D.V. Rose, T.C. Genoni, D.R. Welch, Mission Research Corp.,5001 Indian School Road, NE, Albuquerque, NM, 87111

A recent analysis [1] of the stability of intense ion beams propagating inunmagnetized, preformed plasmas is being applied to heavy ion fusion (HIF)reactor chamber parameters. An earlier analysis carried out for heavy ionbeams propagating in an evacuated chamber [2] predicted stability over a rangeof beam parameters. That analysis invoked a temporally evolving, maximumunstable wavenumber to detune two-stream unstable growth for a focusingbeam. This conclusion is presently being re-examined using particle-in-cellsimulations.

The modular accelerator concept for HIF is presently being evaluated. Theconcept uses solenoid transport with high line-charge densities [3,4]. Propa-gating ion beams are time-of-flight compressed in a magnetized plasma, whichfills the transport sections upstream of the reactor chamber. The analysis pre-sented in [1] has been extended to include the impact of applied axial magneticfields on the growth and saturation of the two-stream instability.

∗This work is support by the US DOE through Lawrence Berkeley NationalLaboratory and the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory.

1 D.V. Rose, T. C. Genoni, and D. R. Welch, and C. L. Olson, “Two-stream studies for heavy ion beam propagation in a reactor chamber,”proceedings of the 2003 Particle Accelerator Conf., p. 3165.

2 P. Stroud, Lasers and Particle Beams 4, 261 (1986).

3 B. G. Logan, private communication (2003).

4 E. P. Lee and R. Briggs, “The solenoidal transport option: IFE drivers,near-term research facilities, and beam dynamics,” Lawrence BerkeleyNational Laboratory Report LBNL-40774, HIFAN 914, Sept. 1997.

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Is Laser Cooling for Heavy-Ion Fusion Feasible?

Darwin D.-M. Ho and Scott T. Brandon

Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryP. O. Box 808, Livermore, CA 94550

Heavy-ion beams, each with current in the kiloampere range and particleenergy in the gega-electronvolt range, must be focused onto a millimeter-size spotto provide the power required for ignition of high-gain targets for inertialconfinement fusion. However, the focal spot size is always enlarged by chromaticaberration generated by the thermal spread of the beam ions in the direction ofbeam propagation. Enlarged focal spot degrades the target performance. For high-current beams, conventional remedy for chromatic aberration using sextupolemagnets has shown to be ineffective.1 If novel correction schemes can be found,then the spot size can be reduced to below that previously believed possible.Smaller spots can mean lower pulse energy targets and the heavy-ion fusionscenario can look more attractive. Success in laser cooling of ion beams in storagerings has led us to explore the feasibility of applying laser cooling for heavy-ionfusion, and the recirculator configuration proposed for heavy-ion fusion appearsto be well suited for this purpose. However, using particle-in-cell simulations andtheoretical arguments, we demonstrate in this paper that although laser cooling ofheavy-ion beams is feasible in principle, the rapid velocity-space diffusion of ionsin the bump-in-tail distribution, set up by the cooling lasers, limits the velocity-space compressibility of the thermal spread along the beam. Consequently, lasercooling is impractical for high-current, heavy-ion beams for the proposedrecirculator configuration. Nevertheless, if the recirculator architecture or thetarget requirement can reduce the beam current, then the cooling schemedescribed here should work.

*This work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by University ofCalifornia, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under contracts No. W-7405-Eng-48.

1Ho, D. D.-M. and Crandall, K. R., Bull. of the Am. Phys. Society 37 (1992) 1531.

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½]¾À¿}Á�Â�Ã

LONGITUDINAL DRIFT EXPERIMENTS AT THE

UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND ELECTRON RING*

J.R. Harris, S. Bernal, D. Feldman, T.F. Godlove, I. Haber, Y. Huo, R.A. Kishek,

H. Li, B. Quinn, M. Reiser, M. Walter, M. Wilson, Y. Zou, P.G. O'Shea,

Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics,

University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742

An understanding of the longitudinal behavior of intense beams is key for the

successful design of a heavy ion fusion driver. Experiments to improve this

understanding are now underway at the University of Maryland Electron Ring

(UMER), an intense, low energy (10 keV, 100 mA) dispersive beam transport

system now nearing completion. UMER features a sophisticated set of

diagnostics, which include the capability to measure the transverse beam profile at

different positions (times) along the bunch and the ability to produce various

longitudinal beam distributions from the electron gun. In preparation for multi-

turn operation, longitudinal experiments are concentrating on the free expansion

of the beam. In this paper, we describe these experiments and future plans for

UMER.

* This work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy and the Office of Naval

Research.

��

SIMULATION OF DRIFT-COMPRESSION FORHEAVY-ION-FUSION *

W. M. Sharp, J. J. Barnard, D. P. Grote, LLNL, Box 808, Livermore, CA 94551

C. M. Celata, S. S. Yu, LBNL, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720

D. V. Rose, D. R. Welch, Mission Research Corp., Albuquerque, NM 87110

Beams for heavy-ion fusion (HIF) must be compressed lengthwise by a factorof more than ten between an induction accelerator and the final-focus magnets.The compression scenario favored by the US HIF program is to impose a head-to-tail velocity increase or “tilt”, so the beam tail approaches the head in a “drift-compression” section. The beam current and velocity must be accurately tailoredbefore drift-compression in order that the longitudinal space-charge field removesthe velocity tilt just as the beam traverses the final-focus lattice. Transversefocusing in the drift-compression lattice must also be carefully designed to ensurethat all parts of the beam remain approximately matched as the beam expands tothe larger radius needed for final focusing. The principle physics questions posedby this section are how much the total emittance grows, whether a beam halodevelops, and how these processes scale with beam and lattice parameters. Asecond broad area of research is optimizing the initial pulse-shaping schedule tominimize the bandwidth and volt-seconds requirements of the pulsed power.

This paper presents recent theoretical work to model the final longitudinalcompression of HIF beams. Pulse-shaping fields are first calculated using afluid/envelope dynamics model, and these fields are then used in the three-dimensional electrostatic particle-in-cell (PIC) code WARP3d to study beamtransport in the pulse-shaping and drift-compression sections. Possible low-energy near-term experiments are investigated, as well as full-scale fusion drivers,and for each accelerator category, we examine how emittance growth andsensitivity to errors scale with the major beam and lattice parameters.

* This work was performed under the auspices of the U. S. Department of Energyby University of California Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory andLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory under contracts W-7405-ENG-48 andDE-AC03-76SF00098, and by Mission Research Corporation under contract DE-AC02-76CH-03073.

��

DYNAMICS OF PLASMA CHANNELS FOR

CHAMBER TRANSPORT

J. Hasegawa, T. Mawatari, Y. Oguri, M. Ogawa, RLNR, Tokyo Tech, 2-12-1

Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan

K. Horioka, Department of Energy Sciences, Tokyo Tech, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho,

Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan

Plasma-channel-based transport is one of the attractive schemes for delivering

space-charge-dominated beams to a fuel target in a reactor chamber. It relaxes the

requirements for beam quality and may decrease the cost of driver accelerators.

Recently, a final focusing scheme using Z-pinch plasma channels has been

proposed with a combination of adiabatic plasma lenses [1] and a proof-of-

principle experiment also has been performed [2]. The discharge parameters of

the plasma channels, however, were limited because those analyses and

experiments were based on the specific reactor designs. Particularly the dynamics

of the plasma channel strongly depends on the background gas pressure and the

required discharge current for beam confinement and it also determines the design

of the discharge circuit. To discuss the applicability of plasma channels for

chamber transport, the dynamics of the channel must be examined in a wide range

of discharge parameters. Thus, we performed numerical analyses of the plasma

channel using a one-dimensional magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) code. This

report discusses the realistic parameter range of the channel discharge and shows

the results from the numerical calculations. We also show the results on the beam

trajectory obtained by a two-dimensional particle code.

1. S. Yu et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 415 (1998) 174.

2. C. Niemann et al., J. Appl. Phys., 93 (2003) 9470.

��

THE FRANKFURT FUNNELING EXPERIMENT

H. Zimmermann, U. Bartz, N. Müller, A. Schempp, J. Thibus,

Institut für Angewandte Physik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität,Robert-Mayer-Straße 2-4, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany

The Frankfurt Funneling Experiment is a scaled version of the first funnelingstage of a HIF driver to demonstarte the funneling technique, a procedure tomultiply beam currents at low energies in several stages. In each stage two beamlines are combined into a common beam line. Funneling is required for proposedhigh current accelerator facilities like HIDIF. The main goal is to preventemittance growth during the funneling process. Our set-up is scaled to He+ insteadof Bi+ of the first funneling stage of a HIIF driver. The progress of our experimentand the results of the simulations will be presented.

��


Thursday, 10 June 2004

Accelerators and Beam Physics –- Part III


EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF ELECTRONS IN AHEAVY-ION BEAM*

A. W. Molvik, R.H. Cohen, A. Friedman, M. Kireeff Covo, S.M. Lund, G.Westenskow, LLNL, Livermore, CA 94550

F.M. Bieniosek, S. Eylon, A. Faltens, E. Henestroza, J.W. Kwan, S.M. Lund, L.Prost, P.K. Roy, P.A. Seidl, J-L. Vay, S. Yu, LBNL, 1 Cyclotron Road Bldg

47R0112, Berkeley, CA, 94720-8201

Electron cloud effects, ECEs, are normally a problem only in ring accelerators.However, heavy-ion induction linacs for inertial fusion energy have an economicincentive to fit beam tubes tightly to intense beams. This places them at risk fromelectron clouds produced by emission of electrons and gas from walls. We havemeasured electron and gas emission from 1 MeV K+ impact on surfaces neargrazing incidence on the High-Current Experiment (HCX) at LBNL and aremaking similar measurements below 500 KeV on the injector test stand STS-500at LLNL. Electron emission scales with 1/cos consistent with emission from athin layer, whereas gas desorption varies much more slowly with angle indicatingsources other than adsorbed gas layers. Mitigation techniques are being studied: Abead-blasted rough surface reduces electron emission by a factor of 10 and gasdesorption by a factor of 2. A biased cylindrical mesh on the NeutralizedTransport Experiment (NTX) at LBNL prevents electron emission from the beam-tube. Diagnostics are installed on HCX, between and within quadrupole magnets,to measure the beam halo loss, net charge and expelled ions, from which we infergas density, electron trapping, and the effects of mitigation techniques. We havealso installed clearing electrodes between magnets to remove electrons, and asuppressor electrode after the magnets to block secondary electrons off the endwall from entering the magnets. The effects of electrons on ion beams aredetermined with slit scanners. These data will be compared with predictions oftheory and simulations.

*This work performed under the auspices of the U.S Department of Energy byUniversity of California, Lawrence Livermore and Lawrence Berkeley NationalLaboratories under contracts No. W-7405-Eng-48 and DE-AC03-76SF00098.

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SIMULATING ELECTRON CLOUD EFFECTS IN

HEAVY-ION ACCELERATORS∗

R. H. Cohen, A. Friedman, A. W. Molvik, LLNL, P.O. Box 808, Livermore,CA, 94551, and HIF-VNL

A. Azevedo, M. A. Furman, J.-L. Vay, LBNL, 1 Cyclotron Road, Bldg 47,Berkeley, CA, 94720-8201, and HIF-VNL

P. Stoltz, TechX, 5621 Arapahoe Ave, Suite A, Boulder, CO 80303.

Heavy-ion fusion (HIF) accelerators, like other positive-charge accelera-tors, are subject to contamination by stray electrons. HIF economics dictatesworking with the largest possible beam-pipe fill factor, and stray electronscan be a determinant in setting that limit. For parameters of HIF inductionaccelerators, the predominant source is ionization of neutral gas released fromthe beam pipe upon ion bombardment; direct release of secondary electronscan also play a role. Because the beam pipes (and hence electron sources)are localized to the magnet regions, modeling of electron accumulation musttake into account ion reflections off the beam pipe. Another consequence isthat self-consistent simulation requires bridging timescales ranging from theelectron cyclotron period to ion transit times. We present results from sev-eral studies: electron clouds formed from direct release of electrons upon ionbombardment of the beam pipe, and from ionization of released neutrals; andeffects of various types of model electron cloud distributions on ion beam qual-ity. We also describe a model for averaged electron dynamics which enablesbridging electron and ion timescales for both magnetized and unmagnetizedelectrons, and will present first simulation results using this model.

∗This work performed under the auspices of the U.S Department of Energy byUniversity of California, Lawrence Livermore and Lawrence Berkeley NationalLaboratories under contracts No. W-7405-Eng-48 and DE-AC03-76SF00098.

��

EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF A NEGATIVEION SOURCE FOR A HEAVY ION FUSION

NEGATIVE ION DRIVER*

L. R. Grisham, PPPL, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08543

S. K. Hahto, S. T. Hahto, J. W. Kwan, K. N. Leung, Lawrence Berkeley NationalLaboratory, Berkeley, CA

Negative halogen ions have recently been proposed as a possiblealternative to positive ions for heavy ion fusion drivers because electronaccumulation would not be a problem in the accelerator, and if desired, the beamscould be photodetached to neutrals [1]. To test the ability to make suitable qualitybeams, an experiment was conducted at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratoryusing chlorine in an RF-driven ion source. Without introducing any cesium(which is required to enhance negative ion production in hydrogen ion sources) anegative chlorine current density of 45 milliamperes per square centimeter wasobtained under the same conditions that gave 53 milliamperes per squarecentimeter of positive chlorine, suggesting the presence of nearly as manynegative ions as positive ions in the plasma near the extraction plane. Thenegative ion spectrum was 99.5% atomic chlorine ions, with only 0.5% molecularchlorine, and essentially no impurities. Although this experiment did notincorporate the type of electron suppression technology that is used in negativehydrogen beam extraction, the ratio of co-extracted electrons to negative chlorineions was as low as 7 to 1, many times lower than the ratio of their mobilities,suggesting that few electrons are present in the near-extractor plasma. This,along with the near-equivalence of the positive and negative ion currents, suggeststhat the plasma in this region was mostly an ion-ion plasma. The negativechlorine current density was relatively insensitive to pressure, and scaled linearlywith RF power. If this linear scaling continues to hold at higher RF powers, itshould permit current densities of 100 milliamperes per square centimeter,sufficient for present heavy ion fusion injector concepts.

* Research performed under the auspices of U.S. Department of Energy undercontracts DE-AC02-76CH03073 and DE-AC03-76SF00098.

1. L. R. Grisham, “Evaluation of Negative-Ion-Beam Driver Concepts for HeavyIon Fusion,” Fusion Science and Technology 43, 191-199 (2003).

��

NEUTRALIZED TRANSPORT EXPERIMENT*

P. K. Roy�, S. S. Yu

�, S. Eylon

�, E. Henestroza

�, A. Anders

�, F. M. Bieniosek

�, W.

G. Greenway�, B. G. Logan

�, W. L. Waldron

�, D. B. Shuman, D. L. Vanecek

� , D.

R. Welch�, D. V. Rose

�, R. C. Davidson

§, P. C. Efthimion

§, E. P. Gilson

§, A. B.

Sefkow§, W. M. Sharp

�

�Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA-94720, USA

�Mission Research Corporation, Albuquerque, NM 87110-3946, USA

§Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08543-0451, USA

�Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA

Final focusing has been a subject of intense study from the very early days of

heavy ion fusion (HIF). Neutralized ballistic transport (NBT)[1] is presently being

studied for propagating intense heavy ion beams inside a reactor chamber to an

inertial confinement fusion (ICF) target. A recent HIF driver study[2]

demonstrates that stringent final-focus requirements[3] can be met provided that

active neutralization is implemented to overcome the formidable space charge of

the intense ion beams. To quantitatively ascertain the various mechanisms for

neutralization, the Neutralized Transport Experiment (NTX) was constructed at

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. In this experiment a high quality beam is

passed through well-characterized plasma sources to neutralize space charge of

the beam. Here we describe NTX beam line system, techniques to control stray

electrons in vacuum transport, measurements of current transmission, phase

space, beam spot size, beam halos, and preliminary results of beam neutralization

along with detailed comparisons with theory.

*This work performed under the auspices of the U.S Department of Energy by

University of California, Lawrence Livermore and Lawrence Berkeley National

Laboratories under contracts No. W-7405-ENG-48 and DE-AC-3-76SF00098.

1. B. G. Logan, and D. A. Callahan, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 415,

(1998) 468-472.

2. S.S. Yu, W.R. Meier, R.P. Abbott et al., Fusion Science and Technology, 44

(2003) 266-273.

3. D. R. Welch, D. V. Rose, B. V. Oliver,and R. E. Clark, Nucl. Instrum.

Methods Phys. Res. A 464, (2001) 134-139.

��

SIMULATIONS OF NEUTRALIZED FINAL FOCUS*

D. R. Welch, D. V. Rose, Mission Research Corporation, Albuquerque, NM,

S. S. Yu, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA,

C. L. Olson, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM

In order to drive an inertial fusion target with heavy ion beams, the beam radius must be focused to < 3 mm and the pulselength must be compressed to < 10 ns. The typical scheme for temporal pulse compression makes use of a head-to-tail ion velocity tilt to compress the beam as it drifts and beam space charge to stagnate the compression. Beam compression in a neutralizing plasma does not require stagnation of the compression enabling a much more robust method. A final pulse shape at the target can be programmed by an applied energy tilt. In this paper, neutralized drift compression is investigated with a particle-in-cell code. The sensitivity of compression to beam momentum spread, plasma and magnetic field conditions is studied. Representative examples will be shown, such as neutralized drift compression in the Integrated Beam Experiment (IBX) accelerator. Application to a driver final focus system for an accelerator using modular solenoid technology[1] and assisted pinched transport [2] is discussed. Using the 3-D parallel LSP[3] code, we discuss issues associated with self-field generation, stability and the vacuum-to-neutralized transport transition.

*This work is supported by the Virtual National Laboratory for HIF, the Department of Energy through Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.

1. B. G. Logan, private communication, (2003). E. P. Lee and R. Briggs, “The solenoidal transport option: IFE drivers, near-term research facilities, and beam dynamics," Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Report LBNL-40774, HIFAN 914, Sept. 1997.

2. D. R. Welch, T. C. Genoni, D. V. Rose, B. V. Oliver, R. E. Clark, C. L. Olson and S. S. Yu, Phys. Plasmas 10 (2003), 2442.

3. T. P. Hughes, S. S. Yu, and R. E. Clark, Physics Review ST-AB 2, 110401 (1999); D. R. Welch, D. V. Rose, B. V. Oliver, and R. E. Clark, Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research A 464, (2001), 134. LSP is a software product of Mission Research Corporation (http://www.mrcabq.com).

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DRIFT COMPRESSION AND FINAL FOCUS

OPTIONS FOR HEAVY ION FUSION∗

Hong Qin and Ronald C. DavidsonPlasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University

Princeton, New Jersey, USA

John J. BarnardLawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA

Edward P. LeeLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA

In the currently envisioned configurations for heavy ion fusion, it is neces-sary to longitudinally compress the beam bunches by a large factor after theacceleration phase. A one-dimensional warm fluid model in the longitudinal di-rection has been developed to study the self-similar drift compression schemesand pulse shaping methods. In the transverse direction, the beam size will in-crease in a periodic quadrupole lattice due to the increasing space-charge forceas the beam is compressed. To actively control the beam size, a non-periodicquadrupole lattice has been designed to provide a larger focusing force alongthe beam path. Four time-dependent magnets are introduced in the upstreamof drift compression to focus the entire pulse onto the same focal spot. Driftcompression and final focusing schemes are developed for a typical heavy ionfusion driver and for the Integrated Beam Experiment (IBX) currently beingdesigned by the Heavy Ion Fusion Virtual National Laboratory.

∗ This research was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under theauspices of the Heavy Ion Fusion Virtual National Laboratory.

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DIAGNOSTICS FOR INTENSE HEAVY ION BEAMS *

F. M. Bieniosek†, C.C. Dugan†, A. Faltens†, A. Friedman‡, J.W. Kwan†, M.A.Leitner†, A.W. Molvik‡, L. Prost†, P.K. Roy†, P.A. Seid l† , G. Westenskow‡, HIF-VNL

†Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA‡Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA

Modern diagnostic techniques provide detailed information on beam conditions in injector, transport, and final focus experiments in the HIF-VNL. Parameters of interest include beam current, beam energy, transverse and longitudinaldistributions, emittance, and space charge neutralization. Imaging techniques, based on kapton films and optical scintillators, complement and in some cases, may replace conventional techniques based on slit scans. Time-resolved opticaldiagnostics that provide 4-D transverse information on the experimental beamsare in operation on the existing facilities. Current work includes a folded, compactoptical diagnostic suitable for insertion in transport lines, improved algorithms for data analysis and interpretation, and a high-resolution electrostatic energy analyzer. A longitudinal diagnostic kicker has been implemented for generating longitudinal space-charge waves that travel on the beam. Time of flight of the space charge wave and an electrostatic energy analyzer provide an absolute measure of the beam energy. Special diagnostics to detect secondary electrons and gases desorbed from the wall have been developed.

The diagnostics currently in use are suitable for low kinetic energy, but high intensity and integrated experiments will require increasing emphasis on non-intercepting diagnostics, such as beam current transformer and capacitive pickup.One new non- intercepting diagnostic under development is the electron beam potential probe. We will discuss the techniques, results, and plans for implementation of these and other new diagnostics.

__________________________

*This work performed under the auspices of the U.S Department of Energy by University of California, Lawrence Livermore and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories under contracts No. W-7405-Eng-48 and DE-AC03-76SF00098.

��

DEVELOPMENT OF INDUCTION MODULES FORHIGH POWER ACCELERATOR

K.Horioka, M.Nakajima, H.Nagata, E.Hotta, M.Shiho,Department of Energy Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology,

Nagatsuta 4259, Yokohama 226-8502, JapanK.Takayama, E.Nakamura, K.Torikai,

High Energy Research Organization (KEK), Oho, Tsukuba 305-0801 JapanJ.Kishiro, M.Watanabe, Tokai Research Establishment,

Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, Tokai 319-1195, JapanT.Kikuchi, T.Katayama, University of Tokyo, Wako-Branch at RIKEN,

2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

Research activities for high power induction accelerator system in the TIT-KEK-JAERI-RIKEN group are presented including a research effort for high flux ioninjector, and R&Ds on induction voltage modulators for repetitive operation andprecise voltage modulation. Using an induction modulator, high flux beams aredirectly extracted from a laser ablated expanding plasma. A proof-of-principleexperiment on basic module shows that the module elements are successfullyoperated up-to MHz with good re-producibility[1]. The first experiment on theinduction synchrotron is scheduled this year using the KEK 12-GeV protonsynchrotron. For the experiments, a proto type induction modulator has beendeveloped. One of the serious problem for beam modulation is some droop in theacceleration voltage because of a finite length of the transmission cable betweenthe voltage driver and the induction cell[2]. In order to precisely control theaccelerating voltage, a method is proposed for power transport without any loadmismatching through the long transmission line. Efforts for the componenttechnologies of the induction accelerator along with a consideration on highpower accelerator system will be discussed.

1. K.Horioka, M.Nakajima, M.Watanabe, M.Honda, E.Hotta, M.Shiho,M.Ogawa, J.Hasegawa, J.Kishiro, K.Takayama, “Repetitive InductionVolrtage Modulator for Heavy Ion Fusion,” Laser and Particle Beams,Vol.202, (2002) 609.

2. Y.Shimosaki, E.Nakamura, K.Takayama, k.Torikai, M.Watanabe, M.Nakajima,K.Horioka, “Beam-dynamic effects of a droop in an induction acceleratingvoltage” Phys. Rev. Special Topics-Accelerator and Beams, 7, (2004) 014201.

��

ULTRA-LOW EMITTANCE, HIGH CURRENT

PROTON BEAMS PRODUCED WITH A LASER-

VIRTUAL CATHODE SHEATH ACCELERATOR*

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DEVELOPMENT OF SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNET SYSTEMS FOR HIF *

G. Sabbi, A. Faltens, A. Lietzke, P. Seidl, LBNL, Berkeley, CA

S. Lund, N. Martovetsky, LLNL, Livermore, CA,

C. Gung, J. Minervini, J. Schultz, MIT-PSFC, Cambridge, MA

R. Meinke, Advanced Magnet Lab, Palm Bay, FL

A collaboration of LBNL, LLNL, MIT and Advanced Magnet Lab (AML) is developing superconducting focusing quadrupoles for near-term HIF experiments and future driver accelerators. Following the fabrication and testing of severalprototypes, a baseline quadrupole design was selected and further optimized. The first model of the optimized design has achieved a conductor-limited gradient of 132 T/m in a 70 mm bore, with measured field harmonics within 10 parts in 104.In parallel, a compact focusing doublet was fabricated and tested using two of the first-generation quadrupoles. After assembly in the cryostat, both magnetsreached their conductor-limited quench current. Further optimization steps arecurrently underway to improve the performance of the magnet system and reduce its cost. They include the fabrication of a new prototype quadrupole with fieldquality at the 10-4 level, as well as improvements of the cryostat design for thefocusing doublet. The prototype units could eventually be installed in the HCXbeamline at LBNL, to perform accelerator physics experiments and gainoperational experience.

*Supported by the Office of Energy Research, U.S Department of Energy, atLBNL and LLNL under contract numbers DE-AC03-76SF00098, W-7405-Eng-48, and at MIT under contract number DE-FC02-93-ER54186.

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AbstractsPoster Presentations

Thursday, 10 June 2004

Poster Session II


ANALYTIC EXPRESSION FOR OPTIMALHOHLRAUM WALL DENSITY*

M. D. Rosen and J. H. Hammer, LLNL, L-039 B111/R705, Livermore, CA,94551

We apply recent analytic solutions [1] to the radiation diffusion equation to

problems of interest for ICF hohlraums. The solutions provide quantitative valuesfor absorbed energy which are of use for generating a desired radiationtemperature vs. time within the hohlraum. Comparison of supersonic and

subsonic solutions (heat front velocity faster or slower, respectively, than thespeed of sound in the x-ray heated material) suggests that there may be someadvantage in using high Z metallic foams as hohlraum wall material to reducehydrodynamic losses, and hence, net absorbed energy by the walls. Analytic and

numerical calculations suggest that the loss per unit area might be reduced ~ 20%through use of foam hohlraum walls and that this reduction factor is “universal” –independent of drive and pulse-length. We derive an explicit expression for the

optimal density (for a given drive temperature and pulse-length) that will achievethis reduction factor. Since heavy ion hohlraums naturally involve such high Zfoams, this work may be of some use to this HIF/IFE community.

* This work performed under the auspices of the U.S Department of Energy byUniversity of California, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory undercontracts No. W-7405-Eng-48.

1. J.H. Hammer and M. D. Rosen, “A consistent approach to solving theradiation diffusion equation,” Physics of Plasmas 10, 1829 (2003).

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HIB ILLUMINATION ON A TARGET IN HIF*

T.Someya, S. Kawata, T. Kikuchi, Utsunomiya Univ., 7-1-2 Yohtou, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8585, Japan

A. I. Ogoyski, Varna Technical University, Physics Department 2 Studentska Str.VARNA 9010, Bulgaria

In direct-driven pellet implosion, HIB illuminates a spherical target and deposits its energy on a target after a HIB final transport. In our study, we develop a three-dimensional HIB illumination code for direct-driven pellet in HIF [1]. We calculate the deposition energy on the spherical target according to a stopping power. The main object of our study is to clarify a dependence of multi-HIB illumination non-uniformity on parameter values of HIB illumination in HIF. The HIB ions impinge the target surface, penetrate relatively deep into the deposition layer and deposit their energy in a rather wide region in the deposition layer: this HIB deposition feature influences the beam illumination non-uniformity. The HIB temperature and emittance effects are also evaluated. During the HIB illumination the temperature of the energy deposition layer increases to a few hundred eV. We also investigate the pellet temperature effect on the HIB illumination non-uniformity. We also investigate the relationship between a chamber radius and the HIB illumination non-uniformity, and study the effect of the total HIB number on the HIB illumination non-uniformity. In an ICF power plant, a position of fuel pellet may shift from a reactor center, because a pellet may be injected from a pellet injection port at a reactor wall. The HIB illumination non-uniformity may be influenced by a little pellet displacement from the chamber center. In our study we also investigate the relation between the pellet displacement and the HIB illumination non-uniformity. For the evaluations of the illumination non-uniformity on the target, we compute the root mean square (RMS) non-uniformity on the spherical target. In addition, we also perform mode analyses of the HIB deposition energy on the spherical fuel target using the Legendre polynomial and the Fast Fourier Transfer (FFT). The calculation results demonstrate that we can realize a rather low energy deposition non-uniformity. Moreover from the investigation of the non-uniformity growth due to the little pellet displacement, we confirm that the pellet displacement is a serious problem in HIF.

*This work has been partly supported by JSPS (Japan Society for the Promotion of Science). We would like to present our thanks to Prof. K. Tachibana for his fruitful discussions on this subject.

1. A.I.Ogoyki, T.Someya, S.Kawata, “Code OK1 – Simulation of multi-beam irradiation in heavy ion fusion”, accepted by Computer Phys. Communications (2004).

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Cylindrical Targets in HIF.

Aksenov A.G., Churazov M.D., Golubev A.A. ITEP, Moscow.

Annotation:

“Fast ignition” of the DT fuel by a superpower heavy ion beam (Jm 4.106 TW/g ) was a main peculiarity of the ITEP prospects for HIF system at HIF-2002 Symposium (Moscow). Low entropy compression of the DT fuel ( DT 100 g/cc) was achieved by direct irradiation with a heavy ion pulse: ion energy 100 GeV, target energy input Eo 10 MJ [1].

The next step of the investigations to obtain the more reliable system may be in an employment of the relativistic heavy ion driver proposed by D.G.Koshkarev [2]. Ion energy

1000 GeV creates new possibilities in the HIF system without a superpower ignition beam, but with a high level of the energy input Eo 100 MJ. A complex but a reliable form of the irradiation is employed to compress the fuel to the density DT 100 g/cc and to ignite DT. The perfectly well results of the Zabrodins group in Keldysh IAM (Moscow) with the “low entropy compression” [3] were as a starting-point to consider a multi-layered design of the cylindrical target. Energy gains 50 were obtained in the two-dimensional simulations by MDMT code for this DT cylindrical target. Some set of the investigations was fulfilled also for the deuterium fuel by the driver energy at the level Eo 1000 MJ.

[1] Medin S.A., Churazov M.D., Koshkarev D.G., Sharkov B.Yu., Orlov Yu.N. “Evaluation of Power Plant Concept for Fast Ignition Heavy Ion Fusion”, Laser and Particle Beams, (2002), 20 (3), p.419-422. [2] Koshkarev D.G., “Power Heavy Ion Driver”, Preprint ITEP 21-03, (2003). [3] Dolgoleva G.V., Zabrodin A.V., “Non-shock targets compression ”, Preprint N-53, Keldysh IAM (Moscow), 1999.

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BETWEEN FILAMENTATION AND TWO STREAM

INSTABILITIES

A. Bret, M.C. Firpo, C. Deutsch, Laboratoire de Physique des Gaz et desPlasmas (UMR-CNRS 8578), Universite Paris XI, Batiment 210, 91405

Orsay, France

In the realm of beam-plasma interaction, filamentation as well as double-stream instabilities represent key issues in various physical settings rangingfrom astrophysical scenarii to the fast ignition scheme for inertial confinementfusion. These instabilities have been investigated for a long time and the corre-sponding growth rates are well documented including temperature, relativisticand collisions effects. The wave vector orientation however has always beenconsidered strictly parallel or normal to the beam although reality is foundback summing over every possible wave vector in the (k, ω) Fourier space.

We present an analytical study of unstable electromagnetic modes witharbitrarily oriented wave for a beam passing through a hot plasma with re-turn current. We make the bridge between usual two-stream and filamentationinstability across the k space, and prove the existence of an intermediate ori-entation with important growth rates.

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The Role of Organically Bound Tritium after Ingestion inNormal and Accidental Scenarios in Inertial Fusion Reactors

M. Velarde, J.M. PerladoInstituto de Fusión Nuclear (DENIM) / ETSII, Universidad Politécnica Madrid (UPM)

J. Gutiérrez Abascal, 2 - Madrid 28006 (Spain), [email protected]

In the future design of Inertial Fusion Reactors (IFE), the potential environmentcontamination by tritium emissions to the atmosphere could be relevant when consideringingestion by tritiated foods. In this case, the most important chemical forms of tritium,elemental tritium (HT) and tritiated water (HTO) derive in special form of tritium:Organically Bound Tritium (OBT). The behavior of tritium after chronic or accidentalreleases is that of being deposited on soil and vegetation via dry and wet depositionprocesses during pass of the tritiated plume or due to being re-emitted to the atmosphere inform of HTO (from HT form) to the air. Depending on the different types of soil, thetritium incorporates to the soil water and it is absorbed to subwater, roots of plants anddrinking of animals. These processes are now considered in our calculations with moreprecise calculations and first conclusions of their real significance, and those conclusionswill be exposed and explain in this work. The role of HT versus HTO and importance of re-emission process will be remarked.

In early time, one week after the emission, the contribution to the Effective DoseEquivalent is mainly due to both forms HT and HTO, but at long time, the OBT contributesat total doses by ingestion more than HT or HTO. New updated consequences appear inthis continuous uptake of tritium after that secondary phase because OBT forms live for along time in the human body. Those conclusions and the diffusion process is study andanalyzed in this paper.

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Review of Structural and Ceramic Materials under Irradiation inInertial Fusion Reactors: comparison of Multiscale Modeling and Experiment

J.M. Perlado, M.J. Caturla+, E. Domínguez, D. Lodi*,J. Marian@, F. Mota, M. Salvador, G. Velarde

Instituto de Fusión Nuclear (DENIM) / E.T.S.I.I./ Universidad Politécnica de Madridalso* SCK CEN (Belgium), @CALTECH (USA), +Universidad Alicante (Spain)

J. Gutiérrez Abascal, 2 / 28006 Madrid (Spain) [email protected]

Long term research on Reduced Activation Ferritic Alloys (RAFM steels) is being pursuedin Fusion Programs, and an efficient lifetime is actually envisioned that will be herecompared with that estimated in IFE reactor. However, from our simulations,comprehension of basic mechanisms of radiation damage is not understood to obtainpredictive consequences. Multiscale simulation at the microscopic level will be comparedwith experiments, and results on the simplest material representing steels (Fe) will bereported as a function of impurity contents, temperature and dose. In addition, results usingMolecular Dynamics allow us to identify stress-strain curve of FeCr ferritic steels underirradiation, and macroscopic conclusions can be advanced using simple models.

Radiation damage in amorphous ceramic Silica results in point defects that can lead toobscuration; that is, degradation of the optical properties of these materials. Atomisticthreshold displacement energies of the components have been calculated using MolecularDynamics, and cascade analysis for recoils of energies larger than 5 keV will be presentedfor working temperatures.

Research on radiation damage in SiC composite is being pursued at macroscopic level.However, results from theory and simulation to explain that physics is being slowlyprogressing. The systematic identification of the type of stable defects is the first task toperform, that will presented after verification of new tight binding techniques reported inthe past. The different level of knowledge between simulation and experiments will beremarked.

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RESIDUAL RADIOACTIVITY OF COPPER INDUCEDBY ARGON BEAM IRRADIATION*

A. Fertman, A. Golubev, B. Sharkov, ITEP, 117218 Moscow,Bol.Cheremushkinskaya 25

M. Prokouronov, RIPT, 115304 Moscow, Luganskaya 9

G. Fehrenbacher, R.W. Hasse, I. Hofmann, D.H.H. Hoffmann, E. Mustafin,D. Schardt, K. Weyrich, Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt

Results of the measurement of the residual radioactivity produced by Argon beamwith energies of E = 300,500,800 MeV/u in the copper target are presented. Thespatial distributions of residual nuclei along the ion beam trajectory were obtainedby measuring the gamma-ray activities of 1 mm thick foils inserted in the targetwith a high purity Ge detector. Long-time prediction of dose rates around theaccelerator equipment is calculated on the base of the experimental data.

*This work performed under the support of INTAS Grant -N.03-54-3588

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Abstract submitted to the 15th International Symposium on Heavy Ion Inertial Fusion,June, 2004, Princeton, New Jersey, USA

Production of a High Brightness Beam from a Large Surface Source *J. W. Kwan, F. M. Bieniosek, W.L. Waldron, J.-L. Vay

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA

G.A. Westenskow, E. Halaxa,Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA

I. HaberUniv. of Maryland, MD

In today’s HIF experiments, e.g. the HCX, the typical K+ ion current density at thealumino-silicate ion source is about 7 mA/cm2. This corresponds to an ion sourcediameter of 10 cm in order to produce 500 mA of beam current. Previous HCX data haveindicated that spherical aberrations could degrade the emittance, so an experiment was setup on a 500-kV test stand to study the beam optics and to find ways for improvement.One of the experiments that we plan to do is to aperture the high current beam to enhanceits brightness.

Beam diagnostics measurements from Faraday cup, emittance scanner, kapton andoptical imaging will be compared with the 3-D WARP simulation in order to benchmarkthe computer code and confirm the beam optics.

We have also used the large diode to study the physics of controlling beam pulserise time. Fast rise time is desirable because many potential near-term HIF experimentswill require short beam pulses, and this can only be realized if the beam has a fast rise-time. According to a one-dimensional model, the beam head can propagate through theextraction diode with a sharp front edge by applying a special voltage waveform to thediode. Our simulation results showed that a proper waveform can be constructed toproduce a 50-ns beam rise time for a real 3-D diode.

* This work is supported by the Office of Fusion Energy Science, US DOE under contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00098 (LBNL) and W-7405-ENG-48 (LLNL).email: [email protected]

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RF PLASMA SOURCE FOR HEAVY ION FUSION*

G.A. Westenskow, D.P Grote, E. Halaxa, LLNL, PO. 808, Livermore, CA, 94551

J.W Kwan, J. Kapica, W.L Waldron, LBNL, 1 Cyclotron Road Bldg, Berkeley, CA, 94720

We are developing high-current ion sources for Heavy Ion Fusion applications. Heavy ion driven inertial fusion requires beams of high brightness to deposit the necessary high energy in the target to obtain high gain. Our proposed RF plasma source starts with an array of high current density mini-beamlets (of a few mA each at ~100 mA/cm2) that are kept separated from each other within a set of acceleration grids in order to minimize the space charge expansion. After they have gained sufficient kinetic energy (~1 MeV), the mini-beamlets will be allowed to merge together to form a high current beam (about 0.5 A) with low emittance. Simulations have been done to maximize the beam brightness within the physical constraints of the source.

We have performed a series of experiments on an RF plasma sources. A 80-kV 20-µs source has produced up to 5 mA of Ar+ in a single beamlet. The emission current density was over 100 mA/cm for this case. We have measured the emittance of a beamlet, energy spread, and the fraction of ions in higher charge states. The plasma chamber has 26-cm inner diameter with multicusp permanent magnets to confine plasma. RF power (~11 MHz, >10 kW) is applied to the source via a 2-turn, 11-cm diameter antenna inside the chamber. We have tested a 80-kV 61-hole multi-beamlet array designed to produce a total current >200 mA. In these experiments the beamlets were not merged into a single beam. We are preparing hardware for a test of the extraction gap and first 4 Einzel Lens at the full gradient proposed for an injector. This experiment should produce a 0.5 A beam. The design of a full system with merged beamlets is also underway. It will be tested at one-quarter the normal gradient proposed for an injector. It should produce a low-emittance 40-mA beam. Details will be presented.

* This work performed under the auspices of the U.S Department of Energy by University of California, Lawrence Livermore and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories under contracts No. W-7405-Eng-48 and DE-AC03-76SF00098.

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EXTRACTION AND ACCELERATION OF HIGH LINECHARGE DENSITY BEAMS

E. Henestroza, J.W. Kwan, E.P. Lee, S. S. Yu, LBNL, Berkeley, CA, 94720

R. J. Briggs, SAIC, Alamo, CA, 94507

HEDP applications and the modular linac systems approach to HIF, a lower-costdevelopment path for a driver, require high line charge density (λ) ion beams. Anefficient method to obtain high line charge density beams is to extract a longpulse, high current beam from an ion gun at high energy, and let the beam passthrough a decelerating field to compress it, thus obtaining a high line chargedensity beam. The low energy beam bunch is loaded into a solenoid and matchedto a Brillouin equilibrium flow. Once the beam is loaded, the Brillouinequilibrium is independent of the energy if the relationship between the beam size(a), solenoid magnetic field strength (B) and line charge density (λ) is such thatλ/(Ba)^2 is constant. Thus it is possible to accelerate a matched beam at constantλ. We call this scheme the Accel-Decel-Load-and-Fire Solenoid BunchingInjector. Two experiments, NDCX-1 and NDCX-2 are being designed to test thefeasibility of this type of injectors. NDCX-1, a proof-of-principle experiment, willextract a 500 ns, 12 mA, potassium beam at 285 keV, decelerate it to 30 keV ( λ~0.03 µC/m), and load it into a 3 T solenoid where it will be accelerated to80130 keV (head to tail) at constant λ to a final current of 24 mA and 250 nspulse length. NDCX-2, an HEDP application injector experiment, will extract a 1µs, 1 A, helium beam at 300 keV, decelerate it to 10 keV ( λ ~1.4 µC/m), andload it into a 1.7 T solenoid where it will be accelerated to 70210 keV (head totail) at constant λ to a final current of 5 A and 200 ns pulse length. The head-to-tail velocity tilt can be used to increase bunch compression and to controllongitudinal beam expansion. We will present the physics design and numericalsimulations of the proposed experiments.�

*This work performed under the auspices of the U.S Department of Energy byUniversity of California, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories under contractNo. DE-AC03-76SF00098.

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MEASUREMENT AND SIMULATION OF THE UMER

BEAM IN THE SOURCE REGION*

I. Haber, S. Bernal, R. A. Kishek, P. G. O�Shea, B. Quinn, M. Reiser, Y. Zou

University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-3511

A. Friedman, D. P. Grote, J. -L. Vay

LBNL 1 Cyclotron Road Bldg 47 Berkeley, CA, 94720-8201

As the beam propagates in the University of Maryland Electron Ring

(UMER) complex transverse density structure, including halos, has been

observed. A primary objective of the experiment is to understand the evolution of

a space-charge-dominated beam as it propagates over a substantial distance. It is

therefore important to understand which details of the beam structure result from

propagation of the beam in the ring and which characteristics result from the

specific details of the initial distribution. Detailed measurements of the initial

beam characteristics have therefore been performed. These include direct

measurement of the density using a phosphor screen, as well as pepper pot

measurements of the initial transverse distribution function. Detailed

measurements of the distribution function have also been obtained by scanning a

pinhole aperture across a beam diameter, and recording phosphor screen pictures

of the beam downstream of the pinhole.

Simulations using of the beam characteristics in the gun region have also

been performed using the WARP P.I.C. code. From these simulations, the

observed behavior has been attributed to a combination of perturbations to the

transverse distribution by a cathode grid that is used to modulate the beam

current, as well as the complex transverse dynamics that results from the

combination of the nonlinear external focusing fields of the gun structure and the

nonlinear space charge forces.

* This work supported by the United States Department of Energy.

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LOW ENERGY BEAM TRANSPORT USING SPACECHARGE LENSES *

O. Meusel, A. Bechtold, J. Pozimski, U. Ratzinger, A. Schempp, H. KleinIAP, Robert-Meyer-Str. 2-4, Frankfurt, D-60054, Germany

Gabor lenses provide strong cylinder symmetric focusing for low energy ionbeams using a confined nonneutral plasma [1]. They need drastically reducedmagnetic and electrostatic field strength or a reduced installation length to providea given focal length compared with conventional LEBT – systems likequadrupoles and magnetic solenoids. The density distribution of the enclosedspace charge is given by the enclosure conditions in transverse and longitudinaldirection [2]. For homogeneous charge density distribution the resultingelectrostatic field and therefrom the focusing forces inside the space charge cloudare linear. Additionally in case of a positive ion beam the space charge of theconfined electrons causes compensation of the ion beam space charge forces.Hence all resolving forces on the beam ions are linear and thus the transformationis linear as well and the aberrations are minimal. Therefore space charge lensesare a serious alternative to inject space charge dominated low energy heavy ionbeams into a RFQ.To study the capabilities of a Gabor double lens system to match an ion beam intoa RFQ a testinjector was installed at IAP and put into operation successfully.Furthermore to verify the beam focusing of bunched beams using this lens type atbeam energies up to 500 keV a new high field Gabor lens was build. It will beinstalled behind the RFQ.The first experimental results will be presented together with numericalsimulations.

*Work supported by GSI and BMBF under contract no. 06 F 133.

1. J.A.Palkovic Measurement on a Gabor lens for neutralising and focusing a30keV Proton beam., University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1982

2. J. Pozimski et al., A Double Gabor Plasma Lens System for HIDIF, GSI-98-09,(1998)

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THE PATH TO IDEAL HIGH-INTENSITY BEAMS IN

ALTERNATING-GRADIENT FOCUSING SYSTEMS*

R. Bhatt, C. Chen, E. Henestroza, J. Zhou

Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139-4294

A persistent challenge in high-intensity accelerator design is the optimization

of matching conditions between a beam injector and a focusing system in order to

minimize non-laminar flows, envelope oscillations, emittance growth, and halo

production. It has been shown [1] that the fluid motion of a thin space-charge

dominated beam propagating through a linear magnetic focusing channel

consisting of any combination of uniform or periodic solenoidal fields and

alternating gradient quadrupole fields can be solved by a general class of

corkscrewing elliptic beam equilibria. The present work extends this discussion to

asymmetric PPM focusing and derives conditions under which a uniform density

elliptical beam can be matched to such a focusing channel by considering the

fluid equilibrium in the paraxial limit. Methods of constructing such a beam are

also discussed, with particular attention devoted to analytic electrode design for

Pierce-type gun diodes of elliptical cross-section. A case of special interest for

heavy-ion fusion applications is the realization of an ideal KV beam in an AG

focusing channel.

*This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S Department of Energy

and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research.

1. C. Chen, R. Pakter, R. Davidson, �Ideal Matching of Heavy Ion Beams,�

Nucl. Inst. And Methods, A 464 (2001) p. 518-523.

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UNCONVENTIONAL THEORETICAL METHODS APPLIED TO HIGH INTENSITY ION BEAMS IN CIRCULAR AND LINEAR

ACCELERATORS

M. Pusterla, INFN, Padova Univ., Italy

Abstract

A theoretical approach based on a formalism which is similar to quantum theory, with a new suitable interpretation of the fundamental parameters, is proposed and applied to high intensity ion beams with the purpose of finding their stationary profiles, stability conditions and halos.

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CHAOTIC PARTICLE TRAJECTORIES INHIGH-INTENTSITY FINITE-LENGTH CHARGE

BUNCHES∗

Stuart R. Hudson, Hong Qin and Ronald C. Davidson,Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, P.O. Box 451,Princeton NJ 08543, USA.

A Vlasov-Maxwell equilibrium for a charged particle bunch is given bythe distribution function that is a function of the single-particle Hamiltonianf = f(H), where in an axisymmetric cylinder H = p2/2m+κ⊥r2/2+κzz

2/2+qφ(r, z), the kinetic energy is p2/2m, κ⊥ and κz are the external focussingcoefficients in the transverse and longitudinal directions, and φ is the self-fieldpotential determined self-consistently from Poisson’s equation

∇2φ = −4πq

∫d3pf(H). (1)

The self-field potential φ introduces a coupling between the otherwise inde-pendent r and z motions. Under quite general conditions, this leads to chaoticmotion. Poisson’s equation is solved using a spectral method in z and a finite-difference method in r, and a Picard iteration method is used to determine φself-consistently. For the thermal equilibrium distribution f = A exp(−H/T ),the single-particle trajectories display chaotic behavior. The properties of thechaotic trajectories are characterized.

∗Research supported by the U.S. Department of Energy.

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COLLISIONAL EFFECTS

AND DYNAMIC APERTURE

IN HIGH INTENSITY STORAGE RINGS

C. Benedetti, G. TurchettiDipartimento di Fisica, Universita di Bologna, via Irnerio 46, Bologna, Italy

INFN, Sezione di Bologna, via Irnerio 46, Bologna, Italy

We analyze the dynamic aperture in presence of strong sextupolar errorsfor a high intensity beam. The scaling laws for the short term dynamic aper-ture are examined and its dependence on the perveance is discussed in a meanfield approximation for a coasting beam. The collisional effects of Coulom-bian interaction are estimated for a linear lattice using a scaling law for therelaxation time. The collisional effects on the long time dynamic aperture arediscussed by comparing the results of full Hamiltonian integration with a meanfield theory. An application to a storage ring with the HIDIF parameters isbriefly outlined.

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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SPACE-CHARGEWAVES IN INTENSE HEAVY ION BEAMS *

F. M. Bieniosek†, A. Faltens †, L. Prost†, P.K. Roy†, P.A. Seid l† S. Eylon†, E. Henestroza†, W. Waldron†, S.S. Yu†, HIF-VNL

†Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA

When a short-duration, small-amplitude energy perturbation is applied to an intense heavy-ion beam, positive- and negative-going longitudinal space charge waves are generated on the beam [1]. Longitudinal diagnostic kickers thatprovide ~1% energy perturbation have been implemented for generating space-charge waves on HCX and NTX beams. The kickers consist of specially-designed fast pulse generators combined with an existing aperture or ESQ structure to provide the longitudinal perturbation to the beam. The amplitudes of the resulting density waves are ~10%, measured a few meters downstream of the kicker. The time of flight of the wave provides an accurate measure of the beam energy. The time of flight measurements will be described. Comparison of measured waves with a simple 1-D fluid model [2] of the beam will be presented.

[1] Martin Reiser, Theory and Design of Charged Particle Beams, Wiley Interscience, 1994.[2] John Barnard, HIF Note 96-12, LLNL Internal Memo, Sept. 26, 1996.

_________________________

*This work performed under the auspices of the U.S Department of Energy by University of California, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory under contractDE-AC03-76SF00098.

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SCALING LAWS FOR ELECTRON LOSS

FROM ION BEAMS*

R.D. DuBois and A.C.F. Santos, University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, MO, 65409 USA

Heavy Ion Fusion requires accelerating intense beams of low-charge-state, heavy ions to high energies, transporting them over long distances, and focusing them on a small target in a target chamber. All along the beam path interactions between the beam particles and background gases generate charge and energy straggled beam components which are lost to the walls. This degrades the beam quality, erodes vacuum walls or lens elements, and increases radiation levels. Minimizing such problems requires information about interaction probabilities, particularly for single and multiple electron loss from fast, low-charge-state, heavy ions interacting with many-electron targets. Unfortunately, direct experimental information is not possible since existing acclerators cannot provide low-charge-state heavy ion beams at the high energies of interest. Therefore, available information must be extrapolated to the regions of interest. Theory can be used for this purpose but is complicated since multi-electron transitions resulting from intereactions between two highly complex particles must be modeled.

To aid in this problem we have used available experimental information to extract empirical scaling laws for projectile electron loss resulting from collisions with a many-electron target. It was found that a single universal curve can be used to fit single and multiple electron loss from virtually any projectile. The same curve can be used for loss from negative ions, neutral particles, and singly or multiply charged positive ions. We have applied the scaling to projectiles ranging from hydrogen to uranium and collision energies ranging from sub keV/u to hundreds of MeV/u. At high energies, existing data are consistent with a v-1

impact velocity dependence for scaled velocities less than 10. Above 10, limited data imply that the velocity dependence becomes v-2. Using our fitted curve and a few input parameters such as the ionization potentials and number of outer shell electrons, absolute cross sections can be extracted for single and multiple electon loss from any arbitrary ion; from these total loss cross sections and the average number of electrons lost can be determined. Examples and predictions for electron loss from several possible ions of interest to the HIF program will be presented.

*This work supported by the U.S Department of Energy, Office of Fusion Energy Sciences, under contract No. ER54578. A.C.F.S. is grateful for support obtained from CNPq (Brazil).

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ELECTRON EFFECTS DUE TO GRAZINGCOLLISIONS BETWEEN HEAVY IONS AND

WALLS*

P. H. Stoltz, S. A. Veitzer, Tech-X Corp., 5621 Arapahoe Ave. Ste. A, Boulder,C0, 80303

R. Cohen, A. Molvik, LLNL, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, CA 94550-9234

J.-L. Vay, LBNL, 1 Cyclotron Road Bldg 47R0112, Berkeley, CA, 94720-8201

In a heavy ion fusion accelerator, halo ions collide with the beampipe walls atgrazing incidence. Standard theories for interactions between ions and wallmaterials break down at these highly-grazing angles. Effects that are typicallyneglected, such as surface roughness and ion scattering, become important. Wepresent models of ion-wall interactions that take into account surface roughnessand ion scattering, and we show how these factors effect electron production andneutral gas desorption. We compare electron production with experimental datafrom the High Current Experiment and from an experiment at BrookhavenNational Laboratories and show how these models help explain a deficit in theelectron yield compared with standard theories. Also, we combine these modelswith WARP simulations to help predict the magnitude of electron effects in theHigh Current Experiment.

*This work performed under the auspices of the U.S Department of Energy byUniversity of California, Lawrence Livermore and Lawrence Berkeley NationalLaboratories under contracts No. W-7405-Eng-48 and DE-AC03-76SF00098 andby the Small Business Innovation Research program under contract No. DE-FG02-03ER83797.

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ELECTRON EFFECTS IN THE NEUTRALIZED

TRANSPORT EXPERIMENT (NTX) *

S. Eylon, E. Henestroza, P. K. Roy, and S. S. Yu, Lawrence Berkeley National

Laboratory, Berkeley, 1 Cyclotron Road, CA-94720, USA

The NTX experiment at the Heavy Ion Fusion Virtual National Laboratory is

exploring the performance of neutralized final focus systems for high perveance

heavy ion beams. To focus a high intensity beam to a small spot requires a high

brightness beam. In the NTX experiment, a potassium ion beam of up to 400 keV

and 80 mA is generated in a Pierce type diode and transported through 4

quadrupole magnets up to a distance of 2. 5m. The beam can be neutralized and

focused using a MEVVA Plasma plug and RF plasma source. We shall report on

effects of electrons, generated at beam aperture, along the magnetic section and

on the focusing beam in the drift tube. Furthermore we shall describe ways to

mitigate the effects of unwanted electrons.




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LASER INDUCED FLUORESCENCE DIAGNOSTIC

OF BARIUM ION PLASMAS IN THE PAUL TRAP

SIMULATOR EXPERIMENT∗

Moses Chung, Erik P. Gilson, Ronald C. Davidson, Philip C. Efthimion,Richard Majeski, Edward A. Startsev, PPPL, P.O. Box 451, Princeton, NJ,

08543-0451

The Paul Trap Simulator Experiment (PTSX) is a cylindrical Paul trapwhose purpose is to simulate the nonlinear dynamics of intense charged par-ticle beam propagation in alternating-gradient magnetic transport systems.To investigate the ion plasma microstate in PTSX, including the ion densityprofile and the ion velocity distribution function, a laser induced fluorescencediagnostic system is being developed as a non-destructive diagnostic. Insteadof cesium, which has been used in the initial phase of the PTSX experiment,barium has been selected as the preferred ion for the laser induced fluorescencediagnostic. A feasibility study of the laser induced fluorescence diagnostic us-ing barium ions is presented with the characterization of a tunable dye laser.The installation of the barium ion source and the development of the laserinduced fluorescence diagnostic system are also discussed.

∗Research Supported by the U.S. Department of Energy.

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STUDY OF A NON INTERCEPTING ION BEAM

DIAGNOSTIC FOR BEAM DENSITY PROFILE*

P. K. Roy, S. S. Yu, S. Eylon, E. Henestroza, J. Ludvig, D.B. Shuman, , W. G.

Greenway, D. L. Vanecek, W. L. Waldron, Ryan Hannink, Lawrence Berkeley

National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA-94720, USA

Measurement of the charge distribution and phase space of an ion beam

using conventional intercepting diagnostics such as a Faraday cup, slit cup,

pepperpot, or scintillator is highly perturbative, and often completely disrupts the

ion beam itself. This is presently unavoidable for phase space measurements,

though total beam charge can be measured non-perturbatively using a Rogowski

coil or other similar inductive probes located around the beam. Such devices

cannot quantify the cross sectional charge distribution in the beam. An electron

beam diagnostic system for measuring the charge distribution of an ion beam

without changing its properties is presently under development. In this new

diagnostic a low energy, low current electron beam is moved transversely across

the ion beam; the measured electron beam deflection is used to calculate the line-

integrated charge density of the ion beam. The conceptual basis of the diagnostic,

the design and setup of the system, characterization of the mechanical

construction, electron beam transport and its trajectory is presented. Extraction of

electric field from electron beam deflection is also presented to represent

effectiveness of the diagnostic.




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Resolution Study of a Retarding Energy Analyzer

Y. Cui, Y. Zou, M. Reiser, R.A. Kishek, I. Haber, S. Bernal, P. G. O’Shea, Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics,

University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742

Abstract: A novel cylindrical retarding electrostatic field energy analyzer for low-energy beams has been designed, simulated, and tested with electron beams of several keV, in which space charge effects play an important role. A cylindrical focusingelectrode is used to overcome the beam expansion inside the device due to space-charge forces, beam emittance, etc. In this paper, we present the resolution study of this energyanalyzer with single particle simulation and beam envelope equation including space charge. The study shows that this energy analyzer can achieve very high resolution (with relative error of around ). The theoretical analysis is compared with experimentalresults.

510

* This work is sponsored by US Dept. of Energy.

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PROGRESS ON EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF BEAMENERGY SPREAD IN THE SPACE-CHARGE

DOMINATED BEAMS*

Y. Zou, Y. Cui, M. Reiser, K. Tian, M. Walter, I. Haber, R. Kishek, S. Bernal, P.G. O’Shea,

Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics,University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742

Many applications with intense charged particle beams, such as the ion driversfor Heavy Ion Fusion (HIF), require a small beam energy spread. It is believedthat coupling between transverse and longitudinal direction due to coulombcollisions, instabilities and other mechanisms will cause an increase of the beamlongitudinal energy spread. Characterization of beam energy spread is veryimportant to understanding the physics of beam energy spread growth in theintense beams. So far, little experiments have investigated this problem in asystematic way. Low-energy, intense electron beams provide an economic way tostudy this problem in a small-scaled experimental setup. The results obtained withlow-energy electron beams can be scaled to high-energy ion beams withappropriate scaling. At the University of Maryland, experiments with space-charge-dominated electron beams are being carried out to study the energyevolution in such beams. In order to measure the energy spread, a high-resolutionretarding field energy analyzer has been developed and tested. A one-meter longlinear system with solenoidal focusing is being set up and commissioned. In thispaper, some preliminary experimental results and progresses on this topic will bepresented.

* This work is sponsored by U.S. Department of Energy.

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SPACE-CHARGE NEUTRALIZATION OF HEAVY ION BEAMS VIA ELECTRON INJECTION

Linchun Wu, George H. Miley, Hiromu Momota, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, 61801

One key issue in heavy ion beam fusion (HIBF) is how to effectively focus high-current and high-perveance ion beams onto a small target area, usually with a radius of several mms. Space charge neutralization must be achieved to prevent defocusing as the ion density compresses during focusing. The present study is concerned with the physics of space-charge neutralization by use of various concepts for injection of electrons into the ion beam in addition to plasmaneutralization. To date the most widely studied approaches employ a preformed plasma or ionize a background gas in the beam line. However, these schemes face difficulties due to local non-uniformities in charge neutralization due to beam dynamic/focusing effects. Thus, two supplemental techniques are under study and will be discussed here. One involves axial injection of electrons created in a thin foil in the beam path. The other uses a magnetic field to guide the electrons into the direction of the beam path. Both techniques would be used in combination with a conventional background plasma, providing added control. A preliminary analysis these schemes using computer simulations will be presented. Also,possible components that could be added onto an existing HIBF experiment such as NTX at LBL to provide a test of this type of electron injection will be discussed.

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Friday, 11 June 2004

System Studies and Alternates


HIF DRIVER POINT DESIGNS

S.S. Yu,1 R.P. Abbott,2 R.O. Bangerter,1 J.J. Barnard,2 R.J. Briggs,3 T. Brown,4 D.Callahan,2 C.M. Celata,1 R. Davidson,4 C.S. Debonnel,1 A. Faltens,1 A. Friedman,2 D.P.

Grote,2 E. Henestroza,1 I. Kaganovich,4 J.W. Kwan,1 P. Heitzenroeder,4 J.F.Latkowski,2 E.P. Lee,1 M. Leitner,1 B.G. Logan,1 S.M. Lund,2W. Meier,2

P.F. Peterson,5 D. Rose,6 G-L. Sabbi,1 P.A. Seidl,1 W.M. Sharp,2

D.R. Welch6

Presented at the HIF2004 PPPL June 7-11, 2004

1 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 2 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 3 ScienceApplications International Corporation, 4 Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, 5 University of California,Berkeley, 6 Mission Research Corporation

In 2002, the Robust Point Design of an HIF driver based on a driver with one inductionlinac transporting multiple beams and a distributed radiator target was completed. Themain objective was to demonstrate the existence of a self-consistent solution that met in arobust manner all the requirements of the target, a thick liquid wall chamber, neutralizedbeam transport through the chamber, final focus magnet lifetime and driver architecture.In 2004, a program was launched to study an alternate Modular Point Design based onmultiple identical induction linac modules and a hybrid target. The modular point designhas significant payoffs in the driver development path. It also takes us into new regimesof physics related to beams with high line charge densities. These two point designstudies will be presented and compared.

This work was supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of Fusion Energy Sciences, of the U.S.Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00098.

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LASER FUSION ENERGY*

John D. Sethian**

Plasma Physics Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington DC

We are developing the science and technologies for laser fusion energy. The main components are developed in concert with one another to develop Laser Fusion Energy as an integrated system. The lasers [krypton-fluoride (KrF) and diode-pumped solid-state laser], the chamber, final optics, target fabrication and target injection are developed under the HAPL program. Target designs and experiments are carried out largely through the DOE ICF program.

Recent advances include: Target designs, backed with 2D simulations, show sufficient gain (>150) for fusion energy. The KrF laser produces 650 J/pulse at 1 Hz and 5 Hz, and the individual components meet the efficiency and beam smoothing requirements. The durability of the electron beam window is the major outstanding issue. The DPSSL produces 35 J/pulse in 5 Hz runs of over 105 shots, with efficiency and beam smoothing the main outstanding issues. A chamber �operating window� has been established that avoids first wall vaporization and allows target injection. A model has been developed to study how the chamber evolves between shots. The remaining issue of long term material behavior is being addressed with experiments that expose first wall materials to relevant ions and x-rays. Final optics studies have shown that a grazing incidence aluminum mirror meets the reflectivity requirements and exceeds the required laser damage threshold. For the targets: IFE sized foam shells have been mass produced, the required target specifications for DT ice smoothness has been met (but not on a mass production basis); and the cost of target production and injection has been modeled to be about $0.16 each. A facility to accelerate, inject and track targets has demonstrated the concept of a separable sabot and met the required injection velocity. The pointing accuracy is within a factor of five of the IFE requirement.

We propose to develop laser fusion energy in three phases. The present Phase I program is developing the critical science and technologies. Phase II would develop and integrate full size components. Phase III, the Engineering Test Facility (ETF), would: 1) optimize laser-target and target-chamber interactions, 2) develop materials and components; and 3) generate net electricity from fusion. We could be prepared to start construction of the ETF within ten to twelve years.

*Work sponsored by US Department of Energy, NNSA

**This is a summary of work performed by researchers from over 20 institutions. For a detailed list of collaborators, see: J.D. Sethian, et al, �Fusion Energy Research with Lasers, Direct Drive Targets, And Dry Wall Chambers,� Nucl. Fusion, 43, 1693-1709 (2003).

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PROGRESS ON Z-PINCH IFE AND HIF TARGETWORK ON Z*

C. L. Olson, SNL, Center 1600, M.S. 1190, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, NM87185-1190

And the Z-Pinch IFE Team and the HIF Team collaborators

The long-range goal of the Z-Pinch IFE program is to produce aneconomically-attractive power plant using high-yield z-pinch-driven targets(∼3GJ) with low rep-rate per chamber (∼0.1 Hz). The present mainline choicefor a Z-Pinch IFE power plant uses an LTD (Linear Transformer Driver)repetitive pulsed power driver, a Recyclable Transmission Line (RTL), a dynamichohlraum z-pinch-driven target, and a thick-liquid wall chamber. The RTLconnects the pulsed power driver directly to the z-pinch-driven target, and is madefrom frozen coolant or a material that is easily separable from the coolant (such aslow activation ferritic steel). The RTL is destroyed by the fusion explosion, butthe RTL materials are recycled, and a new RTL is inserted on each shot. The Z-Pinch IFE program includes research on all aspects of the RTL, repetitive pulsedpower, shock mitigation (due to the large fusion yields), automated RTLoperation, z-pinch-driven targets, and power plant technology development(thick-liquid wall chambers, target fabrication, activation and waste streamanalysis, etc.). Recent progress in all of these areas will be discussed.

HIF and Z-Pinch IFE have several closely-related development areas,including indirect-drive targets, thick liquid walls, repetitive driver pulsed power,target fabrication issues, waste stream analysis, etc. Active collaborations havebeen formed between the HIF program and the Z-Pinch IFE program to addressseveral of these common issues. Progress in all of these areas will be discussed,with special emphasis on P4 target symmetry experiments on Z.

*Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, aLockheed Martin Company, for the United States Department of Energy undercontract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

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POWER PLANT CONCEPTUAL DESIGN FORFAST IGNITION HEAVY ION FUSION

S.A.Medin, Institute for High Energy Densities,RAS, Izhorskaya 13/19,125412 Moscow, Russia

Yu.N.Orlov, V.M.Suslin Keldych Institute for Applied Mathematics,RAS, Miusskaya 4, 125047 Moscow, Russia

M.M.Basko,M.D. Churazov, D.G.Koshkarev, B.Yu.SharkovInstitute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, B.Cheremushkinskaya

25, 117259 Moscow, Russia

A conventional way of implementation of HIF energy is based on indirecttarget drive. This is motivated by large stopping ranges of heavy ions. A directdrive can be well adjusted to cylindrical targets. The concept of fast ignitionheavy ion fusion (FIHIF) suggests a detonation burning of precompressed DTfuel as a basic scenario for target ignition. The cylindrical target composed ofconcentric massive shell and inner cylinder of fuel is driven by the two highpower heavy ions beams of 100-GeV ions. The first beam of hollow tubegeometry deposits its energy into the shell causing compression of fuel byimploding shell material. The second sharply focused beam impacts on thefront end of the high density cord of fuel, thus initiating a detonation wavepropagating along the cord. The compression beam of Pt +

192 ions is arranged

by rotation of a single beam. The ignition beam of high power is composed ofPt ions of four different masses and plus/minus one charge states. Theefficiency of the driver of RF linac type is evaluated as 0.25.

The energy released in the target microexplosion is partitioned in 546 MJfor neutrons, 187 MJ for debris and 17 MJ for X-rays. The X-ray pulse ischaracterized by very long duration of about 0.7 ms and by mean temperatureof 30 eV. A wetted wall design is chosen for the reactor chamber. Thechamber consists of the two adjacent sections: the upper section is theexplosion section itself and the lower section is an expansion volume for thecondensation of vapor on sprayed jets.

The response of the reactor chamber to the microexplosion is started bythe X-ray impact. This results in evaporation of 5.4 kg of coolant from theliquid film at the first wall and generation of recoil pressure of 700 bar.

The neutron heating of the blanket is determined for a design, which ismodeled by a multilayer cylinder. The energy deposition at the first wall isdetermined as 22 MJ/m3 for liquid film and 20 MJ/m3 for SiC porousstructure. This should result in pressure pulse generation, the maximumamplitude of which is evaluated for isochoric heating as 400 bar that does notexceed the yield strength of silicon carbide. Tritium breeding ratio for theblanket is 1.05 and blanket multiplication factor is 1.1.

The energy conversion system consists of three loops. The maximumtemperature of Li17Pb83 in the first loop is taken as 823 K. The inlettemperature in the reactor chamber is 623K. The initial steam pressure is takenas 180 bar. The efficiency of the steam cycle is equal to 0.417. The resultingnet efficiency of the power plant is 0.37, providing the net power for onereactor chamber of 670 MW.

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SYSTEMS ANALAYSIS FOR MODULAR VERSUS MULTI-BEAM HIF DRIVERS*

W. R. Meier, LLNL, L-641, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551

B. G. Logan, LBNL, 1 Cyclotron Road, Bldg 47, Berkeley, CA, 94720

Previous modeling for HIF drivers has concentrated on designs in which 100 or more beams are grouped in an array and accelerated through a common set of induction cores [1,2]. The total beam energy required by the target is achieved by the combination of final ion energy, current per beam and number of beams. Economic scaling favors a large number of small (~1 cm dia.) beams. An alternative architecture has now been investigated, which we refer to as a modular driver. In this case, the driver is subdivided into many (>10) independent accelerators with one or many beams each. A key objective of the modular driver approach is to be able to demonstrate all aspects of the driver (source-to-target) by building a single, lower cost module compared to a full-scale, multi-beam driver. We consider and compare several design options for the modular driver including single-beam designs with solendoid instead of quadrupole magnets in order to transport the required current per module in a single beam. Multi-beam, quad focus modules and solenoid/quad combinations are also evaluated. The drivers are designed to meet the requirements of the hybrid target, which can accommodate a larger spot size than the distributed radiator target that was used for the Robust Point Design [2]. We compare the multi-beam and modular driver configuration for a variety and assumptions and identify key technology advances needed for the modular design.

* This work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by University of California, Lawrence Livermore and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories under contracts No. W-7405-Eng-48 and DE-AC03-76SF00098.

1. W.R. Meier, J.J. Barnard, R.O. Bangerter, “3.3 MJ, Rb+1 Driver Design Based on an Integrated Systems Analysis,” Nucl. Inst. and Meth. A., 464, 103 (2001).

2. S.S. Yu et al., “An Updated Point Design for Heavy Ion Fusion,” Fusion Science and Technology,” 44, 266 (2003).

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OPTIONS FOR AN INTEGRATED BEAM EXPERIMENT*

M.A. Leitner, C.M. Celata, E.P. Lee, B.G. Logan, W.L. Waldron LBNL, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA

J.J. Barnard LLNL, Livermore, CA 94550, USA

The Heavy Ion Fusion Virtual National Laboratory (HIF-VNL), a collaboration among LBNL, LLNL, and PPPL, is presently focused on separate smaller-scale scientific experiments addressing key issues of future Inertial Fusion Energy (IFE) or High Energy Density Physics (HEDP) drivers: the injection, transport and focusing of intense heavy ion beams at currents from 25 mA to 1 A.

As a next major step in the HIF-VNL program, we aim for a complete “source-to-target” experiment, the Integrated Beam Experiment (IBX). By combining the experiences gained in the current separate beam experiments, IBX would allow the integrated scientific study of the evolution of a high current (~1 A) single heavy ion beam through all sections of a possible heavy ion fusion driver: the injection, acceleration, compression, and beam focusing.

This paper describes the main parameter and technology choices of the proposed IBX experiment. Present designs call for a K+ beam accelerated in an induction linac to 5-10 MeV. Different accelerator cell options are described in detail. In addition, recent innovative IBX design alternatives are introduced, which would allow ion-driven energy deposition into targets for HEDP studies.

*This work performed under the auspices of the U.S Department of Energy by University of California, Lawrence Livermore and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories under contracts No. W-7405-Eng-48 and DE-AC03-76SF00098.

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Author Index

Abbott, R. F.I-01 Chung, M. W.I-10, Th.P-27 Abdou, M. W.I-05, W.P-06 Churazov, M. F.I-04, Th.P-3 Adam, J-C. W.P-08 Clark, D. M.I-06, W.P-01 Adonin, A. Tu.I-02 Cohen, R. W.I-07, Th.I-01, Th.I-03, Th.P-

25Aksenov, A. Th.P-03 Colella, P. W.P-08 Alexander, N. M.I-09 Commeaux, C. Th.P-05 Alexeev, N. Tu.I-14 Constantin, C. Tu.I-09Allen, M. M.I-12 Cottrill, L. M.I-13 Anders, A. Th.I-05 Covo, M. W.I-07, Th.I-01, Th.P-22 Audebert, P. M.I-12 Cowan, T. M.I-12, Th.I-12 Azevedo, A. Th.I-03 Cui, Y. W.I-11, Th.P-29, Th.P-30 Azima, A Tu.I-03 Cuneo, M. M.I-12 Baca, D. Tu.I-13, Th.P-22 Davidson, R. Tu.I-06, Tu.I-11, Tu.I-12, W.I-

10, Th.I-05, Th.I-08, F.I-01, W.P-09, W.P-13, W.P-14, Th.P-18, Th.P-20, Th.P-27

Bangerter, R

Barnard, J.

Barriga-Carrasco, M

Basko, M.

Th.I-07, Th.I-08, F.I-01, F.I-06, W.P-19 Tu.I-05Tu.I-08, F.I-04

Debonnel, C.

Deutsch, C.

Dewald, E.

Didelez, J-P.

F.I-01, W.P-07 M.I-07, W.P-03, Th.P-07 Tu.I-09Th.P-05

Bartz, U.

Benedetti, C.

Bernal, S.

W.P-21 Th.P-19 W.I-11, W.P-11, W.P-12, W.P-18, Th.P-14, th.P-29, Th.P-30

Dolgoleva, G. W.P-02, Th.P-04

Bhatt, R. Th.P-16 Domínguez, E. Th.P-09 Bieniosek, F. Tu.I-13, W.I-07, Th.I-01, Th.I-

05, Th.I-10, Th.P-11, Th.P-21, Dubenkov, V. Tu.I-08

Bin-Nun, A. Tu.I-06 DuBois, R. Th.P-24 Blasche, K. Tu.I-10 Dudin, A. Tu.I-08Bla�evi , A. M.I-12, Tu.I-03 Dugan, C. W.I-07, Th.I-10 Blell, U. Tu.I-10 Efthimion, P. W.I-10, Th.I.05,, W.P-13, Th.P-

27Boine-Frankenheim, O. Tu.I-10 El-Guebaly, L. W.I-03 Bolshkov, A. Tu.I-14 Eliezer, S. M.I-14, W.P-04 Bouchigny, S. Th.P-05 Ermolovich, V. Th.P-04 Brambrink, E. M.I-12, Tu.I-03 Eylon, S. Th.I-01, Th.I-05, Th.P-21, Th.P-

26, Th.P-28 Brandon, S. W.P-16 Faltens, A. W.I-07, Th.I-01, Th.I-10, Th.I-

13, F.I-01, Th.P-21 Bret, A. Th.P-07 Feldman, D. W.P-18 Briggs, R. F.I-01, Th.P-13 Fehrenbacher, G. Th.P-10 Brown, T. F.I-01 Fertman, A. Tu.I-08, Th.P-10 Calderoni, P. W.I-05 Firpo, M. Th.P-07 Callahan, D. M.I-06, M.I-10, M.I-11, F.I-01 Forck, P. Tu.I-10Campbell, E. M.I-05 Fortov, V. M.I-07, Tu.-I-01, Tu.I-02,

Tu.I-08Caturla, M.

Celata, C.

Th.P-09 Tu.I-15, W.I-07, F.I-01, F.I-06, W.P-19

Friedman, A. W.I-07, W.I-08, Th.I-01, Th.I-03, Th.I-10, F.I-01, W.P-08, Th.P-14

Chen, C. Th.P-16, Th.P-23 Fuchs, J. M.I-12, Th.I-12

Furman, M.A. Th.I-03 Hofmann, I. Th.P-10 Gallix, R M.I-09 Horioka, K. Tu.I-04,Th.I-09, Th.I-11,

W.P-20 Gauthier, J.-C. M.I-12 Horvat, V. Tu.I-06Geissel, M. M.I-12 Hotta, E. Th.I-11Genoni, T. W.P-15 Hudson, S. Th.P-18 Gilson, E. W.I-10, Th.I-05, W.P-13,

Th.P-27 Huelsmann, P. Tu.I-0

Godlove, T. W.I-11, W.P-11, W.P-12, W.P-18

Huo, Y. W.P-18

Golubev, A. Tu.I-08, Th.P-3, Th.P-10 Jacoby, J. Tu.I-09Goodin, D. M.I-09 Kaganovich, I. Tu.I-06, Tu.I-11, Th.I-07,

F.I-01, W.P-14 Gorbunov, G. W.P-02 Kaneko, J. Tu.I-04Grandjouan, N. M.I-07, M.I-08 Kantsyrev, A. Tu.I-08Greenway, G. Th.I-05, Th.P.28 Kapica, J. Tu.I-13, Th.P-12 Greenwood, A. M.I-10 Grisham, L. Tu.I-06, Tu.I-13, Th.I-04, W.P-

13Karsch, S. M.I-12

Grote, D. Tu.I-13, F.I-01, W.P-08, W.P-10, W.P-19, Th.P-12, Th.P-14, Th.P-20

Katayama, T. M.I-04, Th.I-09, Th.I-11, W.P-17

Gryaznov, V. Tu.I-02, Tu.I-08 Kawata, S. W.I-02, Th.I-09, Th.P.02 Gung, C. Th.I-13 Kechin, V. W.P-02 Haber, I. Tu.I-13, W.I-11, W.P-08, W.P-

11, W.P-12, W.P-18, Th.P-11, Th.P-14, Th.P-29, Th.P-30

Kecskemeti, S. Tu.I-06

Hahto, S. Th.I-04 Kemp, A. Key, M. Kholin, S.

Th.I-12M.I-13 W.P-02, Th.P-06

Halaxa, E. Tu.I-13, Th.P-11, Th.P-12 Kikuchi, T. W.I-02, Th.I-09, Th.I-11, W.P-17, Th.P-02

Hammer, J. Th.P-01 Kishek, R. W.I-11, W.P-11, W.P-12, W.P-18, Th.P-14, Th.P-29, Th.P-30

Hannink, R. Harris, J.

Th.P-28 W.I-11, W.P-18

Kishiro, J. Klein, H. Koniges, A.

Th.I-11Th.P-15 M.I-06

Hasegawa, J. Tu.I-04, W.P-20 Konkachbaev, A. W.P.06 Hasse, R. Th.P-10 Korostiy, S. Tu.I-03Hegelich, M. Heitzenroeder, P. Henderson, D.

M.I-12 F.I-01W.I-03

Koshkarev, D. Kruer, W.L. Kulevoi, T.

F.I-04M.I-13 Tu.I-08

Henestroza, E. Tu.I-13, Th.I-01, Th.I-05, Th.I-07, F.I-01, Th.P-13, Th.P-16, Th.P-21, Th.P-26, Th.P-28

Kurilenkov, Y. Tu.I-05

Héron, A. W.P-08 Kurilenkov, Y. Kwan, J.

Tu.I-05Tu.I-13, Th.I-01, Th.I-04, Th.I-10, F.I-01, W.P-08, Th.P-11, Th.P-12, Th.P-13

Herrman, M. M.I-11 Lamb, D. W.P-12 Ho, D. W.P-16 Langdon, A.

Lasinski, B. M.I-13 M.I-13

Hoffman, D. M.I-02, M.I-07, M.I-08, Tu.I-02, Tu.I-08, Tu.I-09, Th.P-10

Latkowski, J. W.I-04, F.I-01 Nishihara, K. M.I-14 Lee, E. W.I-12, Th.I-07, Th.I-08, F.I-01,

F.I-06, Th.P-13 Nobile, A. M.I-09

Lee, W. W.P-09 Ogoyski, A. W.I-02, Th.P-02 Leung, K. Th.I-04 Ogando, F. M.I-14, W.P-04 Li, H. W.I-11, W.P-11, W.P-12, W.P-

18Ogoyski, A. W.I-02, Th.P-02

Lietzke, A. Th.I-13 Ogando, F. M.I-14, W.P-04 Lifschitz, A. Th.I-02 Oguri, Y. Tu.I-04, W.P-20 Lodi, D. Th.P-09 Olson, C. Th.I-06, F.I-03 Logan, B. G. M.I-01, Th.I-05, Th.I-07, F.I-01,

F.I-05, F.I-06, W.P-13 Olson, R. W.P-05

Lomonosov, I. M.I-07, Tu.I-02, Tu.I-07 Orlov, Y. F.I-04Lopez, J. M.I-08 O'Shea, P. W.I-11, W.P-11, W.P-12, W.P-18,

Th.P-14, Th.P-29, Th.P-30 Ludvig, J. Th.P-28 Peng, Y. Tu.I-06Lund, S. W.I-07, Th.I-01, Th.I-13, F.I-01,

W.P-17, Th.P-20 Perlado, J. Th.P-08, Th.P-09

Majewski, R. W.I-10, Th.P-27 Peterson, P. W.I-01, F.I-01, W.P-07 Marian, J. Th.P-09 Petzoldt, R. M.I-09 Martovetsky, N. Th.I-13 Pevnaya, P. W.P-02 Mawatari, T. W.P-20 Pirzadeh, P. Tu.I-03Maxwell, J. M.I-09 Piriz, A. M.I-07, M.I-08 Maynard, G. Tu.I-05, Th.I-02 Pontelandolfo, J. M.I-10 McCorquodale, P. W.P-08 Portugues, R. M.I-08 Medin, S. F.I-04 Potapkina, L. Th.P-06 Meier, W. Th.I-07, F.I-01, F.I-05 Pozimski, J. Th.P-15 Meinke, R. Th.I-13 Prieto, G. Tu.I-03Meusel, O. Th.P-15 Prokouronov, M. Th.P-10 Miley, G. Th.P-31 Prost, L. W.I-07, Th.I-01, Th.I-10, Th.P-21 Minervini, J. Th.I-13 Pusterla, M. Th.P-17 Mintsev, V. Tu.I-02, Tu.I-08 Qian, B. Th.P-23 Molvik, A. W.I-07, Th.I-01, Th.I-03, Th.I-

10, Th.P-22, Th.P-25 Qin, H. Tu.I-11, Tu.I-12, Th.I-08, W.P.09,

Th.P-18 Momota, H

Moritz, G.

Th.P-31 Tu.I-10

Quinn, B. W.I-11, W.P-11, W.P-12, W.P-18, Th.P-14

Morley, N. W.P.06 Ramakers, H. Tu.-I-10Mota, F. Th.P-09 Ratzinger, U. Th.P-15 Mueller, D. Tu.I-06 Reich-Sprenger, H. Tu.I-10M ller, N. W.P-21 Reiser, M. W.I-11, W.P-11, W.P-12, W.P-18,

Th.P-14, Th.P-29, Th.P-30 Murakami, M. M.I-14 Rickman, W. M.I-09 Mustafin, E. Th.P-10 Ritchie, G. Th.P-22 Mutin, T. Tu.I-08 Rose, D. Tu.I-11, Th.I-05, Th.I-06, Th.I-07,

F.I-01, W.P-15, W.P-19 Nagata, H. Th.I-11 Rosen, M. Th.P-01

Nagatomo, H. M.I-14 Rosmej, O. Tu.I-03Nakajima, M. Th.I-09, Th.I-11 Roth, M. M.I-12, Tu.I-03 Nakamura, E. Th.I-11 Rouillé, G. Th.P-05 Nechpai, V. W.P-02, Th.P-06 Roudskoy, I. Tu.I-08Ni, P. Tu.I-02 Roy, P. Th.I-01, Th.I-05, Th.I-10, Th.P-21,

Th.P-26, Th.P-28 Nikolaev, D. Tu.I-02 Ruhl, H. Th.I-12Nikroo, A. M.I-10

Sabbi, G. Th.I-13, F.I-01, Th.P-22 Velarde, M. Th.P-08 Salvador, M. Th.P-09 Velarde, P. M.I-14, W.P-04, Th.P-08 Santhanam, P. Th.I-07 Wahl, H Tu.I-08Santos, A. Th.P-24 Waldron, W. Tu.I-13, W.I-07, Th.I-05, F.I-06,

Th.P-11, Th.P-12, Th.P-21, Th.P-28

Sawan, M. W.I-03 Walter, M. W.I-11, W.P-11, W.P-12, W.P-18, Th.P-30

Schardt, D. Th.P-10 Wantanabe, M. Th.I-11Schaumann, G. Tu.I-03 Watson, R. Tu.I-06Schempp, A. Th.P-15, W.P-21 Welch, D. M.I-13, Tu.I-11, Th.I-05, Th.I-06,

Th.I-07, F.I-01, W.P-14, W.P.-15, W.P-19

Schollmeier, M. Tu.I-03 Westenskow, G. Tu.I-13, Th.I-01, Th.I-10, W.P-08, Th.P-11, Th.P-12

Schultz, J. Th.I-13 Weyrich, K. Tu.I-08, Th.P-10 Sefkow, A. Th.I-05 Wilks, S. M.I-13 Seidl, P. W.I-07, Th.I-01, Th.I-10, Th.I-13,

F.I-01, Th.P-21, Th.P-22 Wilson, M. W.I-11, W.P-11, W.P-18

Sentoku, Y. Th.I-12 Wilson, P. W.I-03 Serafini, D. W.P-08 Wu, L. Th.P-31 Shilkin, N. Tu.I-02 Ying, A. W.I-05 Shuman, D. Tu.I-05, Th.P-22, Th.P-28 Youssef, M. Tu.I-03Shutov, A. M.I-07, Tu.I-02 Yu, S. Tu.I-13, Th.I-01, Th.I-05, Th.I-06,

Th.I-07, F.I-01, W.P-07, W.P-13, W.P-19, Th.P-13, Th.P-21, Th.P-26, Th.P-28

Sizova, L. W.P-02 Zaharakis, K. Tu.I-06Sketchley, T. W.I-05 Zenkevich, P. Tu.I-14Smirnov, S. Th.P-06 Zhou, J. Th.P-16, Th.P-23 Smith, L. W.I-05 Zimmerman, H. W.P-21 Snavely, R.

Someya, T.

Sonnendr cker, E.

M.I-13 W.I-02, Th.I-09, Th.P-02 W.I-09

Zou, Y. W.I-11, W.P-11, W.P-18, Th.P-14, Th.P-29, Th.P-30

Spiller, P.

Starikov, K.

Tu.I-10W.P-03

Startsev, E. Tu.I-06, Tu.I-11, Tu.I-12, W.I-10, W.P-09, W.P-14, Th.P-27

Still, C. M.I-13 Stillwell, J.

Stoltz, P.

Suslin, V.

Sze, D-K.

M.I-10 Th.I-03, Th.P-25 F.I-04W.I-06

Tabak, M. M.I-06, M.I-11, M.I-13, W.P-01 Tahir, N. M.I-07, M.I-08, Tu.I-02, Tu.I-09

Takayama, K.

Temporal, M.

Ternovoi, V.

Th.I-11M.I-07, M.I-08 Tu.I-02

Thibus, J.

Tian, K.

W.P-21 Th.P-30

Torikai, K. Th.I-11Town, R. M.I-13 Turchetti, G. Th.P-19

15th international symposium on heavy ion inertial fusion · poster session i and pppl tour 15:30 -...

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