15.1 the present perfect the perfect tenses los tiempos perfectos

15.1 The present perfect

The perfect tenses

Los tiempos perfectos


You have learned how to form past participles, and how to use them as adjectives and to express the true passive voice. The past participles in both cases had to agree in number and gender with the nouns being modified. La puerta está cerrada. Las ventanas fueron abiertas por el profesor.

15.1 The present perfect You will now learn how to form the perfect

indicative tenses and the present perfect subjunctive.

They are all compound tenses that use the auxilliary verb (helping verb) “haber” (to have) and the past participle, always ending in the letter “o.”

You will need to know the verb “haber” in the present, preterit, imperfect, future, conditional, and present subjunctive. (Previously, you learned the idiomatic forms of “haber” such as “hay” = there is/are. The perfect tenses are formed from the same verb using complete conjugations of “haber.”

15.1 The present perfect Note that to have can be either a main verb or an

auxiliary verb in English.

As a main verb, it corresponds to tener, while as an auxiliary, it corresponds to haber.

Tengo muchos amigos. I have a lot of friends.

He tenido mucho éxito.I have had a lot of success.


Present Preterit Imperfect Future Conditional Present Subjunctive

he hube había habré habría haya

has hubiste habías habrás habrías hayas

ha hubo había habrá habría haya

hemos hubimos habíamos habremos habríamos hayamos

habéis hubisteis habíais habréis habríais hayáis

han hubieron habían habrán habrían hayan

(hay) There is/are

(hubo) There was/were

(había) There was/were

(habrá) There will be

habríaThere would be

(haya)There is/are

15.1 The present perfect I have done the homework. (present perfect) He hecho la tarea. You had done the homework. (past perfect) Habías hecho la tarea. (Hubiste hecho) * Imperfect is used

commonly. Preterit is only used in literature.

He will have done the homework. (future perfect) Habrá hecho la tarea. We would have done the homework. (conditional perfect) Habríamos hecho la tarea. The teacher hopes that they have done the homework.

(present perfect subjunctive) La profesora espera que hayan hecho la tarea.

15.1 The present perfect To form any perfect tense, use the following format:

the verb “haber” conjugated in the appropriate tense

+

past participle of the main verb (always ending in “o.”)

NOTE: The past participle does not change in form when it is part of the perfect tenses; it only changes in form when it is used as an adjective and in the passive voice.

Clara ha abierto las ventanas. Las camas son hechas por la criada. Clara has opened the windows. The beds are made by the maid.

Las ventanas están abiertas.The windows are open.

15.1 The present perfect In English, the auxiliary verb and the past participle are

often separated. In Spanish, however, these two elements—haber and the past participle—cannot be separated by any word.

Siempre hemos vivido en Bolivia. We have always lived in Bolivia.

Usted nunca ha venido a mi oficina. You have never come to my office.

15.1 The present perfect In Spanish, the perfect tenses are often used with the

words ya (already) or todavía no (not yet) to indicate that an action, event, or state occurring or not yet occurring before another.

Remember that, unlike its English equivalents, ya and todavía no cannot be placed between haber and the past participle.

Ella ya había salido cuando llamaron. She had already left when they called.

Cuando llegué, Raúl todavía no había llegado.When I arrived, Raúl had not yet arrived.


The word no and any object or reflexive pronouns are placed immediately before haber.

Yo no he comido la merienda. I haven’t eaten the snack.

¿Por qué no la has comido?Why haven’t you eaten it?

Susana ya se ha entrenado.Susana has already practiced.

Ellos no lo han terminado.They haven’t finished it.

15.1 The present perfect In Spanish, the present perfect indicative (el pretérito perfecto de

indicativo), is generally used just as it is used in English to talk about what someone has done or has not done.

It usually refers to the recent past.

He trabajado cuarenta horas esta semana. I have worked forty hours this week.

¿Cuál es el último libro que has leído?What is the last book that you have read?


SINGULAR FORMS PLURAL FORMS

yo he nosotros/as hemos

tú has vosotros/as habéis

Ud. / él / ella ha Uds. / ellos / ellas han

Present indicative of haber


¡INTÉNTALO! Indica el pretérito perfecto de indicativo (present perfect) de los siguientes verbos.

1.(comer, vivir) Yo ________________________

he comido = I have eaten

he vivido = I have lived

2. (traer, compartir) Tú ____________________

has traído = You have brought

has compartido = You have shared

3. (llegar, estar) Usted ya _______________________

ha llegado = You have already arrived

ha estado = You have already been


4. (leer, resolver, poner) Ella ______________

ha leído = She has read

ha resuelto = She has solved

ha puesto = She has put

5. (decir, romper, hacer) Ellos___________

han dicho = They have said/told

han roto = They have broken

han hecho = They have done


6. (ver, dormirse) Nosotros __________________

hemos visto = We have seen

nos hemos dormido = We have fallen asleep

7. (escribir, abrir) Yo no____________

he escrito = I have not written

he abierto = I have not opened

8. (correr, morir) Él todavía no____________

ha corrido = He has not yet run

ha muerto = He has not yet died

15.1 The present perfect The past perfect for (el pretérito pluscuamperfecto) uses

the imperfect of the verb “haber.” Only in literature is the preterit of “haber” used for the past perfect.

The past perfect indicates an action that happened prior to another action in the past. (had done/had happened)

The past perfect is often used in conjunction with antes de + [noun] or antes de + [infinitive] to describe when the action(s) occurred.

Antes de este año, nunca había estudiado español.

Before this year, I had never studied Spanish.

Luis me había llamado antes de venir.Luis had called me before he came.


Antes de 2003, había vivido en La Paz.Before 2003, I had lived in La Paz.

Cuando llegamos, Luis ya había salido.When we arrived, Luis had already left.



yo había nosotros/as habíamos

tú habías vosotros/as habíais

Ud. / él / ella había Uds. / ellos / ellas habían

Past imperfect indicative of haber

15.1 The present perfect¡INTÉNTALO! Indica el pretérito pluscuamperfecto de indicativo (past perfect) de cada verbo.

1.Nosotros ya (cenar) _______ cuando nos llamaron.

habíamos cenado

We had already eaten when they called us.

2. Antes de tomar esta clase, yo no _______ (estudiar) nunca el español.

había estudiado

Before taking this class, I had not ever (never) studied Spanish.

3. Antes de ir a México, ellos nunca _______ (ir) a otro país.

habían ido

Before going to Mexico, they had never gone to another country.


4. Eduardo nunca __ (entrenarse) tanto en invierno.

se había entrenado

Eduardo had never trained so much in the winter.

5. Tú siempre__ (llevar) una vida sana antes del año

pasado.

habías llevado

You had always led a healthy life before last year.

6. Antes de conocerte, yo ya te __ (ver) muchas veces.

había visto

Before meeting you, I had already seen you many times.

15.1 The present perfect In Spanish, the future perfect (el futuro perfecto) is

used to talk about what will have happened by some future point in time.

The phrases para + [time expression] and dentro de + [time expression] are used with the future perfect to talk about what will have happened by some future point in time.

Para el lunes, habré hecho todas las preparaciones. By Monday, I will have made all the preparations.

Dentro de un año, habré renunciado a mi trabajo.Within a year, I will have resigned from my job.



yo habré nosotros/as habremos

tú habrás vosotros/as habréis

Ud. / él / ella habrá Uds. / ellos / ellas habrán

Future indicative of haber


¡INTÉNTALO! Indica la forma apropiada del futuro perfecto.

1. Para el sábado, nosotros _______ (obtener) el dinero.

habremos obtenido

By Saturday, we will have obtained (gotten) the money.

2. Yo ______(terminar) el trabajo para cuando lleguen mis amigos.

habré terminado

I will have finished the work by when (by the time) my friends arrive.


3. Silvia ______(hacer) todos los planes para el próximo fin de semana.

habrá hecho

Silvia will have made all of the plans by next weekend.

4. Para el cinco de junio, ustedes ___ (llegar) a Quito.

habrán llegado

By June 5th, you all will have arrived in Quito.

15.1 The present perfect5. Para esa fecha, Ernesto y tú _______ (recibir) muchas

ofertas.

habrán recibido

By that date, Ernesto and you will have received many

offers.

6. Para el ocho de octubre, nosotros ya ______ (llegar) a Colombia.

habremos llegado

By October 8th, we will have already arrived in Colombia.

15.1 The present perfect9. Para las nueve, mi hermana ______ (salir).

habrá salido

By 9:00, my sister wil have left.

10. Para las ocho, tú y yo ______ (limpiar) el piso.

habremos limpiado

By 8:00, you and I will have cleaned the floor.

15.1 The present perfect The conditional perfect is used to express an action that

would have occurred, but didn’t.

¿No fuiste al espectáculo?You didn’t go to the show?

¡Te habrías divertido! You would have had a good time!

Maite habría preferido ir a la ópera, pero Álexprefirió ir al cine.Maite would have preferred to go to the opera, butÁlex preferred to see a movie.



yo habría nosotros/as habríamos

tú

habríasvosotros/as

habríais

Ud. / él / ella habría

Uds. / ellos / ellas habrían

Conditional indicative of haber


¡INTÉNTALO! Indica las formas apropiadas del condicional perfecto de los verbos entre paréntesis.

1.Nosotros ______(hacer) todos los quehaceres.

habríamos hecho

We would have done all of the chores.

2. Tú ______ (apreciar) mi poesía.

habrías apreciado

You would have appreciated my poetry.

15.1 The present perfect3. Ellos ______ (pintar) la casa.

habrían pintado

They would have painted the house.

4. Usted ______ (tocar) el piano.

habría tocado

You would have played the piano.

5. Ellas ______ (poner) la mesa.

habrían puesto

They would have set the table.

15.1 The present perfect6. Tú y yo ______ (resolver) los problemas.

habríamos resuelto

You and I would have solved the problems.

7. Ustedes ______ (vivir) en el campo.

habrían vivido

You all would have lived in the countryside.

8. Tú ______ (abrir) la puerta.

habrías abierto

You would have opened the door.


The present perfect subjunctive (el pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo), like the present perfect indicative, is used to talk about what has happened.

The same conditions which trigger the use of the present subjunctive apply to the present perfect subjunctive.

Present subjunctive Present perfect subjunctive

Espero que duermas bien. Espero que hayas dormido bien.I hope that you sleep well. I hope that you have slept well.

No creo que aumente de peso. No creo que haya aumentado de peso.

I don’t think he will gain weight. I don’t think he has gained weight.


The action expressed by the present perfect subjunctive is seen as occurring before the action expressed in the main clause.

Me alegro de que ustedes hayan estudiado tanto esta tarde. I’m glad that you have studied so much this afternoon.

Dudo que ella haya llegado a tiempo.I doubt that she has arrived on time.


¡ATENCIÓN!

In Spanish the present perfect subjunctive is used for a recent action.

No creo que lo hayas dicho bien. I don’t think you (have) said it right.

Espero que él haya llegado.I hope he (has) arrived.



yo haya nosotros/as hayamos

tú hayas vosotros/as hayáis

Ud. / él / ella haya Uds. / ellos / ellas hayan

Present subjunctive of haber

15.1 The present perfect¡INTÉNTALO! Indica el pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo de los verbos entre paréntesis.

1.Me gusta que ustedes ______ (decir) la verdad.

hayan dicho

I like that you all have told the truth.

2. No creo que tú ______ (comer) tanto.

hayas comido

I don’t believe that you have eaten so much.

3. Es imposible que usted ______ (poder) hacer tal (such a) cosa.

haya podido

It is impossible that you have been able to do such a thing.

15.1 The present perfect4. Me alegro de que tú y yo ______ (estudiar) juntas.

hayamos estudiado

I am happy that you and I have studied together.

5. Es posible que yo ______ (aprender) un poco esta semana.

haya aprendido

It is possible that I have learned a little this week.

6. Espero que ______ (haber) suficiente comida en la celebración.

haya habido

I hope that there has been sufficient food at the celebration.


Use the third person singular of haber + habido in the appropriate tense to express:

There has/have been There had been There will have been There would have been

Hay muchos problemas con el nuevo profesor.There are many problems with the new professor.

Ha habido muchos problemas con el nuevo profesor.There have been a lot of problems with the new professor.

15.1 the present perfect the perfect tenses los tiempos perfectos

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