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13.1 NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES IN CRISIS Objectives: 1. Describe the culture of Native Americans living on the Great Plains 2. Contrast the cultures of white settlers and Natives and explain why the white settlers moved West. 3. Summarize the continuing conflict of white settlers moving West. 4. Identify the government’s policy on assimilation.

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Page 1: 13.1 NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES IN CRISIS Objectives: 1. Describe the culture of Native Americans living on the Great Plains 2. Contrast the cultures of

13.1 NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES IN CRISIS

Objectives:1. Describe the culture of Native Americans living on the Great Plains2. Contrast the cultures of white settlers and Natives and explain why the white settlers moved West.3. Summarize the continuing conflict of white settlers moving West.4. Identify the government’s policy on assimilation.

Page 2: 13.1 NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES IN CRISIS Objectives: 1. Describe the culture of Native Americans living on the Great Plains 2. Contrast the cultures of

The Plains Indians

Hunter/warrior societies form w/ horse and gun

Buffalo central to life

Independent, highly organized societies

Page 3: 13.1 NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES IN CRISIS Objectives: 1. Describe the culture of Native Americans living on the Great Plains 2. Contrast the cultures of

ENVIRONMENTAL DECLINE END OF AMERICAN INDIAN WAY OF LIFE

15 million buffalo reduced to 1,000 by 1885

Less Buffalo Less food for American Indians

Scarcity Conflict among tribes and with Settlers

Conflict Am. Indians put on Reservations

Page 4: 13.1 NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES IN CRISIS Objectives: 1. Describe the culture of Native Americans living on the Great Plains 2. Contrast the cultures of

http://www.saskschools.ca/~gregory/firstnations/scans/uses.jpg

Page 5: 13.1 NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES IN CRISIS Objectives: 1. Describe the culture of Native Americans living on the Great Plains 2. Contrast the cultures of

The Eventual Push

The land ownership debate White=legal claims/Indian=open for all to use

Legal system manipulated to give whites reason to move west to “unclaimed” land Natives did not “improve” the land

Gold rush led to mass migration/towns forming. (1849 on)

Page 6: 13.1 NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES IN CRISIS Objectives: 1. Describe the culture of Native Americans living on the Great Plains 2. Contrast the cultures of
Page 7: 13.1 NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES IN CRISIS Objectives: 1. Describe the culture of Native Americans living on the Great Plains 2. Contrast the cultures of

START:Miners, Settlers,

Ranchers

Barb-wire and Fences

Buffalo lose habitat

Buffalo Over-

hunted

Indians lose Buffalo

Indians weakenedConflict

with Whites

#1Railroad

Page 8: 13.1 NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES IN CRISIS Objectives: 1. Describe the culture of Native Americans living on the Great Plains 2. Contrast the cultures of

Map: Transcontinental Railroads and Federal Land Grants, 1850-1900

Transcontinental Railroads and Federal Land Grants, 1850-1900Despite the laissez-faire ideology that argued against government interference in business, Congress heavily subsidized American railroads and gave them millions of acres of land. As illustrated in the box, belts of land were reserved on either side of a railroad's right of way. Until the railroad claimed the exact one-mile-square sections it chose to possess, all such sections within the belt remained closed to settlement.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Page 9: 13.1 NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES IN CRISIS Objectives: 1. Describe the culture of Native Americans living on the Great Plains 2. Contrast the cultures of

http://thewest.harpweek.com/

Page 10: 13.1 NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES IN CRISIS Objectives: 1. Describe the culture of Native Americans living on the Great Plains 2. Contrast the cultures of

Homestead Act of 1862

160 acres for free IF1. improve the land2. pay $303. live there for 5 years

OR1. live there for 6 months2. pay $1.25 an acre

500,000 families attempt homesteading, 2 out of 3 failed. Corrupt corporations made biggest use of act for land-grabs. Exodusters – Af. Americans leave south & settle in KansasSIGNIFICANCE: Encouraged rapid migration and made

land and farms possible for many Americans without wealth.

Page 11: 13.1 NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES IN CRISIS Objectives: 1. Describe the culture of Native Americans living on the Great Plains 2. Contrast the cultures of

Map: Settlement of the Trans-Mississippi West, 1860-1890

Settlement of the Trans-Mississippi West, 1860-1890The West was not settled by a movement of peoples gradually creeping westward from the East. Rather, settlers first occupied California and the Midwest and then filled up the nation's vast interior.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Page 12: 13.1 NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES IN CRISIS Objectives: 1. Describe the culture of Native Americans living on the Great Plains 2. Contrast the cultures of

Dawes Act 1887

Assimilation Breakup of reservations to

agriculture/take best land for whites Schools (“kill the Indian, save the

man”) Buffalo wiped out on purpose

Battle of Wounded Knee after Sitting Bull’s death stems from Ghost Dance hysteria.

“Buffalo Bill” Cody

Page 13: 13.1 NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES IN CRISIS Objectives: 1. Describe the culture of Native Americans living on the Great Plains 2. Contrast the cultures of

Indian School

Page 14: 13.1 NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES IN CRISIS Objectives: 1. Describe the culture of Native Americans living on the Great Plains 2. Contrast the cultures of

Indian “Pacification” US Govt. signs treaties with Native

Americans Led to Reservation System (= Boundaries)

PROBLEM: Ignored reality of migration of tribes, buffalo and especially settlers

BROKEN PROMISES: US did not respect terms of treaties, violated its own “boundaries” and failed to provide security and food to tribes.

Page 15: 13.1 NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES IN CRISIS Objectives: 1. Describe the culture of Native Americans living on the Great Plains 2. Contrast the cultures of

Fighting in the Plains

1866: 81 soldiers & settlers killed Bozeman, MT 1868: Fort Laramie Treaty, govt. abandon’s

Bozeman Trail 1874: Col. Custer creates gold rush to Black Hills,

SD, sacred to Sioux. Sitting Bull destroys Custer’s command at Little Big Horn

1877: Nez Perce lands appropriated for gold. Nez Perce flee on 1700 mile trek to Canada. Stopped and sent to Kansas, where 40% died of disease.

Geronimo leads resistance of Apache in South West. NOTE: 20% of US troops were Buffalo Soldiers

Page 16: 13.1 NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES IN CRISIS Objectives: 1. Describe the culture of Native Americans living on the Great Plains 2. Contrast the cultures of

Sand Creek Massacre

November, 1864: Cheyenne are forced to a barren area of

Colorado Begin to raid local trails for food and supplies Col. Chivington’s militia massacre 400+ women

and children at Sand Creek, CO

"I have come to kill Indians, and believe it is right and honorable to use any means under God's heaven to kill Indians.“ – Col. Chivington

Page 17: 13.1 NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES IN CRISIS Objectives: 1. Describe the culture of Native Americans living on the Great Plains 2. Contrast the cultures of

1890: Battle of Wounded Knee Sioux believed in the Ghost Dance

Wovoka promised a Sioux revival if they performed this dance

Soldiers arrested about 350 starving and freezing Sioux and took them to Wounded Knee Creek in S.D.

MASSACRE: Federal Cavalry kills over 300

Page 18: 13.1 NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES IN CRISIS Objectives: 1. Describe the culture of Native Americans living on the Great Plains 2. Contrast the cultures of
Page 19: 13.1 NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES IN CRISIS Objectives: 1. Describe the culture of Native Americans living on the Great Plains 2. Contrast the cultures of
Page 20: 13.1 NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES IN CRISIS Objectives: 1. Describe the culture of Native Americans living on the Great Plains 2. Contrast the cultures of

Wounded Knee

Sitting Bull’s death stems from Ghost Dance hysteria.

Systematic wiping out pretty much complete by end of 19th century.

Page 21: 13.1 NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES IN CRISIS Objectives: 1. Describe the culture of Native Americans living on the Great Plains 2. Contrast the cultures of
Page 22: 13.1 NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES IN CRISIS Objectives: 1. Describe the culture of Native Americans living on the Great Plains 2. Contrast the cultures of

FACTORS/ EVENTS

Examples US Govt. and Settlers

Native Americans

OUTCOME

Westward Push/Resistance

Assimilation

Ghost Dance

ANALYSIS: IMPACT OF SETTLEMENT ON NATIVE AMERICANS


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