14 adolescent problems. the biopsychosocial approach biological factors malfunctioning of body...

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Adolescent Problems

The Biopsychosocial Approach

The Biopsychosocial Approach

• Biological Factors• Malfunctioning of body

• Psychological Factors• Thoughts, emotions, learning, relationships

• Social Factors• SES, neighborhood quality

• Biological Factors• Malfunctioning of body

• Psychological Factors• Thoughts, emotions, learning, relationships

• Social Factors• SES, neighborhood quality

A Developmental Psychopathology Approach

A Developmental Psychopathology Approach

• Internalizing problems:• Occur when individuals turn problems

inward• Examples include anxiety and depression

• Externalizing problems:• Occur when individuals turn problems

outward• An example is juvenile delinquency

• Internalizing problems:• Occur when individuals turn problems

inward• Examples include anxiety and depression

• Externalizing problems:• Occur when individuals turn problems

outward• An example is juvenile delinquency

Characteristics of Adolescent Problems

Characteristics of Adolescent Problems

• Problems vary in severity• Gender differences• Short-lived vs. persistent over

years• SES background differences• Internal vs. external assets

• Problems vary in severity• Gender differences• Short-lived vs. persistent over

years• SES background differences• Internal vs. external assets

ResilienceResilience

• Individual Factors• Intelligence

• Family Factors• Close relationships

• Extrafamilial Factors• Relationships outside family

• Individual Factors• Intelligence

• Family Factors• Close relationships

• Extrafamilial Factors• Relationships outside family

ResilienceResilienceCharacteristics of Resilient Children and Adolescents

Characteristics of Resilient Children and Adolescents

Fig. 14.2

Trends In Drug Use by High-School Seniors

Trends In Drug Use by High-School SeniorsTrends in Drug Use by U.S. 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-Grade StudentsTrends in Drug Use by U.S. 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-Grade Students

Fig. 14.3

Alcohol EffectsAlcohol Effects

Clip art copyright © 2002 www.arttoday.com. Used with permission.

• Effects on Behavior and Brain Activity

• Depressant• Damage to muscle and brain cells

• Effects on Behavior and Brain Activity

• Depressant• Damage to muscle and brain cells



• Alcohol Use in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood

• Transition to college – critical time• Binge-drinking

• Alcohol Use in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood

• Transition to college – critical time• Binge-drinking

Alcohol EffectsAlcohol EffectsBinge Drinking in the Transition from Adolescence to Adulthood

Binge Drinking in the Transition from Adolescence to Adulthood

Fig. 14.7



• Risk Factors

• Heredity• Family Influences• Peer Relations• Personality

• Risk Factors

• Heredity• Family Influences• Peer Relations• Personality

HallucinogensHallucinogens

• Drugs that alter perceptual experiences and produce hallucinations; also called psychedelic or mind-altering drugs

• LSD• Marijuana

• Drugs that alter perceptual experiences and produce hallucinations; also called psychedelic or mind-altering drugs

• LSD• Marijuana


HallucinogensHallucinogensTrends in Marijuana Use by U.S. 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-

Graders: Use in the Past YearTrends in Marijuana Use by U.S. 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-

Graders: Use in the Past Year

Fig. 14.4

StimulantsStimulants

• Drugs that increase the activity of the central nervous system

• Drugs that increase the activity of the central nervous system

• Cigarette Smoking• Serious preventable health problem• Use is decreasing• Consequences

• Lung damage• Emotional problems

• Programs to prevent smoking

• Cigarette Smoking• Serious preventable health problem• Use is decreasing• Consequences

• Lung damage• Emotional problems

• Programs to prevent smoking


StimulantsStimulantsTrends in Cigarette Smoking by U.S. Secondary School Students

Trends in Cigarette Smoking by U.S. Secondary School Students

Fig. 14.5

• Cocaine• 2.3% of adolescents use cocaine• Unpredictable risk

• Amphetamines

• Ecstasy

• Cocaine• 2.3% of adolescents use cocaine• Unpredictable risk

• Amphetamines

• Ecstasy


DepressantsDepressants

• Slow the central nervous system, bodily functions, and behavior

• Barbiturates• Opiates

• Slow the central nervous system, bodily functions, and behavior

• Barbiturates• Opiates

Anabolic SteroidsAnabolic Steroids

• Drugs derived from the male sex hormone testosterone. They promote muscle growth and lean body mass.

• Drugs derived from the male sex hormone testosterone. They promote muscle growth and lean body mass.

Factors in Adolescent Drug Use

Factors in Adolescent Drug Use

• Interference with competent coping skills and decision making

• By mid twenties – use decreases• Parents, peers, and social support

• “Hands-on” parenting

• Role of schools in preventing drug abuse

• Interference with competent coping skills and decision making

• By mid twenties – use decreases• Parents, peers, and social support

• “Hands-on” parenting

• Role of schools in preventing drug abuse

• Index offenses:• Criminal acts at any age, such as

robbery, rape, and homicide

• Status offenses:• Performed by youths under a specified

age, not as serious as index offenses. Include drinking under age, truancy, sexual promiscuity

• Index offenses:• Criminal acts at any age, such as

robbery, rape, and homicide

• Status offenses:• Performed by youths under a specified

age, not as serious as index offenses. Include drinking under age, truancy, sexual promiscuity

What is Juvenile Delinquency?

What is Juvenile Delinquency?

Conduct DisorderConduct Disorder

• The psychiatric diagnostic category used when multiple behaviors occur over a 6-month period

• The psychiatric diagnostic category used when multiple behaviors occur over a 6-month period


Conduct DisorderConduct Disorder

• Their delinquent behaviors include:

• Truancy• Running away • Physical cruelty to people & animals • Setting fires• Using drugs and alcohol

• Their delinquent behaviors include:

• Truancy• Running away • Physical cruelty to people & animals • Setting fires• Using drugs and alcohol

Violence and YouthViolence and Youth

• Male

• Feelings of powerlessness

• Poverty

• Male

• Feelings of powerlessness

• Poverty



• At-Risk Youth

• Drugs and alcohol• Access to weapons• Antisocial, deviant peer group• Exposure to violence

• At-Risk Youth

• Drugs and alcohol• Access to weapons• Antisocial, deviant peer group• Exposure to violence


• Recommendations for reducing violence

• Recommit to raising children safely and effectively

• Make prevention a reality• More support to schools• Forge partnerships

• Recommendations for reducing violence

• Recommit to raising children safely and effectively

• Make prevention a reality• More support to schools• Forge partnerships

Major Depressive DisorderMajor Depressive Disorder

• Individual experiences a major depressive episode and depressed characteristics for at least two weeks or longer

• Depressed characteristics include lethargy and hopelessness

• Daily functioning becomes impaired

• Individual experiences a major depressive episode and depressed characteristics for at least two weeks or longer

• Depressed characteristics include lethargy and hopelessness

• Daily functioning becomes impaired

Major Depressive EpisodeMajor Depressive Episode

• An episode is a period during which specific intense symptoms of a disorder are evident

• An episode is a period during which specific intense symptoms of a disorder are evident



• Nine symptoms• At least 5 of the 9 must be present during a

2-week period:

1. Depressed mood most of the day2. Reduced interest or pleasure in all or most

activities3. Significant change in weight or appetite4. Trouble sleeping or sleeping too much

• Nine symptoms• At least 5 of the 9 must be present during a

2-week period:

1. Depressed mood most of the day2. Reduced interest or pleasure in all or most

activities3. Significant change in weight or appetite4. Trouble sleeping or sleeping too much

(Continued on next slide)


• Nine symptoms5. Psychomotor agitation or retardation6. Fatigue or loss of energy7. Feeling worthless or guilty (excessively,

inappropriately)8. Problems thinking, concentrating, making

decisions9. Recurrent thoughts of death and suicide

• Nine symptoms5. Psychomotor agitation or retardation6. Fatigue or loss of energy7. Feeling worthless or guilty (excessively,

inappropriately)8. Problems thinking, concentrating, making

decisions9. Recurrent thoughts of death and suicide

(Continued from previous slide)

SIBSIB

• About 17 percent of college students -- 20 percent of women and 14 percent of men -- report that they have cut, burned, carved or harmed themselves in other ways

• fewer than 7 percent of the students studied had ever sought medical help for their self-inflicted physical injuries.

• About 17 percent of college students -- 20 percent of women and 14 percent of men -- report that they have cut, burned, carved or harmed themselves in other ways

• fewer than 7 percent of the students studied had ever sought medical help for their self-inflicted physical injuries.

SIBSIB

• Self-injurious behavior is defined as inflicting harm to one's body without the obvious intent of committing suicide

• Cutting skin, ripping or pulling skin or hair, biting, bruising and breaking bones

• increased significantly in the past five years

• Self-injurious behavior is defined as inflicting harm to one's body without the obvious intent of committing suicide

• Cutting skin, ripping or pulling skin or hair, biting, bruising and breaking bones

• increased significantly in the past five years

Those who had repeat incidents of SIB,

Those who had repeat incidents of SIB,

• almost six times more likely to have considered or attempted suicide

• 3.5 times more likely to report a history of emotional abuse;

• three times more likely to report high levels of recent psychological distress;

• and ･ twice as likely to report characteristics of an eating disorder.

• almost six times more likely to have considered or attempted suicide

• 3.5 times more likely to report a history of emotional abuse;

• three times more likely to report high levels of recent psychological distress;

• and ･ twice as likely to report characteristics of an eating disorder.

Why SI?Why SI?• Cope with anxiety or other negative feelings • relieve stress or pressure (Whitlock, 2006). • feel in control of their bodies and minds,• express feelings• distract themselves from other problems• communicate needs• create visible and treatable wounds, to purify

themselves• reenact a trauma in an attempt to resolve it• http://www.crpsib.com/default.asp

• Cope with anxiety or other negative feelings • relieve stress or pressure (Whitlock, 2006). • feel in control of their bodies and minds,• express feelings• distract themselves from other problems• communicate needs• create visible and treatable wounds, to purify

themselves• reenact a trauma in an attempt to resolve it• http://www.crpsib.com/default.asp

SIBSIB• Risk factors• bisexual/question their sexual orientation.• slightly more likely to be female (55

percent) • Less likely to be Asian or Asian-American.

• Risk factors• bisexual/question their sexual orientation.• slightly more likely to be female (55

percent) • Less likely to be Asian or Asian-American.

SuicideSuicide


• Rare in childhood, escalates in early adolescence

• Females contemplate it more, but males actually commit suicide more

• Rare in childhood, escalates in early adolescence

• Females contemplate it more, but males actually commit suicide more

Suicide RatesSuicide Rates

• The suicide rate for adolescents ages 15 to 19 was 8.2 deaths per 100,000 teenagers, • five times as many males as females.

• Among people 20 to 24 years of age, the suicide rate was 12.8 per 100,000 young adults• seven times as many deaths among men as

among women.

• Older adults are disproportionately likely to die by suicide. 5 Times national rate

• The suicide rate for adolescents ages 15 to 19 was 8.2 deaths per 100,000 teenagers, • five times as many males as females.

• Among people 20 to 24 years of age, the suicide rate was 12.8 per 100,000 young adults• seven times as many deaths among men as

among women.

• Older adults are disproportionately likely to die by suicide. 5 Times national rate


SuicideSuicide

• Factors associated with suicide• Sexual orientation• Family instability or unhappiness• Genetic factors

• “Copycat” suicides

• Factors associated with suicide• Sexual orientation• Family instability or unhappiness• Genetic factors

• “Copycat” suicides

Risk FactorsRisk Factors

･ Mood changes or depression ･• Drug and alcohol abuse ･• Disruptlve and unsupportive family background ･• Psychiatric illnesses ･• Previous attempts ･• Ready availability of lethal means to commit suicide ･• Recent bereavement ･• chronic physical illness ･• anniversary phenomenon (of past losses or major life events) ･• early loss experiences ･• school failure ･• chronic unemployment ･• perfectionists and over-achievers

･ Mood changes or depression ･• Drug and alcohol abuse ･• Disruptlve and unsupportive family background ･• Psychiatric illnesses ･• Previous attempts ･• Ready availability of lethal means to commit suicide ･• Recent bereavement ･• chronic physical illness ･• anniversary phenomenon (of past losses or major life events) ･• early loss experiences ･• school failure ･• chronic unemployment ･• perfectionists and over-achievers

Interrelations of Problems and Prevention/Intervention

Interrelations of Problems and Prevention/Intervention

• Adolescents with more than one problem• Highest risk

• Prevention and intervention• Intensive individualized attention• Community-wide multi-agency collaborative

approaches• Early identification and intervention

• Adolescents with more than one problem• Highest risk

• Prevention and intervention• Intensive individualized attention• Community-wide multi-agency collaborative

approaches• Early identification and intervention

Taking it to the NetTaking it to the Net

• For more information on material covered in this chapter, visit our Online Learning Center:

http://www.mhhe.com/santrocka11

• For more information on material covered in this chapter, visit our Online Learning Center:

http://www.mhhe.com/santrocka11

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