= NODES

STRUCTURAL TECHNOLOGY'S CURRENT ART and about THE RIGHT ON THE SCIENTISTS KNOWLEDGE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION.

From the demonstration of the two New Physical Laws, elasticity can be defined as: "the quality that have the bodies or structures to express their mechanical properties, both at rest and in motion."In the field of Physics Applied Mechanics to structures, the major objective of engineering has been to obtain the accurate measurement of that elasticity. For this purpose have been developed the SHM (Structural Health Monitoring) and the FEM (Finite Element Method).

In simple terms, the SHM is essentially an R+D system based on the research and development to obtain measures of the structural elasticity. The measurements obtained by the SHM are characterized by being punctual and indirect and therefore inaccurate. These inaccurate measures are used by the FEM to obtain its estimates, which in turn give us as results the well known simulations. To understand clearly the above described, I present the following analogy: if I perform a simulated bill of X Euros/Dollars, said bill officially will lack of absolute value; therefore and similarly, both the SHM and the FEM will lack of official scientific validity by inaccurate, since they are based on structural elasticity simulations.

Below is explained in a simple way the foundation of the FEM, by taking as reference the following text of the famous and popular Wikipedia (Aeroelasticity) for the purpose to avoid any incredulity about the said before. According to Wikipedia: “Aeroelasticity involves not just the external aerodynamic loads and the way they change but also the structural, damping and mass characteristics of the aircraft. Prediction involves making a mathematical model of the aircraft as a series of masses connected by springs and dampers which are tuned to represent the dynamic characteristics of the aircraft structure. The model also includes details of applied aerodynamic forces and how they vary”.

How to Simulate a Model Using Finite Element Method

WikiHow

The solutions obtained by the FEM are only approximate: "The FEM obtains approximate numerical solution of a body, structure or domain (continuum)".

The FEM is based on the prediction of the aeroelasticity according to fictitious loads represented by springs or shock absorbers as in the right figure.

The springs and shock absorbers are linked by the nodes, and the whole formed a network called mesh.

The springs or dampers are called reticle, and each reticle is a "finite element".

In summary: in the field of exact sciences the estimates, approximations, predictions and simulations have no place.

SAMPLES of SIMPLE MESH

RETICLES(springs and

dampers)

= STRENGHTS

AXIAL FORCE NONAXIAL FORCE

PANDEO

fibra neutratracción

compresión

FLEXIÓN

fibra neutra

TORSIÓN

The measures used by the FEM usually are based on the strains obtained from the strain gauges. These stresses in turn are based on the Hooke's law according to formula which is expressed next:

Hooke’s Elasticity Law: the elongation which experiment an elastic material is directly proportional to the applied force F. = elongationL = original length E = Young’s modulusA = cross section of the stretched part

These strains or forces must be perfectly centered or exactly axial, since otherwise there would be a force moment (nonaxial force), which would result from bending or buckling of the material. Two typical examples of Hooke's Law (according to following figures) would be dynamometers and testing tensile specimen, as instruments of measurement of weight and the mechanical properties of a material.

In the specific cases of the structures of the aircraft or ships, these forces (are centered or not, axial or not) are virtually non-existent, instead producing bending and torsion moments, that lead to bending and twisting; so the tensions measures obtained do not meet such Hooke’s Law, and therefore its measures are erroneous or indirect, since them does not meet any other physical law. In the following figures the yellow arrows indicate the forms of tensions. Bending forces or tensions are parallel to the neutral fiber, and in the case of twist (torsion) the tensions revolve around that neutral fiber.

For all these reasons (and more), is why has never existed any method or sensors that are officially recognized by any transport safety agency (EMSA, EASA, FAA, MARAD...), classification societies (B. Veritas, Lloyd's, ABS,...), insurance, or any other institution of any kind. This means that current certifications of structures should be revised and corrected, as well as to ensure the safety of said structures according to the application of the SEMS (New Physical Laws), especially in those structures dedicated to the transport of passengers in accordance with the strict safety standards governing them.

Similarly, all curricula of the structural engineering and related or collateral careers, also would be updated as soon as possible, since otherwise the same official titles would lack of any academic value, as would happen with the studies of high school in the field of science. In the case of the masters, PHD and all courses regarding structures, the futility of these would be complete. I must express that I am born and residing in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Ultra-Peripheral Region of the European Union belonging to Spain, and therefore, I am an European citizen.As such citizen that I am, I understand that in the European Union I have my rights and duties, which include:

The duty to be loyal to the EU by compliance of the laws and regulations that govern it. And the right for the recognition of all the rights attributed to my person as an European citizen I am.

¿ FLAE

According to international law based on human rights (United Nations) and the rules and laws that govern the European Union, is this one (EU) which has the duty or obligation to assume the recognition or not of the mentioned two New Physical Laws.

By the rights of copyright that I have about these laws, it means that no nation outside the European Union can make use of them through any kind of recognition, since it would be understood as an interference in the internal affairs or laws that govern such European Union.

By their origin, these physical laws would be a cultural and economic patrimony of the EU, so is this one which has the obligation to ensure the right of all European citizens to enjoy the benefits of all scientific knowledge. Right that extends to all the citizens of the World according to article 27 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

1. Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits.

2. Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author.

As a result, I am writing to the two main institutions that govern the European Union, so that they ensure the rights of all European citizens, including myself.

Institutions to which I am addressing: European Council European Parliament (European Court of Human Rights)

Miguel Cabral Martín