14ce703/ce413 scheme of evaluation

14CE703/CE413

SCHEME OF EVALUATION

October, 2018 Civil Engineering

Seventh Semester ESTIMATION AND QUANTITY SURVEYING Time: Three Hours Maximum: 60 Marks

Answer Question No.1 compulsorily. (1X12 = 12 Marks)

Answer ONE question from each unit. (4X12=48 Marks)

1. Answer all questions (1X12=12 Marks)

a) Express formulation of length dimension in centre line method?

Ans:

Total length of centre line = (No. Of long walls x length of long walls) + (No. Of short

walls x length of short walls) – ((No. Of junctions/2) x breadth of the item)

b) Express formulation of length dimension in individual wall method?

Ans:

Long wall length out-to-out = centre to centre length + half breadth on one side + half

breadth on the other side.

Short wall length in-to-in = centre to centre length – one width.

c) Explain the importance of specifications.

Ans:

Specification describes the class of the work, materials to be used in the work,

workmanship..etc and is very important for the execution of the work.

d) Express unit weight of 16mm diameter reinforced bar?

Ans:

For 16mm dia. = 1.58 kg/m

e) Express the prismoidal formula for volume of earthwork estimation.

Ans:

Volume by Prismoidal rule = D/3{A0+An+4(A1+A3+....+An-1)+2(A2+A4+....+An-2)}

f) What is lift?

Ans:

Lift is the average vertical distance between level of excavation and to the place of

spreading or heaping. The unit of lift is 2.00m for first lift and one extra lift for every 1.0m.

g) Brief out the importance of mosaic flooring.

Ans:

It is popular flooring for residential as well as public buildings. A „Terrazzo‟ floor is

usually not slippery when wet because of many grout lines.

h) Define tender notice.

Ans:

Tender for work or supply are invited by issuing tender notice in prescribed form.

In the tender notice the following particulars are given :

(i) Name of the authorities inviting tender;

(ii) Name of the work, and its location;

(iii)Estimated cost

(iv) Time of completion

(v) Cost of complete set of tender forms and conditions

(vi) Date, time and place of tender

(vii) Amount of earnest money and security money.

(viii)Validity of tender..etc

i) Brief out difference between general specification and detailed specification.

Ans:

General Specifications:

General specification gives the nature and class of work and materials in general terms to

be used in the various parts of the work, from the foundation to the superstructure. It is a

short description of different parts of the work specifying materials, proportions, qualities

etc. General specifications give general idea of the whole work or structure and are useful

for preparing the estimate. These general specifications doe not form part of the contract

document. They are used in the estimates by the person who prepares the estimates.

Detailed Specifications:

The detailed specifications form a part of the contract document. The detailed specification

of an item of work specifies the qualities and quantities of materials, the proportion of

mortar, workmanship, the method of preparation and execution and the method of

measurement. The detailed specifications of different items of work are prepared

separately which describe what the work should be and how they should be executed and

constructed. Detailed specifications are written to express the requirements clearly in

concise form avoiding repetition and ambiguity. The detailed specifications are arranged as

for as possible in the same sequence or order as the work is carried out.

j) What is about measurement book.

Ans:

The measurements of all works and supplies are recorded in the measurement book Form

NO.23 and payment of all works and supplies are made on the basis of measurement

recorded.

k) What is scrap value?

Ans:

The cost dismantling and removal of the rubbish material is deducted from the total receipt

from the sale of the useable materials to get the scrap value.

l) What is sinking fund?

Ans.:

It is depreciation of property is assumed to be equal to the annual sinking fund

plus the interest on the fund for that year, which is supposed to be invested on interest

bearing investment.

UNIT I

2. a) What are the Principles of units for various items of works?

Ans:

1. Mass, Voluminous and thick works shall be taken in cubic unit or volume. The

measurements of length, breadth and height or depth shall be taken to compute the

volume or cubic contents.

2. Shallow, think and surface works shall be taken in square unit or in area. The

measurement of length and breadth or height shall be taken to compute the area.

3. Long and thin work shall be taken in linear or running unit and linear measurement

shall be taken.

4. Piece of work, job work, etc. shall be taken in number.

5M

b) Estimate any three items using individual wall method for a four roomed building with an

illustrative example.

Ans:

7M

centre to centre lengths of walls:

Drawing room and left hand side bed room combined:

Centre to Centre long walls = 10.60m

Centre to Centre short walls = 5.30m

Bed rooms right side (both combined):

Centre to Centre long walls = 9.60m

Centre to Centre short walls = 4.80m

Front verandah:

Front wall Centre to Centre length = 9.65m

Side wall Centre to Centre length = 2.25m

Back Verandah including bath room;

Centre to Centre length rear wall including bath room = 9.65m

Centre to Centre length of side wall of bath room = 2.75m

Item. No

Particulars of item nos

Length (m)

Breadth (m)

Depth or height

(m)

Quantity

Total Qty.

Units

1 Earthwork excavation

64.23 Cu.

m

Drawing room and lefthand side bedroom

Long wall 2 11.5 0.9 1 20.7

short wall 3 4.4 0.9 1 11.88

Bedrooms right side

Long wall 2 9.6 0.9 1 17.28

short wall 2 3.9 0.9 1 7.02

Front verandha

front long wall 1 9.5 0.6 0.5 2.85

side short wall 1 1..5 0.6 0.5 0.45

Back verandah including bathroom

long wall 1 9.5 0.6 0.5 2.85

short walls 2 2 0.6 0.5 1.2

2 Lime concrete in foundation

20.11 Cu.

m


Long wall 2 11.5 0.9 0.3 6.21

short wall 3 4.4 0.9 0.3 3.56

Bedrooms right side

Long wall 2 9.6 0.9 0.3 5.18

short wall 2 3.9 0.9 0.3 2.11

Front verandha

front long wall 1 9.7 0.6 0.2 1.16

side short wall 1 1.7 0.6 0.2 0.2

Back verandah including bathroom

long wall 1 9.7 0.6 0.2 1.16

short walls 2 2.2 0.6 0.2 0.53

3 2.5 cm Damp proof course

24.765 Sq.

m


Long wall 2 11 0.4 - 8.8

short wall 3 4.9 0.4 - 5.88

Bedrooms right side

Long wall 2 9.6 0.4 - 7.68

short wall 2 4.4 0.4 - 3.52

Verandah Pillars 4 0.5 0.3 - 0.6

Bathroom

Rear wall 1 2.5 0.3 - 0.75

side and inner walls 2 2.4 0.3 - 1.44

Sub-total 28.67

Deductions:

Door Sills D1 6 1.2 0.4 - 2.88

Door Sills D2 2 1 0.4 0.8

Door Sills D3 1 0.75 0.3 0.225

Sub-total 3.905

(OR)

3. a) Write Units of Measurement of10 items which are generally used in buildings?

Ans:

1. Earth work - m3 2. Cement Concrete – m

3

3.Soling - m2 4. Damp proof Course –m

2

5. Brick work -m3 6. Blasting of rock –m

3

7. Surface dressing – m2 8. R.C.C. – m

3

9. Painting – m2 10. Plastering - m

2

5M

b) Estimate any three items using centre line method for a four roomed building with an

illustrative example.

Ans.:

7M

Total Center length of all 30cm walls of main rooms = 65.90m

No. of Junctions = 6

Total Center length of all 20cm walls = 27.05m

No. of Junctions = 5 with 30cm walls and 1 with 20cm wall.

Item. No

Particulars of item nos

Length (m)

Breadth (m)

Depth or

height (m)

Quantity

Total Qty.

Units

1 Earthwork excavation

64.23 Cu.

m

walls of main room (30cm) 1 63.2 0.9 1 56.88

walls of Verandahs including bathroom(20Cm)

1 24.5 0.6 0.5 7.35

2 Lime Concrete in foundation

20.124 Cu.

m

walls of main room (30cm) 1 63.2 0.9 0.3 17.064

walls of Verandahs including bathroom(20Cm)

1 25.5 0.6 0.2 3.06

3 2.5 cm Damp proof course

24.765 Sq.

m

walls of main room 1 64.7 0.4 - 25.88

verandah pillars 4 0.5 0.3 - 0.6

bathroo walls 1 7.3 0.3 - 2.19

sub-total

28.67

Deductions:

Door Sills D1 6 1.2 0.4 - 2.88

Door Sills D2 2 1 0.4 0.8

Door Sills D3 1 0.75 0.3 0.225

Sub-total

3.905

UNIT II

4. a) Explain about earthwork in canals for different cases.

Sol.:

There are generally three kinds of canal sections involved in irrigation works and

they are:-

1. Canal fully in excavation

2. Canal fully in embankment

3. Canal partly in excavation and partly in embankment

Generally, the volume of earthwork of earthwork for irrigational canals is calculated

by the Trapezoidal formula which is also called End-area formula or the Mid-

sectional formula. Generally, the side slope in cutting is kept as 1:1(H:V) and in

banking 1.5:1(H:V) or 2:1(H:V) according to soil condition.

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Case: I Canal Fully in excavation

B= bed width

d=depth of excavation

S:1= side slope(H:V)

Cross-sectional area= Bd+Sd2

Quantity of earthwork= cross-sectional area * length

Width of the permanent land= B+2Sd+extra land widths beyond the canal

Area of permanent land= permanent land width * length

Case: II Partly in excavation and partly in embankment:-

B= bed width

d=depth of excavation


h=height of embankment

H= height of banking from bed of the channel

h=(H-d)

b1 and b2are the top width of the banking(generally b1=b2)

Cross-sectional area in digging=Bd+Sd2

Cross-sectional area in banking=(b1+b2) h+ 2 S1h2

Quantity of earthwork= sectional area * Length

Balancing depth:

If the total quantity of earth obtained from digging in the bed is equal to the quantity

of earth required for the formation of the banks then this is known as economic

digging and the canal is said to be designed with the balancing depth.

Quantity of digging= Quantity in banking

i.e. Sectional area of digging=Sectional area of two banks

or, Bd+sd2=(b1+b2)*h+2S1 h2

Although it is never possible to adjust the canal section to this requirement but it

may be quite possible in certain portions.

If the quantity of earthwork in the excavation is more than the quantity of earthwork

in banking then the surplus earth is thrown away to form spoil bank.

If the quantity of earthwork in the excavation is less than that of banking then the

extra earth is taken from borrow pots in the temporary land whose area is calculated

for temporary land acquisition.

Area of permanent land in partly digging and partly baning:

Permanent land width= sum of bed widths and two banks plus the widths required

for slopes plus extra widths beyond outer toes of the bank.

Permanent land width=B+b1+b2+2S1 h+2S2 h+extra width

Permanent land area= permanent land width * Length

Case III Canal Fully in Embankment

B= bed width


h=height of embankment

h=H-(-d)

H= height of banking from bed of the channel

d=depth of filling between G.L. and bed of the canal

for cutting „d‟ is generally assigned positive sign and assigned negative sign for

filling.

Cross-sectional area=(b1+b2)h+2Sh2

(no earthwork is done for the gaps between ground level and bed level.)

The quantities of earthwork is calculated considering the whole area as solid and

then deducting the channel area.

Quantity of earthwork=(whole sectional area-sectional area of channel )* Length

Quantity of earthwork=((Bd+S1 D2)-(Bh+S1 H2))*Length

B=b+b1+b2+2S1 H2

D=d+H

Area of permanent land fully in banking

Permanent land width=b+b1+b2+2 S1 H+2 S2 D+extra width beyond the outer toes

of bank.

Permanent land area= permanent land width * Length

b) Estimate quantities in detail of Singly reinforced RCC beam with an illustrative example?

Ans:

6M

S.no Description of item No's

Dimensions

Quantity

Total

Qty. Units

length

(m)

Breadth

(m)

Depth

(m)

1

R.C.C work 1:2:3 excluding

steel and it's bending but

incl. centering,shuttering and

its blending 1 8.600 0.4 0.75 2.580 2.580 Cu.m

2 steel work:

250.2

24 kg

i)20mm dia bent up

[email protected]/m 4 9.530 - - 94.156

ii)22mm dia


iii)12mm dia


stirrups:

10mm dia bars@12mm

c/[email protected]/m 10 2.420 - - 15.004

10mm dia bars@20mm


6mm dia bars@35cm


(OR)

5. a) Explain about estimate of earthwork in hill road with an illustrative example.

Ans:

Assuming a hill road with the following Data:

Chainage Distance

(m) R.L. of Ground

at centre

R.L of Foundation at

centre

5 100 200 201.2

6 120 199.75 201.8

7 140 200.5 202.4

8 160 201.7 203

9 180 202.4 203.6

10 200 201.5 204.2

chainage or station

height of bank (M)

Sec. Area

(Sq.M)

Mean sec. area (Sq.M)

Distance L (M)

Qty. (Cu.m)

5 1.2 12 - -

6 2.05 23.96 17.98 20 359.6

7 1.9 21.63 22.80 20 455.9

8 1.3 13.26 17.45 20 348.9

9 1.2 12 12.63 20 252.6

10 2.7 35.13 23.57 20 471.3

Total 1888.3

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b) Explain steel estimation of RCC slab with illustrative example?

Ans.:

S.

no Description of

item

No's Lengt

h (m)

Breadt

h (m)

Depth

(m)

Quanti

ty

Total

Quanti

ty

Units

1

R.C.C work 1:2:3

excluding steel

and its bending

but including

centering,shutteri

ng and binding

1 6.3 3.3 0.12 2.495 2.495 cu.m

2 Steel bars including its bending 197.34 kg

i)12mm dia

[email protected]/

m

27 3.436 - - 82.567

ii)12mm dia bent

up

[email protected]/m

26 3.516 - - 81.360

sub total 163.93

3 Distribution [email protected]/m

i)6mm dia

bottom bars

middle

portion@18cm

c/c

12 6.328 - - 16.706

ii)6mm dia

bottom bars two

sides @18cm c/c

6 6.328 - - 8.353

iii)6mm dia top

bars two

side@18cm c/c

6 6.328 - - 8.353

sub total 33.41

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UNIT III

6. a) Detail out specifications on RCC Work.

Ans:

Detailed Explanation of

(i) steel

(ii) centring and shuttering

(iii) proportion of cement concrete

(iv) materials for concrete

(v) mixing

(vi) laying

(vii) curing

(viii) finishing &

(ix) Measurement

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b) Describe the procedure for calculation of rate per unit m3 of first class brickwork in super

structure with 20x10x10cm brick with cement sand mortar 1:6.

Ans:

Particular Qty. or no Rate (per unit) Cost(RS)

Materials

Brick I-Class (500 bricks per cum) 5000 2000 10000

Cement 0.45 6325 2846.25

sand 2.7 400 1080

13926.25

labour

mistri 0.5 160 80

mason 10 150 1500

mazdoor 7 80 560

boy or women coolie 10 70 700

Bhishti 2 70 140

scffolding lumpsum 130 130

sundries, T&P lumpsum 35 35

total 3145

total of material and labour 17071.25

Add 1.5% water charges 256

add 10% contractor's profit 1707

Grand total 19034.25

Rate per cum (in Rs.) 1903.43

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(OR)

7. a) Detail out specifications on Brickwork.

Ans:

Brick work – I Class in C.M. 1:6:

• A brick is a block or a single unit of ceramic material used in masonry construction

• Typically bricks are stacked together or laid as brickwork using various kinds of

mortar to hold the bricks together and make a permanent structure

• Bricks are typically produced in common or standard sizes in bulk quantities

The Contents of Brick work:

• Bricks

• Mortar

• Lime surkhi

• Soaking

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• Laying

• Curing

• Protection

• Scaffolding

• Measurement

Bricks:

• It should be thoroughly burnt

• Deep cherry red or copper colour

• Regular in shape

• Edges should be sharp

• Clear ringing sound

• Free from cracks, chips, flaws and lumps

• Shall not absorb more than 1/6th of their weight after one hour of soaking by

immersing

in water

• Minimum crushing strength of 105 kg per sq cm.

Mortar

• Fresh Portland cement

• sand should be sharp, clean and free from organic and foreign matters

• Rich mortar-coarse or medium sand

• Weak mortar-local fine sand

• Proportion of cement and sand (1:3 to 1:6)

• Measured with measuring box

• First mixed dry to have uniform colour

• Mixed thoroughly by turning atleast three times

• One hours work-before setting starts

Lime Surkhi

• Lime shall be fresh and slaked and screened at site of work

• Fresh mixed mortar with in 24 hrs shall be used

• Proportion (1:2 to 1:3) as specified

• Soaking of brick:

• Fully soaked in clean water by submerging in tank for a period of 12 hrs

immediately before use. soaking is continued till air bubbling is ceased

• Surkhi mortar is a mixture of lime,surkhi and water. It is lime mortar in which sand

has been substituted by surkhi for economy and strength.

• Note:- surkhi is finely powdered burnt clay and genarally made from slightly under

burnt bricks.

• Good surkhi should be perfectly clean and free from any admixture of foreign

substances and should not contain particles retained on IS sieve No.9 more than

10% by weight surkhi like sand is largely used in preparation of mortar, concrete,

plaster etc.. For economic considerations

Laying:

• Well bonded and laid in English bond and unless otherwise specified

• No damaged or broken bricks shall be used

• Every course is truly horizontal

• Vertical joints in alternate course shall come directly one over other

• For face work: Best shaped bricks

• Mortar joints shall not exceed 6mm(1/4”) in thickness and joints shall be filled with

mortar

• Bricks shall be laid with frogs upward except in top course where frogs shall be

placed downward

• Brickwork shall be carried out not more than 1mt (3 ft) at a time

• Stepping at an angle of 45 degrees

• Projections shouldn‟t more than ¼ brick projections in one course

• All joints should be raked and faces of wall cleaned at the end of each day‟s work

• Wet for a period atleast 10 days after laying

• At the end of days work the top of walls shall be flooded with water atleast 2.5cm

depth(1”)

Protection:

• Sun, rain, & frost during the constructions

Scaffolding:

• Should be sound and strong and support the members so as to with stand all the

loads coming up on them.

Measurement:

• Unit of measurement cubic meter

• Thickness of wall should be taken as half brick 10 cms,1 brick 20 cms,one-half

brick(30 cms)..

• Rate should be for complete work including scaffolding and all tools and plants.

b) Analyse out rate per unit m2 of plastering with cement mortar 1:3.

Ans:

Particulars Qty. or Nos Rate

Rs. Ps.

Cost

Rs. Ps.

Materials:

Cement .45cu.m 6325.00 per cum 2846.25

Sand 1.35cu.m 700.00 per cum 945.00

Total 3791.25

Labour:

Mistri 1/3 no 160 per day 53.30

Mason 12 nos 150 per day 1800.00

Mazdoor 15 nos 80 per day 1200.00

Bhisthi 1 nos 70 per day 70.00

Scaffolding Lump sum 90 per day 90.00

Total 3213.30

Total of materials and labour ………………………………………. 7004.55

Add11/2% water charges ……………………………………………. 105.00

Add 10% contractors profit …………………………………… 700.45

Grand total 7810.00

Rate per sq.m= Rs. 7810.00 / 100 = Rs 78.10

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UNIT IV

8. a) A residential Building was constructed 20 years back on a plot of area 224m2. The plinth

area of building is 64m2. The present cost of construction of the building is Rs. 9,00,000

The cost of land is Rs. 500 per m2. The rate of depreciation of the building is 1%. Calculate

the total value of the property.

Ans:

Area of Plot = 224m2

Plinth area of the Building = 64m2

The present cost of construction of Building = Rs. 9,00,000/-

Considering the life of Building as 100 years

The Depreciated value of the Building D = P ((100-rd)/100) n

D = 9,00,000((100-1)/100)20

= 7,36,116.24/-

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The Cost of land = 224 x 500 = 1,12,000/-

The total value of the property = 7,36,116.24 + 1,12,000 = 8,48,116.24/-

b) Narrate the organization of engineering department.

• Ans.: The engineering departments of the government deal with the construction

and maintenance of public works as buildings, roads, bridges and culvers, canals

and connecting works, dams, sanitary and water supply work, electrification work..

Etc

• The engineering departments are therefore known as Public works Departments

(P.W.D.).

• There are Different Engineering departments dealing with the different branches of

works.

1. Public works Department, R&B –the buildings, roads, bridges and culverts etc.

2. Irrigation Department - canals and works connecting with canals irrigation,

navigation, etc

3. Public Health Engineering Department – water supply works, sanitary works etc.

4. Electricity Department – electrification, installation of power lines and connecting

works. (Now it‟s an autonomous Board).

• - Though all the above departments deal with the public works only the building

and road branch is known as P.W.D.

• Each of the engineering department has a Chief Engineer (C.E.) who is the

administrative head of the department and directly responsible to the government.

• He prepares the budget estimates annually relating to the works under his control

and administers the grant and keeps a close watch over the expenditure.

• He exercises control, with the accountant General, in maintaining accounts, and in

enforcing strict observance of rules.

• When there are large amount of works, there may be Regional Chief Engineers,

additional Chief Engineers and Deputy Chief Engineers to assist the main Chief

Engineer or Engineer-in-chief.

• The whole area and work under the Chief Engineer is divided into number of circles

or regions which are the administrative units of the department.

• Each circles is headed by a Superintending Engineer (S.E.)

• S.E. is the administrative and professional head of the circle and is responsible for

the administration and general professional control of works in the circle.

• He is to see that the rules, regulations, and instructions, relating to the execution of

works and maintenance of accounts are strictly followed.

• He inspects the various works in his circle and ensures that the management is

efficient and economical.

• He keeps watch over the rates of works and sub-head wise expenditure on works to

check up the irregularities and lapse, the records, accounts, stocks, etc. of the

divisional offices are inspected by S.E. at least once in a year who submits his report

to the chief Engineer about the working of the division.

• Each Circle is divided into number of divisions which are the executive units of the

department.

• Each division is under Executive Engineer (E.E.) or Divisional Engineer (D.E.),

who is responsible for the execution and management of all work in the division.

• He is also responsible for the maintenance of accounts correctly and submission of

account monthly to the Accountant General.

• He has to keep a watch on the expenditure and has to see that the expenditure on

any work is not exceeding the estimate.

• He has to inspect work frequently and has to ensure that the work is being done

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strictly as per design and specifications.

• He has to inspect the sub-divisional office at least once in a year.

• He is also responsible for the preparation of projects, design, estimates etc.

• Each division is divided into number of sub-divisions each under charge of a sub-

divisional officer or Engineer (S.D.O).

• SDO is a rank of Assistant Engineer.

• AE are directly in-charge of the works falling under their charge and have to

execute, supervise and manage the works and have to maintain the quality and the

progress of works.

• There may be more Assistant Engineers in a sub-division if the work is heavy, who

are directly responsible to the Executive Engineer with respect to work.

• The SDO has the power of disbursement and has to maintain initial account and has

to submit account monthly to the Divisional officer.

• AE has got no power of disbursement; payments of all work under the AE are made

through the SDO.

(OR)

9. a) Explain the importance of Measurement Book.

Ans.:

• Payments for all work done otherwise than by departmental labour and for all supplies are

made on the basis of measurements recorded in Measurement Books

• It is an important collective record of Measurements recorded for the works executed and

materials supplied.

• The measurement books should be considered as very important record, all the books

belonging to a division should be numbered serially and a register of them should be

maintained in the divisional office showing

(1) The serial number of each books,

(2) The name and designation of the person to whom issued,

(3) The date of issue and

(4) The date of its return.

A similar register should also be maintained in the sub-divisional office.

• Books no longer in use should be withdrawn properly even though not completely written

up.

• Not for the work done by departmental labour

• All the MBs supplied to any office are numbered serially and issued accordingly

• If issued the date, No. of the book and the name of the person to it is issued is recorded in

the register.

• MBs no longer in use is to be returned even if not completely used up

• Measurements should be taken up neatly Illegible figures, Torn up pages, erased

figures or defaced books not accepted If works are large , separate MB for each work has

to be maintained.

• All the pages are machined numbered. No page should be torn out/ entry should be

erased/defaced. If a mistake is made, it should be corrected by crossing out the incorrect

word or Figures, and the rewriting the correct words or Figures, and the correction thus

made should be initialled.

• Entries should be made in ink or indelible or special copying pencil so that there is no

scope for tampering

• The entries in the “contents/ Area” column should in variably by ink.

• Entries should be continuously not giving any scope for blank pages

• Blank pages should be crossed diagonally

• Corrections should be done by crossing out and rewritten with initials

• Entries must be made directly on the site. Copying from any rough work is not accepted

• Additions if any, to the measurements already taken, should be detailed in the subsequent

page with reference to original page. Along with the reasons thereof.

• Books no longer in use should be withdrawn promptly even though not completely written

up.

• The eventual return of all measurement books should be insisted on.

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• They should be carefully preserved for ten years.

• To ensure this, measurement books should be carefully listed and made over to the open

line authorities when the construction divisions are closed.

b) Explain methods of depreciation?

Ans.:

1. Straight line method:

In this method it is assumed that the property losses its value by the same amount every

year. A fixed amount of the original cost is deducted every year.

D= {original cost- scrap value}/n

2. constant percentage method:

In this method it is assumed that the property will lose its value by a constant percentage

of its value at the beginning of every year.

D=1-{S/C} 1/n

3. Sinking fund method:

In this method depreciation of property is assumed to be equal to the annual sinking fund

plus the interest on the fund for that year, which is supposed to be invested on interest

bearing investment. If A is the annual sinking fund and b, c, d .. represent the interest on

the sinking fund for subsequent years and C is the total original cost.

At the end of Depreciation for the year

Total depreciation Book value

1st year A A C-A

2rd year A+b 2A+b C-(2A+b)

3rdyear A+c 3A+b+c C-(3A+b+c)

4rthyear A+d 4A+b+c+d C-(4A+b+c+d)

4. Quantity survey method :

In this method the property loss in value due to life, wear and tear, decay obsolescence,

worked out. Each and every step is based on some logical ground without any fixed

percentage of the cost of the property. Only experienced valuer can work out amount of

Depreciation and present value of a property by this method.

6M

Dr. Ch. Naga Satish Kumar K. Ravi Kumar

Professor & Head Asst. Professor,

Department of Civil Engg. Subject Co-Ordinator-1

BEC,Bapatla Department of Civil Engg.

BEC, Bapatla

Ph No: +91 - 9502341155

P. Bapiraju T.Chiranjeevi

Assoc. Professor, Asst. Professor,

Subject Co-Ordinator-2 Subject Co-Ordinator-3

Department of Civil Engg. Department of Civil Engg.

BEC,Bapatla BEC,Bapatla

Ph No: +91 - 9866204184 Ph No: +91 - 9985838081

14ce703/ce413 scheme of evaluation

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