15 th annual problem-oriented policing conference charlotte, north carolina october 28, 2004 to...
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1515thth Annual Problem-Oriented Annual Problem-Oriented Policing ConferencePolicing Conference
Charlotte, North CarolinaCharlotte, North Carolina
October 28, 2004 to October 30, 2004October 28, 2004 to October 30, 2004
Robberies at Convenience Robberies at Convenience Stores, Gas Stations and Fast Stores, Gas Stations and Fast
Food Restaurants:Food Restaurants:
Analyzing Stop and RobsAnalyzing Stop and Robs
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PresentersPresenters
Jay W. Malcan, Ph.D.Jay W. Malcan, Ph.D.
– Director, Community Policing Training Director, Community Policing Training Richmond Police DepartmentRichmond Police Department
– Dean, School of Arts & SciencesDean, School of Arts & SciencesVirginia Union UniversityVirginia Union University
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PresentersPresenters
Brad KochBrad Koch
– Homicide DetectiveHomicide DetectiveCharlotte-Mecklenburg Police DepartmentCharlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department
A Macro Analysis of Robberies at A Macro Analysis of Robberies at Convenience StoresConvenience Stores
Gas StationsGas StationsFast Food RestaurantsFast Food Restaurants
Jay W. Malcan, Ph.D. Jay W. Malcan, Ph.D.
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Four Dimensions of VictimizationFour Dimensions of VictimizationRisk of Interest to UsRisk of Interest to Us
Criminological TheoryCriminological Theory
Public PolicyPublic Policy
Research & Crime AnalysisResearch & Crime Analysis
Crime Prevention PracticesCrime Prevention Practices
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Criminological TheoryCriminological Theory
CPTED – C. Ray JefferyCPTED – C. Ray Jeffery
Broken Windows – Kelling & WilsonBroken Windows – Kelling & Wilson
Routine Activities – Ron ClarkeRoutine Activities – Ron Clarke
Hot Spots – Larry ShermanHot Spots – Larry Sherman
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Routine ActivitiesRoutine Activities
Changes in the routine activities of our daily Changes in the routine activities of our daily life can increase or decrease the risk of life can increase or decrease the risk of
criminal victimization.criminal victimization.
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Public PolicyPublic Policy
How do routine activitiesHow do routine activities
shaped by public policyshaped by public policy
impact patterns of victimizationimpact patterns of victimization
at specific locations?at specific locations?
How Does Public Policy How Does Public Policy Shape Crime?Shape Crime?
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How Does Public Policy How Does Public Policy Shape Crime?Shape Crime?
Crime in liquor stores – Virginia vs. D.C.?Crime in liquor stores – Virginia vs. D.C.?
Crime at gas stations – Virginia vs. N.J.?Crime at gas stations – Virginia vs. N.J.?
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How Does Public Policy How Does Public Policy Shape Crime in Virginia?Shape Crime in Virginia?
Liquor StoresLiquor StoresState Stores vs. Private StoresState Stores vs. Private Stores
Gas StationsGas StationsSelf-Service Gas vs. Full Service GasSelf-Service Gas vs. Full Service Gas
Research & Crime AnalysisResearch & Crime Analysis
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ShermanSherman
Hot Spots of Predatory Crime: Routine Hot Spots of Predatory Crime: Routine Activities and the Criminology of PlaceActivities and the Criminology of Place
Research in MinneapolisResearch in Minneapolis
Police Calls for ServicePolice Calls for Service
3% of places account for 50% of all calls3% of places account for 50% of all calls
2.2% of places account for 2.2% of places account for ALLALL robberies robberies
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Virginia Crime CommissionVirginia Crime Commission
Spring 1989Spring 1989
Testimony by Caruthers SistersTestimony by Caruthers Sisters
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Study MandateStudy Mandate
Are Convenience Stores an Are Convenience Stores an
““At Risk Business” ?At Risk Business” ?
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Questions To Be AnsweredQuestions To Be Answered
Had other people around the country Had other people around the country looked at convenience store crime ?looked at convenience store crime ?
Was the convenience store problem in Was the convenience store problem in Virginia the same as across the country ?Virginia the same as across the country ?
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Considerable Research on Considerable Research on Convenience Store CrimeConvenience Store Crime
Crow & BullCrow & Bull
HunterHunter
JefferyJeffery
Gainseville / Swanson, Clifton, CallahanGainseville / Swanson, Clifton, Callahan
Murdaugh & GilmoreMurdaugh & Gilmore
Research Indicated that Research Indicated that Convenience Stores are an Convenience Stores are an
‘At Risk Business’‘At Risk Business’
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1988 – 1989 DCJS Statewide 1988 – 1989 DCJS Statewide Survey FoundSurvey Found
69% of violent events in convenience 69% of violent events in convenience stores occurred during night time hours of stores occurred during night time hours of operation (9PM – 5 AM)operation (9PM – 5 AM)
76% of violent events involved clerks 76% of violent events involved clerks working aloneworking alone
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63 % of lone clerks involved in events 63 % of lone clerks involved in events were womenwere women
65 % of violent events clustered in 10 65 % of violent events clustered in 10 localitieslocalities
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1988 – 89 DCJS Survey1988 – 89 DCJS Survey
54 % of all convenience store robberies in54 % of all convenience store robberies in
Virginia (N=469) involved only 169 storesVirginia (N=469) involved only 169 stores
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NACS & DCJS StudiesNACS & DCJS Studies
80 % of stores don’t experience a violent 80 % of stores don’t experience a violent crime in 2 yearscrime in 2 years
20% experience a violent event in 2 year 20% experience a violent event in 2 year periodperiod
7 % experience multiple events in 2 year 7 % experience multiple events in 2 year periodperiod
Multiple Violent Events at One Multiple Violent Events at One Location (Hot Spot)Location (Hot Spot)
ARE NOT RANDOM !ARE NOT RANDOM !
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Importance of RobberiesImportance of Robberies
Zimring (1986)Zimring (1986)
1 homicide occurs for every 100 robberies 1 homicide occurs for every 100 robberies with a firearmwith a firearm
1 : 100 ratio1 : 100 ratio
Source: Victim Injury and Death in Urban Robbery: A Chicago StudySource: Victim Injury and Death in Urban Robbery: A Chicago Study
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Two DCJS Studies Led to Two DCJS Studies Led to Study with National Institute Study with National Institute for Occupational Safety & for Occupational Safety &
Health (NIOSH)Health (NIOSH)
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NIOSH Virginia StudyNIOSH Virginia Study
14 cities & counties14 cities & counties
438 robberies438 robberies
Site visits to robbed store & 3 control Site visits to robbed store & 3 control storesstores
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2003 Crimes By Location2003 Crimes By Location
LocationLocation RobberyRobbery HomicideHomicide
Gas Station 178Gas Station 178 00
Liquor StoreLiquor Store 1 1 00
C-StoreC-Store 480480 77
SOURCE: 2003 Crime in VirginiaSOURCE: 2003 Crime in Virginia
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Virginia Convenience StoreVirginia Convenience Store
Robberies:Robberies:1983 = 4831983 = 4831991 = 7241991 = 7241995 = 4081995 = 4081999 = 2601999 = 2602003 = 4802003 = 480
SOURCE: 1983 - 2003 Crime in VirginiaSOURCE: 1983 - 2003 Crime in Virginia
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Rugala (FBI)Rugala (FBI)
““Majority of workplace homicide is Majority of workplace homicide is
result of robbery.”result of robbery.”
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Virginia Convenience StoresVirginia Convenience Stores
HOMICIDESHOMICIDES
2002 = 42002 = 4 2003 = 72003 = 7
SOURCE: 2002 & 2003 Crime in VirginiaSOURCE: 2002 & 2003 Crime in Virginia
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Importance of RobberiesImportance of Robberies
Zimring (1986)Zimring (1986)
1 homicide occurs for every 100 robberies 1 homicide occurs for every 100 robberies with a firearmwith a firearm
1 : 100 ratio1 : 100 ratio
Source: Victim Injury and Death in Urban Robbery: A Chicago StudySource: Victim Injury and Death in Urban Robbery: A Chicago Study
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Crime Prevention PracticeCrime Prevention Practice
TRAININGTRAINING
CPTEDCPTED
BROKEN WINDOWSBROKEN WINDOWS
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DCJS / NIOSH StudyDCJS / NIOSH StudySherri Johnson – VCU ThesisSherri Johnson – VCU Thesis
Most powerful predictors of convenience Most powerful predictors of convenience stores with multiple violent crimesstores with multiple violent crimes
LitterLitter
GraffitiGraffiti
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BuergerBuerger
The Crime Prevention Casebook: The Crime Prevention Casebook: Securing High Crime LocationsSecuring High Crime Locations
About high call for service locations in About high call for service locations in MinneapolisMinneapolis
Great example of blending crime Great example of blending crime prevention, crime analysis & problem-prevention, crime analysis & problem-oriented policing to deal with problem oriented policing to deal with problem locationslocations
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Real Opportunity Is: Real Opportunity Is: Identify Your Hotspots!Identify Your Hotspots!
Use your crime analysisUse your crime analysis
Use your own statisticsUse your own statistics
Use your intuitionUse your intuition
A Local Analysis of Robberies at A Local Analysis of Robberies at Convenience StoresConvenience Stores
Gas Stations Gas Stations Fast Food RestaurantsFast Food Restaurants
Brad Koch Brad Koch
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Routine Activities TheoryRoutine Activities Theory
Predatory crime occurs when three things Predatory crime occurs when three things come together in time and space:come together in time and space:
Motivated OffenderMotivated Offender
Suitable TargetSuitable Target
Absence of Capable GuardiansAbsence of Capable Guardians
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Routine Activities TheoryRoutine Activities Theory
Businesses can reduce their risks of Businesses can reduce their risks of victimization by becomingvictimization by becoming
less suitable targetsless suitable targets
and/or and/or
increased levels of guardianship.increased levels of guardianship.
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Becoming Less Suitable TargetsBecoming Less Suitable Targets
Business Operation CharacteristicsBusiness Operation CharacteristicsFewer days of operation Fewer days of operation
Fewer hours of operationFewer hours of operation
Physical Environment CharacteristicsPhysical Environment CharacteristicsLow amount of cash in register Low amount of cash in register
ATM on premisesATM on premises
Target Hardening DevicesTarget Hardening DevicesDrop safe with signDrop safe with sign
AlarmAlarm
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Increasing GuardianshipIncreasing Guardianship
Business Operation CharacteristicsBusiness Operation CharacteristicsIncreased number of employees on 3Increased number of employees on 3rdrd shift shift
Physical Environment CharacteristicsPhysical Environment CharacteristicsUnobstructed windows Unobstructed windows
Public waiting areaPublic waiting area
Target Hardening DevicesTarget Hardening DevicesVideo cameras Video cameras
Security guard Security guard
Police officer on sitePolice officer on site
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BackgroundBackground
Charlotte, North Carolina is located in Charlotte, North Carolina is located in Mecklenburg CountyMecklenburg County– Over 600,000 live in city of CharlotteOver 600,000 live in city of Charlotte– Over 800,000 live in Mecklenburg CountyOver 800,000 live in Mecklenburg County– Population grows by approximately 3% each Population grows by approximately 3% each
yearyear– Mecklenburg County has 7 police agenciesMecklenburg County has 7 police agencies– Charlotte ranks as the 21Charlotte ranks as the 21stst largest city largest city
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BackgroundBackground
Study examined robberies in CMPD Study examined robberies in CMPD jurisdiction in 2001 at all:jurisdiction in 2001 at all:
convenience storesconvenience stores
gas stations gas stations
fast food restaurantsfast food restaurants
Two surveys were taken at all qualifying Two surveys were taken at all qualifying businessesbusinesses
Business Practice SurveyBusiness Practice Survey
Physical Security SurveyPhysical Security Survey
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BackgroundBackground
Completed surveys at 644 businessesCompleted surveys at 644 businesses
A regression analysis was completed that A regression analysis was completed that included all 644 businessesincluded all 644 businesses
Regression analysis examined the Regression analysis examined the relationship between robbery and several relationship between robbery and several different characteristicsdifferent characteristics
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BackgroundBackground
Different characteristics includedDifferent characteristics includedBusiness operation characteristicsBusiness operation characteristics
Physical environment characteristics Physical environment characteristics
Target hardening devicesTarget hardening devices
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SurveysSurveys
Two surveys were completed at each Two surveys were completed at each qualifying business:qualifying business:
Business Practice SurveyBusiness Practice Survey
Physical Security SurveyPhysical Security Survey
A copy of each survey is included in the A copy of each survey is included in the information packetinformation packet
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SurveysSurveys
Physical Security SurveyPhysical Security SurveySimilar to a CPTED (Crime Prevention Similar to a CPTED (Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design) SurveyThrough Environmental Design) Survey
Business Practice SurveyBusiness Practice SurveyQuestions were linear in nature Questions were linear in nature
Attempted to provide quantitative answers Attempted to provide quantitative answers to questionsto questions
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AnalysisAnalysis
Dependent variable was stores that were Dependent variable was stores that were the victim of a robbery in 2001the victim of a robbery in 2001
644 business establishments surveyed644 business establishments surveyed224 (34.8%) experienced a robbery in 2001224 (34.8%) experienced a robbery in 2001
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Partial List of Independent VariablesPartial List of Independent Variables
Hours of OperationHours of Operation
Days of OperationDays of Operation
Policy about 3Policy about 3rdrd Shift Employees Shift Employees
Window Obstruction LevelsWindow Obstruction Levels
Drive Through WindowDrive Through Window
ATM on PremisesATM on Premises
Public RestroomsPublic Restrooms
Public TelephonePublic Telephone
Public TransportationPublic Transportation
Interior Waiting AreaInterior Waiting Area
Robbery Alarm SystemRobbery Alarm System
Video Cameras PresentVideo Cameras Present
Video Monitors in ViewVideo Monitors in View
Height MarkersHeight Markers
Amount of Cash in RegisterAmount of Cash in Register
Signs Posted About CashSigns Posted About Cash
Drop SafesDrop Safes
Signs Posted About Drop SafesSigns Posted About Drop Safes
Type of Security PersonnelType of Security Personnel
Prior Victimization Prior Victimization
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FindingsFindings
Factors associated with a significantly Factors associated with a significantly LOWER likelihood of being robbed:LOWER likelihood of being robbed:
Police Officer as security personnelPolice Officer as security personnel
ATM on the premisesATM on the premises
Why ATM’s?Why ATM’s?Not due to additional security featuresNot due to additional security features
Not due to “safe” neighborhoodsNot due to “safe” neighborhoods
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FindingsFindings
Factors associated with a significantly Factors associated with a significantly HIGHER likelihood of being robbed:HIGHER likelihood of being robbed:
Being open 24 hours a dayBeing open 24 hours a day
Being located near public transportationBeing located near public transportation
Having a drop safe Having a drop safe but nobut no drop safe sign drop safe sign
Having been robbed in the past yearHaving been robbed in the past year
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FindingsFindings
The best predictor of current robbery The best predictor of current robbery victimization is victimization is PASTPAST robbery victimization robbery victimization
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FindingsFindings
Selected factors that are NOT associated Selected factors that are NOT associated with the likelihood of being robbed:with the likelihood of being robbed:
Policy regarding two or more employeesPolicy regarding two or more employees
Alarm system presentAlarm system present
Video cameras presentVideo cameras present
Video monitors in plain view of customersVideo monitors in plain view of customers
Security personnel other than Police Security personnel other than Police OfficersOfficers
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Other Factors That Other Factors That May Influence RobberyMay Influence Robbery
Neighborhood CharacteristicsNeighborhood CharacteristicsGender compositionGender composition
Racial compositionRacial composition
Age compositionAge composition
Economic indicatorsEconomic indicators
Prior Victimization Experiences Prior Victimization Experiences Number of prior robberies occurring at the Number of prior robberies occurring at the establishmentestablishment
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Next StepsNext Steps
Look at each type of business Look at each type of business establishment separately:establishment separately:
Fast foodFast food
Convenience store Convenience store
Gas stationGas station
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Next StepsNext Steps
Issues:Issues:How best to treat “combination” How best to treat “combination” establishments (e.g., fast food/gas station)establishments (e.g., fast food/gas station)
Small number of certain establishment Small number of certain establishment types (e.g., gas station only)types (e.g., gas station only)
Missing dataMissing data
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Contact InformationContact Information
Jay MalcanJay MalcanDirector of Community Director of Community
Policing TrainingPolicing Training
Richmond Police AcademyRichmond Police Academy
1202 W. Graham Road1202 W. Graham Road
Richmond, VA 23220Richmond, VA 23220
(804) 646-6119 work(804) 646-6119 work
[email protected]@ci.richmond.va.us
Brad KochBrad KochCharlotte-Mecklenburg PDCharlotte-Mecklenburg PD
601 East Trade Street601 East Trade Street
Charlotte, NC 28202Charlotte, NC 28202
704-353-1055 work704-353-1055 work
704-336-5713 fax704-336-5713 [email protected]@cmpd.org