CHAPTER 5

THE RISE TO WORLD POWER STATUS

1865-1914

Five years after the Civil War, the

American Navy had shrunk in size

dramatically.

1871

American Asiatic Naval Squadron

1871

American Asiatic Naval Squadron

In 1881, a treaty

was negotiated

between America

and Korea, the

first such treaty

that Korea had

signed with a

western country.

Brief Threat of War with Spain

1873

The cost of coal caused Congress and

some senior officers to want to revert

to sails, causing existing boilers and

engines to be replaced with smaller

ones or removed.

In Europe,

improvements

were being made

in the construction

of ships.

ARMORED PLATE

TORPEDOES

RIFLED GUNS

Rifled Guns

Guns whose barrels have helical

grooves cut on the inside to give a

projectile a rotary motion and thus

a more precise trajectory

HMS Dreadnought

(pre-dreadnought)

(launched in 1875)

A type of battleship armed with

heavy-caliber guns in turrets:

so called from the British battleship

HMS Dreadnought

Dreadnought

The original or model on which

something is based or formed

Someone or something that serves

to illustrate the typical qualities of

a class; model

Prototype

By 1878, fewer

than 6,000 men

remained in the

U.S. Navy, most

of them foreigners.

Naval officers

often had to learn

many languages

to communicate

with their crew.

The Naval Academy was moved back to

Annapolis in 1865.

ANNAPOLIS, MD

NEWPORT, RI

Atlantic

OceanPHILADELPHIA

NEW YORK

Admiral David Porter LCDR Stephen B. Luce

Admiral Porter and Commander

Luce acquired a brilliant staff

of young administrators and

instructors.

They raised academic standards,

instituted an honor system, set

up programs of athletics, and

encouraged creative expression

and healthy social activities.

A system whereby the students are

put on their honor to observe certain

rules to minimize administrative

supervision and to promote honesty

Honor System

Midshipmen Honor Concept

"Midshipmen are persons of integrity:

They stand for that which is right. They

tell the truth and ensure that the full

truth is known. They do not lie. They

embrace fairness in all actions.

They ensure that work submitted

as their own is their own, and that

assistance received from any source

is authorized and properly documented.

They do not cheat. They respect the

property of others and ensure that

others are able to benefit from the use

of their own property. They do not steal."

• Brilliant Naval

Academy Instructor

from 1875 to 1879

• First American to

win the Nobel Prize

for Physics in 1907

for discovering the

speed of light

Albert Michelson

The U.S. Naval Institute

Established in 1873

The U.S. Naval Institute was established

on the grounds of the Naval Academy.

It was composed of officers and civilian

instructors whose purpose was to:

Advance professional and scientific

knowledge about the U.S. Navy, other

world navies, and the maritime

industry

First published

in 1875, the

Proceedings is

still the foremost

naval and maritime

publication of its

type in the world.

Commodore Luce

was instrumental

in starting training

for enlisted men

in gunnery and

seamanship prior

to transfer to their

first ships.

Commodore Luce

1884

Naval War College

Newport, RI

Mahan was one

of the first

instructors at the

War College.

CAPT Alfred T. Mahan

• Started fleet

exercises as a

means of battle

practice

• Fought tirelessly

for improvements

in ships and gun

designs

Commodore Luce

Captain

Alfred T. Mahan

• President of the

Naval War College

in 1886

• Published writer

of his sea power

findings in 1890,

1892, and 1897

• The foremost

expert on sea

power and naval

strategy

Mahan believed that

the following was

essential to become

a world power or for

national survival:

• Control of the sea

• Fleet of capital

ships

• Overseas bases in

colonies under the

control of the

aspiring powerCaptain Alfred

Thayer Mahan

Mahan’s work received acclaim world-

wide, especially in Europe and the Far

East. It also seemed to justify the new

imperialism that had become rampant

among nations in the last part of the

nineteenth century.

The policy of extending the rule or

authority of an empire or nation over

foreign countries, or of acquiring and

holding colonies and dependencies

Imperialism

Mahan’s book

on naval history

and strategy was

ordered placed

on every ship of

the German Navy.

Kaiser Wilhelm II

• A young politician

• Supported Mahan’s

ideas

Theodore Roosevelt

In 1872, the French

introduced the use

of steel in ship

construction, and

the British followed

suit.

Other improvements included:

• Armor • Propulsion • Armament

Aware of advances

in naval and other

military technology

through contacts

with Perry, the door

to Western trade was

opened to Japan in

the 1850s.

Commodore

Matthew Perry

Japan had to worry

about China

becoming a naval

power, and Russia

taking control of

the ice-free ports in

the region.

Sino-Japanese War

In 1894-95, Japan defeated China,

forcing the following concessions:

• Withdrawal from Korea

• Ceding of Formosa and the

Pescadores to Japan

• Relinquishing Port Arthur in

Manchuria

To yield or formally surrender to

another: to cede territory

Cede

Sakhalin1904-05

Port Arthur1894-95

Pescadores1894-95

Russia

Manchuria

(China)

Korea Japan

Japan defeated the Russian eastern

fleets, gaining control of southern

Sakhalin.

Russo-Japanese War, 1904-05

Congress established a Naval Advisory

Board in 1881, and in 1883, authorized

the building of two European design

cruisers.

USS BROOKLYN

In 1886, Congress

authorized the

building of

America’s first

battleships.

USS TEXAS

USS MAINE

The Texas and

Maine provided

a means for U.S.

shipyards to learn

how to build

modern ships.

The requirement

for steel helped

to establish the

American steel

industry.

PITTSBURGH STEEL MILL

NEWPORT NEWS SHIPYARD

By the end of the

1880s, American

shipyards were

producing

cruisers, which

compared

favorably with

any foreign navy.

USS OLYMPIA

USS NEW YORK

The Naval Act of

1890 called for the

construction of

three new battle-

ships plus cruisers,

torpedo boats, and

gunboats.

USS INDIANA

USS OREGON

USS MASSACHUSETTS

In 1892, Congress authorized the

battleship Iowa, heavier and faster

than the Indiana class.

USS Iowa

In 1897, Roosevelt became the

Assistant Secretary of the Navy.

President

McKinley Assistant Secretary

of the Navy, Roosevelt

By 1898, with the Spanish-American

war looming, the United States had

a fleet respectable by any measure.

Cuba was the most important

Spanish colony in the New World.

CUBA

HAVANA

America had over $50 million invested

in the sugar cane plantations and

$100 million in annual sugar trade.

SUGAR CANE

CUBAHAVANA

Support Grows for

War with Spain

Yellow journalism in U.S. newspapers,

including publication of a letter stolen

from the Spanish ambassador

describing President McKinley as

“weak,” further whipped up American

feelings in support of war with Spain.

Misrepresentation in editorial

comment and the presentation

of news, especially in sacrificing

truth for sensationalism

Objective reporting isn’t always a

match for yellow journalism.

Yellow Journalism

USS Maine was sent to protect U.S.

lives and property in Cuba, but ended

up sinking due to an explosion.

USS MAINE

CUBA

Studies in recent years indicate that

the probable cause of the explosion

was a coal dust explosion in a forward

coal bunker.

USS Maine

A large bin or receptacle; a fixed

chest or box: a storage of coal

Coal Bunker

The Spanish denied responsibility, but it

brought us to the brink of war.

Wreck of the USS Maine

Congress Passes Resolutions

• Declaring that Cuba was free and

independent

• Demanding the withdrawal of all

Spanish forces

• Guaranteeing that the U.S. would

not annex Cuba

• Directing the President to use

American Armed Forces to enforce

these resolutions

Assistant

Secretary of

the Navy

Under him, the

Navy prepared

for war.

Theodore Roosevelt

Manila

Bay

Philippines

Dewey was sent to ready the U.S.

Asiatic Fleet for an attack on the

Spanish at Manila.

Commodore

George Dewey

USS Olympia

The USS Baltimore

supplied shells to

Dewey.

The USS Merrimac

was a British-built

collier.

A ship for carrying coal

Collier

Because Cuba would be a primary

objective of the war and Puerto Rico

a close second, the bulk of the U.S.

fleet was concentrated in the Atlantic.

The first or highest rank or

importance in one’s efforts,

actions, or goals

Primary Objective

The USS Oregon was ordered to

travel 15,000 miles by way of Cape

Horn to help the U.S. fleet at Cuba.

USS Oregon

USS OREGON

ROUTESAN

FRANCISCO, CA

JUPITER

INLET, FL

BARBADOS

PERU

BRAZIL

CHILE

Commander of

the Spanish

Home Fleet

Admiral Cervera

Cervera was ordered to destroy the U.S.

fleet at Key West and to blockade the

American coast.

Commodore Schley and the Flying

Squadron were based at Norfolk to

provide protection against attack.

USS MASSACHUSETTS

USS BROOKLYN

USS TEXAS

Sampson was

ordered to Key

West to ready

an offensive

against Cuba

and Puerto Rico.

Rear Admiral Sampson

Admiral Sampson set up a blockade of Cuba,

and Admiral Cervera sailed from the Cape

Verde Islands to help defend Puerto Rico.

Admiral Sampson Admiral Cervera

Cervera knew his ships and

crews were in a poor state. He

believed that he was sailing

into destruction.

Some European countries

believed Spain would win in a long war.

Alfred Thayer Mahan predicted

that America would win in

“about 3 months.”

When declaration of war reached

Commodore Dewey in Hong Kong, he

was given 24 hours to get underway

to the Philippine Islands and commence

operations against the Spanish fleet.

USS OLYMPIA USS BALTIMORE

Philippine Islands

Philippine Islands

Manila Bay

Cavite

Montojo’s fleet consisted of the

cruiser Reina Christina and six other

light cruisers and three gunboats, all

in poor condition.

Admiral Patricio Montojo

With no chance to win a sea battle,

Montojo anchored under the shore

batteries at Cavite, south of Manila.

Reina Christina

Battle of Manila Bay

Manila

Bataan

Cavite

Dewey’s Route

Battle of Manila Bay

Dewey proceeded to within 5,000 yards of

the enemy and gave the famous command,

“You may fire when you are ready, Gridley.”

USS Olympia

After a few hours of oval-shaped

firing runs past the Spanish ships,

the Spanish fleet was in shambles.

The Spaniards’ lack of training, inferior

firepower, and poor ammunition led to

their defeat.

USS Olympia

The Americans, who had drilled

regularly at gunnery, had made some

170 hits on the Spanish vessels.

One year after Dewey’s win over the

Spanish, Germany bought these island

groups and many more from Spain.

Marshalls

Carolines

Marianas

Philippines

China

Indonesia

En route to the Philippines, the USS

Charleston stopped at Guam and

claimed the colony for the U.S. without

firing a shot.

USS Charleston

GUAM

On 13 August 1898, 11,000 U.S.

Army troops arrived in Manila Bay.

The Spanish colonial government

surrendered after a token resistance.

Though not directly involved in

the war, the Hawaiian Islands had

become very important as a base

for operations in the Philippines.

HAWAIIAN

ISLANDS

PHILIPPINES

In 1894, President

Grover Cleveland

denied Hawaii’s

request for

annexation.

In 1900, Hawaii

became a U.S.

territory, and in

1959, it became

our fiftieth state.

The U.S. believed that Cervera would

head straight for San Juan, therefore

Sampson lifted the Cuban Blockade

and headed for San Juan.

CAPE

VERDE

ISLANDS

PUERTO RICO

KEY WEST

SAN JUAN

Martinique notified the U.S. forces of

Cervera’s passing after refusing him

entry for fuel. Cervera refueled at

Cura ao, then sailed on to Cuba.Ç

Martinique

Curacao

CUBA

The flying squadron was ordered

from Norfolk to Key West to meet

Cervera.

Schley

Cervera eluded the split U.S. fleet and sailed

into Santiago. The USS Oregon, after its

circumnavigation of South America, stood a

chance of facing the Spanish fleet alone.

USS Oregon

To sail around; make the circuit of

by navigation

Circumnavigation

Cuba had three ports large enough to

accommodate Cervera’s fleet. Cervera

chose Santiago. Sampson blockaded

Cienfuegos.

Cienfuegos

Havana

Santiago

Commodore Schley’s fleet found the

Cristóbal Colon at the Santiago harbor

entrance and bombarded her at extreme

range.

Cristóbal Colon

When Admiral Sampson arrived with

his fleet and the USS Oregon, he

formed a close blockade of the port.

Santiago Harbor

Santiago

The largest battleships were put in

the middle with the smaller ships on

the outside.

To solve a coaling problem, U.S.

Marines from the Oregon captured

Guantánamo Bay. Guantánamo

Bay remains a key U.S. base.

Guantánamo BaySantiago

An Army force

of 16,000 under

Major General

Shafter landed

in Daiquiri 16

miles east of

Santiago

without

opposition.Major General

William Shafter

Major General Shafter had his

orders, but he had his own ideas

how to conduct the operation.

SAN

JUAN

HILLKETTLE

HILL

EL CANEY

The Spaniards

made a strong

stand at El Caney,

inflicting nearly

1,500 casualties.

Roosevelt's Rough Riders

African-American Cavalrymen

During this battle, Roosevelt’s Rough

Riders swarmed up nearby Kettle Hill

on foot.

Roosevelt had

resigned his post

as Assistant

Secretary of the

Navy to get into

battlefield action.

Lieutenant Colonel

Theodore Roosevelt

Shafter, shocked by his losses and ill

with fever, considered retreating to

escape from the Spanish forces.

Army Troops in Cuba

Shafter called upon

the Navy to force

the entrance to

Santiago Harbor.

Shafter

Sampson

Sampson, onboard

the New York and

upset over the

request, sailed to

meet Shafter. The

Massachusetts left

to refuel, further

weakening the

blockade.

USS Massachusetts

USS New York

Spanish authorities

ordered Cervera to

escape. Cervera

thought that the

surrender of his

fleet would damage

the morale of

Spanish forces and

Spain’s reputation

in EuropeAdmiral

Pascual Cervera

Cervera’s flagship fled Santiago

harbor followed at 10-minute

intervals by the rest of his fleet.

Infanta Maria Teresa

The American fleet was caught by

surprise but quickly recovered. The

Americans were underway toward

the harbor entrance as the Spaniards

exited.

USS Brooklyn

Amid much confusion, the Spanish fleet was

able to leave the harbor. But soon, the

faster speed and superior firepower of the

American ships turned the Spanish ships

into blazing torches.

As the cruiser Brooklyn and battleships

Texas and Oregon cut down the Spanish

cruiser Vizcaya, one captain yelled, “Don’t

cheer boys, the poor devils are dying.”

Vizcaya

Spanish Cruiser

Schley and Sampson bitterly disputed

who deserved credit for the victory.

Schley Sampson

The entire action took just over 3 hours;

one American was killed and another

wounded. Spanish losses were heavy.

END OF THE WAR

In 2 months, American forces had:

• Destroyed two Spanish fleets

• Forced the surrender of Santiago

• Sent forces to Puerto Rico

• Captured San Juan

• Planned to attack Spain

• Signed a peace treaty with Spain

After the Battle of Santiago de Cuba,

Spain recognized the independence of

Cuba.

PUERTO

RICO

CUBA

HAVANA

Santiago

San Juan

Spain ceded Puerto Rico, the

Philippines, and Guam to the U.S.

PUERTO

RICO

PHILIPPINESGUAM

Lessons Learned from the

Spanish-American War

• Military and political leaders had to

understand the principles of naval

warfare.

Lessons Learned from the

Spanish-American War

• Military and political leaders had to

understand the principles of naval

warfare.

• The Navy had to be a mobile

organization supported from overseas

bases

Lessons Learned from the

Spanish-American War

• Military and political leaders had to

understand the principles of naval

warfare.

• The Navy had to be a mobile

organization supported from overseas

bases

• A sound amphibious doctrine had to

be developed.

Lessons Learned from the

Spanish-American War

• Military and political leaders had to

understand the principles of naval

warfare.

• The Navy had to be a mobile

organization supported from overseas

bases

• A sound amphibious doctrine had to

be developed.

• Gunnery and fire control techniques

had to be improved.

The new Pacific possessions posed

many problems.

The most perplexing issue was how

to defend the Philippines against a

militaristic, expansionist Japan.

In 1899, Spain sold all her remaining Pacific

possessions, nearly 1,000 islands.

The Congress accepted as a national

goal, the building of the U.S. Navy that

would be second only to Great Britain.

U.S. Navy Strength vs. Other Navies

1900

Germany JapanGreat

Britain

United

States

31,750

22,49218,151 16,158

Theodore Roosevelt

was chosen to run

for Vice President

with McKinley, and

when McKinley was

assassinated in

1901, he assumed

the Presidency.President McKinley

Roosevelt

was openly

enthusiastic

toward the idea

of a large Navy.

President Roosevelt

In 1903, the Navy began building two

capital ships (large warships) a year.

This continued for the next 15 years.

USS Alabama

(BB 8)

In 1905, the

battleships

Michigan

and South

Carolina

were built

with 12-inch

guns

arranged in

two pairs of

turrets fore

and aft.USS South Carolina

USS Michigan

The British battleship Dreadnought had ten 12-inch

guns in 5 turrets, and turbine engines with a

maximum speed of 21 knots. She was considered

the standard for all future battleships.

HMS Dreadnought

A type of battleship armed with

heavy-caliber guns in turrets; so

called from the British Battleship

Dreadnought, launched in 1907,

the first of its type

Dreadnought

All battleships with smaller guns that

preceded the HMS Dreadnought came

to be called predreadnoughts.

HMS Dreadnought

In 1912, the British pioneered the

use of oil instead of coal for fuel.

HMS Queen Elizabeth

In 1900, Roosevelt urged the Navy

to buy its first submarine.

USS Holland

In 1903, the Wright brothers had their

first successful flight at Kitty Hawk.

Orville

Wright

Wilber

Wright

KITTY

HAWK

KITTY

HAWK

NORTH CAROLINA

In 1910, Ely flew an airplane off a

platform built on the bow of the

cruiser USS Birmingham.

Eugene Ely

Ely made the first

arrested shipboard

landing on the

USS Pennsylvania

using lines strung

across the deck.

USS Pennsylvania

USS Birmingham

American Sailors were well educated

and became very proficient in the

new technology. Enlistments and

reenlistments were high.

A whole new generation of shipyard

constructors who specialized in warship

building, backed by the steel industry,

emerged.

1903 - the British agreed to a settlement

of the Alaskan-Canadian boundary

favorable to the U.S. and conceded

exclusive control of a proposed canal

across Panama.

Alaskan

Canadian

Boundary

Panama

GERMAN

CHALLENGES

Bombarded the

Venezuelan coast

Confrontations

in Samoa

Challenged Dewey

in Manila Bay

The 1904 Roosevelt

Corollary, an

extension of the

Monroe Doctrine,

prohibited foreign

interference in the

Americas.

President Roosevelt

A corollary (an immediate

consequence) to the Monroe

Doctrine, asserting that the U.S.

might intervene in the affairs of

a Western Hemisphere republic

threatened with seizure or

intervention by a European

country

Roosevelt Corollary

An immediate consequence or

easily drawn conclusion

A natural consequence or

result

Corollary

Sino-Japanese War

1894 - 1895

• Showed the weakness of the Chinese

government

• Movement of European powers into

the Pacific region

• Spheres of influence established

Any area in which one nation

wields dominant power over

another or others

Sphere of Influence

In 1899, Hay drafted

a paper calling for

assurances from

each power that

China would be

open to the trade

of all friendly

nations, a policy

to be known as

the “open door

policy.”Secretary of

State Hay

Hay’s policy was

not final.

In 1900, to protect

their interests, a

group of Chinese,

called Boxers, led

a campaign to rid

China of foreigners

by force.

This was known as

the Boxer Rebellion.

A member of a Chinese secret

society that carried on an

unsuccessful uprising, 1898-1900

(Boxer Rebellion), principally

against foreigners, culminating in

a siege of foreign legations in

Peking that was put down by an

international expeditionary force

Boxer

Russia took

advantage of

the Boxers to

tighten their

grip on Port

Arthur, occupy

Manchuria, and

dominate Korea.

Russia

Port Arthur

Korea

Manchuria

(China)

The Japanese

government asked

Roosevelt to end

the Russo-Japanese

War of 1904-05.

The Treaty of

Portsmouth’s

provisions soured

relations between

Japan and the U.S.

Tsushima

Straits

Russia

Port Arthur

Korea

Manchuria

(China)

Result of the mediation by President

Theodore Roosevelt, disappointed the

Japanese, who were subsequently

outraged by segregation of Oriental

children in San Francisco schools.

Treaty of Portsmouth1905

In the diplomatic crisis that resulted,

the U.S. Joint Board made preparations

– subsequently embodied in the

Orange Plans – for defending the

Philippines from Japanese attack, and

Roosevelt sent the U.S. battleship fleet

around the world, partly to impress the

Japanese with American military power.

Treaty of Portsmouth1905

Treaty of Portsmouth

1905

Russia surrendered

to Japan its lease to

Liaoyang and Port

Arthur, ceded the

southern half of

Sakhalin, evacuated

Manchuria, and

recognized Korea

as a Japanese sphere

of influence.

In 1906, the San

Francisco school

board segregated

the children of

Japanese immigrant

laborers, increasing

tension between

Japan and the U.S.

Old African proverb, “Speak softly and

carry a big stick.”

The Great White Fleet was Roosevelt’s

“big stick.”

Painted white, the Great White Fleet

sailed a 14-month world voyage to

symbolize peace and strength.

The Great White Fleet

1907

The cruise provided good training and

showed that there was a great need for

bases and coaling stations worldwide.

The Navy began to consider the

Japanese a threat against American

interests in the western Pacific.

In 1911, a series of color-coded war plans

was developed by Navy and Army

planners for future conflicts with Japan.

A dangerous journey of thousands of

miles around South America by sea

would be replaced by a 50-mile canal

across the Isthmus of Panama.

A narrow strip of land, bordered on

both sides by water, connecting

two larger bodies of land

Isthmus

In 1855, the Americans built a railroad

across the isthmus for shipment of

goods between the oceans.

In 1881, a French

company headed by

Lesseps started the

ill-fated Panama

canal project. It was

mismanaged, and

illness killed 22,000

workers. Ferdinand de Lesseps

Mahan revived the

idea of a canal in his

writings on sea

power. It was clear,

the U.S. must have a

canal or two

separate navies. MAHAN

In 1903, the U.S. purchased the Panama

canal construction rights, equipment,

and railroad from the French.

The people wanted a canal for jobs

and revolted against Colombia.

Gulf of

Mexico

Pacific

Ocean

PANAMA

COLON

COLOMBIA

The USS Nashville was sent to Colon

to maintain “perfect neutrality and

free transit of the isthmus.”

USS Nashville

The Panamanians’ fight for freedom

from Colombia was supported by

U.S. warships and troops.

U.S. Marines from the USS Dixie acted

as a police force to assist the new

government.

USS Dixie

On 6 November 1903, the U.S. formally

recognized the Republic of Panama

as a sovereign nation.

A treaty signed 15 days after the

revolution gave the U.S. a canal

zone 10 miles wide for $10 million

and $250,000 annual payments.

The Panama Canal was returned to

Panamanian control on 31 December

1999.

In 1904, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and

39,000 daily workers began work on the canal

that was eventually completed in 10 years.

The engineers built Gatun Lake,

85 feet above sea level.

Three sets of locks, each 1,000 feet long

and 110 feet wide, help raise ships to the

lake water level to transit the isthmus, and

then lower the ships to sea level again.

Lock Under Construction

The Panama Canal was completed

August 1914, just as the First World

War began in Europe.

The Navy now had

its priceless canal.

All of Mahan’s

criteria for America

to become a major

world power through

sea power had been

met.

The Rise to World Power Status

1865 - 1914

1865

1873

1884

1890

1898

1907

1907

1914

~ Civil War ended

~ Naval Institute established

~ Naval War College established

~ Mahan publishes Sea Power study

~ Spanish-American War

~ HMS Dreadnought launched

~ Voyage of Great White Fleet

~ Panama Canal opened

What country built the Panama

Canal?

The United States

What country built the Panama

Canal?

Who led the Rough Riders into

battle in the Spanish-American

War?

Lieutenant Colonel Theodore

Roosevelt

Who led the Rough Riders into

battle in the Spanish-American

War?

Who was in charge of the

naval blockade of Cuba

during the Spanish-American

War?

Admiral William T. Sampson

Who was in charge of the

naval blockade of Cuba

during the Spanish-American

War?

Where was the USS Maine

when it was destroyed?

In the harbor at Havana, Cuba

Where was the USS Maine

when it was destroyed?

Whom did the Spanish

government send to the

Caribbean islands to defend its

colonies and destroy the

American fleet?

Whom did the Spanish

government send to the

Caribbean islands to defend its

colonies and destroy the

American fleet?

Admiral Cervera

What is the title of Admiral

Mahan’s book published in

1890?

The Influence of Sea Power

Upon History, 1860-1783

What is the title of Admiral

Mahan’s book published in

1890?

TRUE or FALSE. From the end

of the Civil War until the 1880s,

the U.S. fleet was decreasing in

size while other world navies

were making technological

progress.

TRUE or FALSE. From the end

of the Civil War until the 1880s,

the U.S. fleet was decreasing in

size while other world navies

were making technological

progress.

TRUE.

At the end of the war with

Spain, what possessions did

the Spanish government turn

over to the United States?

Guam, Puerto Rico, and the

Philippine Islands

At the end of the war with

Spain, what possessions did

the Spanish government turn

over to the United States?

What country launched the

prototype of a modern

battleship in 1873?

Great Britain

What country launched the

prototype of a modern

battleship in 1873?

Why was the USS Maine sent

to Cuba?

To protect American citizens

and businesses because of

the Spanish-Cuban unrest

Why was the USS Maine sent

to Cuba?

Name the commodore who

led the battles in the

Philippine Islands against

Spain.

Commodore George Dewey

Name the commodore who

led the battles in the

Philippine Islands against

Spain.

Who was the Assistant

Secretary of the Navy at the

beginning of the war with

Spain?

Theodore Roosevelt

Who was the Assistant

Secretary of the Navy at the

beginning of the war with

Spain?

Who impressed upon

America that national

survival depended upon

control of the seas?

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Who impressed upon

America that national

survival depended upon

control of the seas?

Name three battleships that

were authorized for

construction in 1890.

a. USS Indiana

b. USS Oregon

c. USS Massachusetts

Name three battleships that

were authorized for

construction in 1890.

What publication (journal) is

still the foremost naval and

marine publication of its

type in the world?

The U.S. Naval Institute

Proceedings

What publication (journal) is

still the foremost naval and

marine publication of its

type in the world?

What was Commodore

Winfield Scott Schley’s role

in the war with Spain?

He headed one of the

squadrons in the Caribbean.

What was Commodore

Winfield Scott Schley’s role

in the war with Spain?

Who convinced the

Secretary of the Navy to

establish the Naval War

College in Newport, Rhode

Island?

Who convinced the

Secretary of the Navy to

establish the Naval War

College in Newport, Rhode

Island?

Commodore Stephen Luce

What was the name of the

Navy’s first submarine?

The USS Holland

What was the name of the

Navy’s first submarine?

What was the name of the

fleet that President

Roosevelt sent around the

world in 1907?

What was the name of the

fleet that President

Roosevelt sent around the

world in 1907?

The “Great White Fleet”

Who provided the basic

philosophy for America’s

naval policy?

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Who provided the basic

philosophy for America’s

naval policy?

In what year did the Panama

Canal open?

1914

In what year did the Panama

Canal open?