122579656-biology

Lactation (milk production) period is an important character among dairybreed cattles. Extended lactation with steady yield per day is a desirable trait. For agood breed, the daily yield will be about 20 to 40 kg of milk with 10 to 11 months oflactation. Dry days, period between lactation and calving during which cows do notmilk, is short. Lactation capacity of a cow depends on the care and nursing duringthe conception period and the after delivery stage.

Cross-breeding is defined as the crossing or mating of animals, belonging totwo different breeds. The offspring thus produced will be of a better quality. Thegovernment has already established more than 150 government cattle breedingfarms for dairy improvement.

Artificial insemination is also a method to inseminate a cow during its heatperiod with stored semen. The semen of the desired bull (ofexotic breed) is collectedin a receptacle and then introduced into the female reproductive tract by manusing instruments. The breeding of dairy cattle by this method has given the dairyindustry the opportunity to make widespread use of superior breeds for improvingthe performance of dairy cattle. Artificial insemination was done for the first timeon dogs by Italian Lazanno Spallarizani in 1780. In India, this was done in 1939 bySampath Kumar in Mysore.

I Advantages of Artificial Insemination1. It makes selective breeding easier. Semen from any desired bull can be used

to inseminate any cow, selected for breeding. It gives the required type ofoffspring, with a better quality.

2. Attificial insemination is economical. The semen of a bull can fertilise a largenumber of cows.

3. Semen collected from a bull of desired trait can be stored (freezed) for a longtime and can be transported to a long distance wherever needed.

4. Animal breeders can take semen from semen storage banks and thus, there isno need for them to keep a bull for this purpose.

5. Artificial insemination procedure is more reliable. Its success rate is higherthan that of natural breeding.

6. Since semen is easily available whenever needed, a heated female can beimpregnated easily.

Milk is a very important supplementary diet of man. In India, milk is theonly source of animal protein food for the vegetarians. In the infant stages of man,milk is the sale dietary food. Cows and buffaloes are the primary producers of milk,although goat and sheep also yield milk.

Embryo transfer

This technique is used for improving the animal breed. The developingembryo at a definite stage is taken out from the uterus of a superior breed andtransferred into the uterus of a female of inferior breed. Here, it develops till birth.Thus, the quality and production in livestock can be improved.

Feeding and Shelter of Milk Animals

For getting good, clean and proper yield of milk, the animals need dailyregular brushing and bathing. Their shelters should be roofed to protect them fromun's heat, rain and cold. The floor of the shed should be on a slope so that it is easily

cleaned and it should also be dry. They should be spacious enough. A cow generallyneeds about six square metre space and a buffalo needs a little more space. The

mprovement in Food Resources 125 VK BIOlogy IX --'.' ,

cattle shelters should also be well ventilated. For their feeding there should be longfeeding troughs and feeding passages.

I Food

Cattles (cows and buffaloes) suffer from various diseases. which cause reductionor stoppage of milk production. Certain diseases even cause death of the cattle. Ahealthy animal shows regular normal feeding. normal body posture. normal bodytemperature (38C in cow) and pulse rate from 40 to 60 per minute. The normalrespiratory rate is 15 to 30 per minute in cows. In buffalo, the body temperatureis 37.2 to 38.2C. pulse rate is 40 to 45 per minute. and respiration rate is 16 to 18per minute.

Diseases of cattles are of three types:

(I) Parasitic (2) Infectious and (3) Non-infectious.

1. Parasitic diseases: Fleas. blood sucking lice. ticks and mites are externalparasites. They live on the skin of cattles and cause skin diseases. Cattle leech(Hirudinaria granulosa) sucks blood of cattles (cows and buffaloes) and causeanaemia. Internal parasites of cattles are Ascaris sps. (worms) living in intestine,causing anaemia and intestinal disorders. and Fasciola sps. (flukes) damage theliver.

2. Infectious diseases: They are caused by bacteria and viruses. They arecontagious and spread by contact from animal to animal. Bacterial diseases

Improvement in Food Resources

Diseases of Cattles

The animal food includes roughage and concentrates.

1. Roughage largely contains fibres like green fodder. silage. hay of cereals andlegumes such as barseem, lucerne, cowpea and agath.

Green grasses are the most common nutritious food of cattles. These areSudan grass. Rhodes grass, Napier grass. Guinea grass and Elephant grass,etc. Barseem, lucerne. cowpea and agathi are the leguminous fodder relishedby cattles very much. Barseem and lucerne are available in winters as well as insummers. Jowar is also a green fodder of summers. Maize and bajra are usedas dry fodder in summers. In winters, green upper part of sugarcane is alsogiven to the cattles. which is also a nutritious food for animals.

2. Concentrates are low in fibres and contain relatively high proteins and othernutrients. Concentrates are rich in carbohydrates. fats, proteins, vitamins andminerals. Concentrate foods are cotton seeds, oil seeds. grains of maize, barley,oats.jowar. bajra. gram and their byproducts. e.g. rice and wheat barns, gramhusk. oil seed cakes. etc. Oil seed cakes (khal) in water is mixed with the hay ofcereals to produce the nutritious nature of food. Cotton seeds are given to thecattles to increase fat content of the milk.

The daily (24 hours) balanced ration (feed) of a cow is as follows:

I. Green fodder (roughage) = 15 to 20 kg.

2. Concentrate (grain mixture) = 4 to 5 kg.

3. Water = 30 to 35 litres.

Thus. milk-yielding cattles need a good nutritious feed daily for the productionof fairly good milk. Additional vitamins, hormones and minerals may also be givento cattles for their good health, and good yield of milk. Antibiotics may also be givento them to protect them from diseases.

126iiidI'---!.:.~;

are anthrax, black quarter, (from Clostridium chanroei) and haemorrhagicsepticemia caused by Pasteurella multocida.

Viral diseases are cow pox (Vaccinea), rinder pest and foot and mouth disease.In foot and mouth disease, blisters appear in mouth and on feet. Saliva oozes out ofmouth in excess, there is soreness of mouth, appetite diminishes and there is highfever. It even causes death to cattles.

There are certain bacterial, viral and fungal diseases of animals that aretransmitted to human beings. So one should be careful to prevent and control suchdiseases. These are rabies, cow pox, encephalitis (viral), anthrax, tuberculosis andbrucellosis (bacterial) and actinomycosis, aspergilosis and ring worm (fungal). Certainprotozoan parasites (e.g., Entamoeba and Trypanos01l!a) also cause infection in man.For bacterial and viral diseases, vaccines have been developed and are available inthe market. For controlling various types of diseases in cattles and domestic animals,veterinary hospitals are present in every district and town of the country.

I Prevention of Animal DiseasesI. Animal shelters should be well-cleaned and aerated.

2. Animals should get good food and clean drinking water.

3. Their regular bathing is also essential for preventing external parasites. Ifexternal parasites infest the animal, apply solution of insecticides.

4. Diseased animals should be kept separate.

5. Vaccination may be done against bacterial and viral diseases.

6. Prevent rats from entering animal shelters.

I Meat Providing LivestocksGoat, sheep and pig together supply about seventy per cent meat in India.

Goat meat demand is more than sheep and pig meat. Sheep and goat also providemilk and wool. Their maintenance is also easy. Sheep do not need a good shelter.They can live in flocks under natural shades of trees and hills. Sheep eat a variety ofplants including weeds. Indigenous breeds of sheep are Nellore and Mandya, andDorset and Suffolk are exotic breeds. Indigenous breeds are famous for productionof wool and exotic breeds for mutton. Their cross breeds gain 30 to 50 per centmore body weight. Hence, they are better for the production of mutton.

Indigenous breeds of goat in our country are about twenty. These areJamunapari, Himalayan, Bengal and Assam hill breed, Decanny and Osmanabadi,Kathiyabari, etc. Popular exotic breeds are Alpine, Toggenberg and Sannen. Goats'shelter should be dry, safe and secure from predators (e.g., wolves) and protectedfrom too much heat and cold. Goats need fresh and clean fodder, hay ofleguminouscrops and leaves of trees. A goat requires about 5 kg roughages (green and dry) and250 g concentrates.

Common diseases ofsheep and goat are caused by bacteria and virus. Bacterialdiseases are Black quarter, Brucellosis and Vibriosis. Sore mouth, goat pox andrinderpest are viral diseases. Nutritional deficiency disease also occur in goats. Theyalso suffer from parasitic attack. Regular vaccination, cleaning and consultation withveterinary doctors are essential to prevent diseases.

Improvement in Food Resources 127 VK Biology IX

Table 3.15 Diseases of animals


Bee KeepingNector, a sweet viscous liquid secreted by flowers is suck by bees and converted

to honey by the action of an enzyme-invertase. It is then stored in special cells ofhives. This honey is ofenormous use to man. It is a sweet viscous fluid, rich in sugars,minerals, vitamins, amino acids and enzymes. Honey has great nutritive value andmedicinal value. It is an essential requirement for children as it is rich in iron andcalcium and helps the body to grow. Honey is a source of sugar in confectioneryitems like pastries and cakes. Its medicinal uses are wide. It is a blood purifier andcures cough and cold. It also cures ulcers of throat, tongue, stomach and intestine.In addition, beehives are also a source of wax, propolis and bee venom. Wax issecreted by wax glands of worker bees and is utilised in the construction of hives.This wax is ofgreat use to us. It is used in the manufacture ofcosmetics, cold creams,shaving creams, lipsticks, nail polishes, candles, ointments, lubricants, etc.

Propolis are another collection of bees from the plants used in repairing andfastening combs. Bee venom is used in the manufacture of certain Ayurvedic andHomeopathic medicines. Keeping all this in mind, bee keeping for obtaining honeyand other useful materials has become an agricultural enterprise. The practice ofbee keeping is called apiculture.

I Honey Bee Varieties Used for Bee KeepingBoth indigenous and exotic varieties of honey bees are used for commercial

production of honey in India.1. Indegenous Varieties of Honey Bees include, Apis cerana indica F. (Indian

bee). Apis dorsata F. (Rock bee), Apis florae F. (Little bee).2. Exotic Varieties of Honey Bees are Apis mellifera (European or Italian bee),

Apis adamsoni (South African bee).The South African bee yields 100 kg per hive per year which is twelve times

the Indian average of 4.5 kg per hive per year. The Italian bee yields an averageof 50 to 200 kg of honey per hive per year. Italian bee (APis melli/era) is commonlydomesticated in India to increase the yield of honey.

I Colony of BeesHoney bee is a social insect that lives in colonies and provides a very good

example of division of labour and caste system. Different tasks are done by differentgroups ofbees in the same colony. A colony may have 40,000 to 1,00,000 individuals.Individuals show polymorphism, i.e., individuals show a distinct form of variation inmorphology. There are three castes-queen, drones and workers-individuals of eachcaste are morphologically distinct from those of others.

Queen

It is generally one in a colony and is the largest. The queen remains inside thehive and lays eggs. It lays up to 2,000 eggs everyday, both fertilised and unfertilised.I t is fed on proteinaceous food like royal jelly.

I Animal diseasesAnimal I I , .-

Bacterial Viral Fungal

Cattles (cow. buffalo, sheep) ITuberculosis IFoot and mouth -Cattles (cow, buffalo, sheep) Rinderpest Pox -

Cattles (cow, buffu.lo, sheep) ISalmonellosisIRanikhe~

-

Poultry birds Fowl pox I Aspergillosis

128

Fig. 3.22 Honey bee

VK Biology IX.;'--

Drones

They emerge from the unfertilised eggs and are fertile males. They arestingless and medium sized. Their role is to mate with the queen, eat honey andremain inside the hives. They are driven away from the hives to save the honey.

Workers

They emerge from the fertilised eggs and are sterile females. They are thesmallest in size but are the most active of all. They have pollen sacs, sting and waxglands and perform all domestic and field works. During the initial period of theirlife, they perform indoor duties like cleaning up the cells before the queen bee layseggs in them. Then they build new combs and seal them with wax. In the later stageof life they do the outdoor activities like collection of nectars from flowers and storethem in storage cells and convert them into honey by their enzyme actions. Theyalso defend their colony from enemy by stinging it. They immediately die off afterstinging.

Apiculture and management of honey production is a fast growing cottageindustry in India with about 5.75 lakh bee colonies working to produce honey atpresent. According to rough estimates, the total output of honey in India at presentis about 5 million tonnes per annum. Tamil Nadu is the top honey producer{o"",""d b~ K,,-,a\a a"d Kan,atal,;.a. fm I:0mm,,-,c,a\ pYDduct\Dn Df 'uDnq, ap\a,\e:.are established. An apiary is a place where bee hives are kept to obtain honey andother bee products.

Beehive

A beehive is a special box of wooden chambers forlaying eggs and honey collection. There are three types ofartificial beehives used in India:

Langstroth Newton Jeolikote

While the Langstroth beehive is used in hilly regionsthe latter two are formed in plains.

The quality and taste of honey depends upon theflora or orchards available in the near vicinity of theapiary. Apiaries are situated near mango groves, coconuttrees, almond trees, apple trees, orchards of cashew nuts,guava trees and honey obtained from these apiaries taste Fig. 323 BeehIVeaccordingly. Almond honey of Kashmir tastes very good.

A suitable site of apiary should have abundance of flowers with a longer honeyflow time (the total time during which bees collect nectar and pollens).

It should receive sunlight during morning and evening and some shadeduring mid-day.

Water should be available nearby.

I Selection of Honey Bee VarietyThe Italian bee, Apis melliferia, is most widely used for honey production in

India. This bee yields an average of 50 to 20 kg of honey per hive per year.

I Diseases and Enemies of Honey BeeHoney bees are commonly infected by viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa. For

example, the bacterium Bacillus apisceptio!ls infects blood of bee causing septicemia.Brood foul disease is caused by Schizomycetes (fungi). Nosema disease and

Improvement in Food Resources 129,.'

oysters

amoeba diseases are caused by protozoan pathogens Nosema apis and Vahlkampflamellifira, respectively. Common pests/enemies of bees are wasps, wax moths andmites. Various birds such as king crows, blue tits, fly-catchers, chaffinch, green blueeater, sparrows, etc., use bee as their meal. Wasps are controlled manually (i.e., bydestroying the wasp nests from the locality of apiary). Wax moth is controlled byexposing bees in bee hive to sun, by increasing temperature. Bee-eating birds arescared away by some device.

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENTFA 3.12: Word Box

Topic: Fish production

Directions: Complete the paragraph given below choosing the appropriate wordsfrom the word box in the space provided.

catlas pomphret, mackerel and Bombay duck

mullets bhetki and pearl spots rice crop

Mrigals and Common Carps composite fish culture system

Grass Carps five or six

The water source of the fish can be either sea water or fresh water, such as in

rivers and ponds. Popular marine fish varieties include _

_________and , . Marine

fish are caught using many kinds of fishing nets [Tom fishing boats. Some

marine fish of high economic value are also farmed which include finned fish

like , and

_________are also cultivated for the pearls they make. Fresh

water resources include canals, ponds, reservoirs and rivers. Fish culture is

sometimes done in combination with a ,--------,so that fish are grown in the water in the paddy field. More intensive fish

farming is done in . In such a system, a combination of

_________ or fish species is used in a single

fishpond. As a result, the food available in all the parts of the pond is used.

As are surface feeders, feed in

the middle-zone, and are bottom

feeders, and feed on the weeds.

FA 3.13: True or False

State whether the following statements are True or False.

r. Jersey is an Indian breed of cow.2. To enhance poultry production, cross breeding is done between Indian and

exotic breeds for variety improvement.

3. To increase the production of fish, they can be cultured in marine and inlandecosystems.

4. Poultry farming is done to raise domestic fowls for egg production and chickenmeat.

5. Most fish production in inland waterbody is capture fishing.

.. 130Improvement in Food Resources

6. One major problem with composite fish culture is that many of these fish breedonly during monsoon.

7. The value or quality of honey depends upon the pasturage, or the flowersavailable to the bees for nectar and pollen collection.

A dorsata,

(vi) Aseel

(vii) Pearls(viii) Draught animals

(ix) Middle-zone feeders

(x) Culture fishery(xi) Apis cerana indica,

A florae

FA 3.14: Match the Following:Match the terms in column I to their meanings in column II.

Column I Column II

(a) Catlas (i) Broiler

(b) Rohus (ii) Surface feeders(c) MrigaJ (iii) Bottom feeders

(d) Fish farming (iv) Milk-producing females

(e) Bees used for commercial (v) Local breed of cattlehoney production

if) Oysters(g) Cattle used for tilling and carting(h) Indian breed of chicken

(i) Sahiwal and Red Sindhi(J) Milch

(k) Chicken better food for obtaining meat

FA 3.15: Bead Necklaces

Given below are outline structures ofsome 'Bead Necklaces' and a list ofcharactersplaced in different categories. Each necklace is given a name that is actually the'term' important for Food Production. You have to pick one character from eachcategory to list the features of a group. In this way, you will 'string the beads' andthe necklace will be complete when all the beads have been allotted charactersfrom each category.

Categories A B C D EFor Milk Layers and Fowl Dwarf parent Mullets and

and broilers preferred for BhetkiDraught commercial chicklabour production

For egg Marine and Peneaus Lactation period Aseelandproduction fresh water monodon is important while Leghornand chicken varieties selecting the right

meat breed

Cheap Dairy and Apis Large schools are Jersey, Redsource of draught dorsO-la~ located in open Sindhi

animal animals Apis sea using satellitesprotein melliJera and eeo-sounders;

obtained Capture andfrom water culture methods

are also used

For Local and Bas indicus Value or quality of Rock beeproduction Italian and Bos product depends and little bee

honey variety bubalis upan pasturage

Improvement in Food Resources 13l VK Biology IX ---"

A

B

~FARMING

co

E

E

E


o

oc

.~FARMING

c

~PRODUCTION

B

A

132

---:,.VK Biology IX133

E

oc

rBEE"\KEEPING

B

A

SUMMARY

FA 3.16: Group Discussion

Divide the class in small groups. Discuss animal husbandry and discuss followingquestions in your group.

I. Name the method commonly used for improving cattle breeds and also statewhy it is used.

2. Name any two Indian breeds of (i) cows and (ii) buffaloes.3. Define animal husbandry.4. How is cross breeding useful in cattle?

I Human beings use plants and animals as food.I Plants are autotrophs, i.e., they manufacture their food as starch (carbohydrate).I Animals and human beings are heterotrophs, i.e., feed on plants and animals.I Plants get carbon and oxygen from air, hydrogen from water and rest from the soil to

manufacture food through a process called photosynthesis.I Man is constantly trying to improve the quality and increase the quantity of food to

support a growing population.

I Improvement in yield of crops should be done in three stages:-crop variety improved-crop production management-crop protection management

I While the first stage includes selection of an improved variety of seeds throughhybridisation and genetic engineer, the second stage deals with nurturing of cropsthrough nutrient management, cropping pattern, irrigation, etc. The third stage isprotection of the harvest.

I Manures are natural bulky organic matter, e.g., farmyard manure (FYM), compost,green manure and vermicompost.

I Manures restore the soil texture for water retention and soil aeration.I Manures provide food for soil organisms, like bacteria and fungi. They decompose

organic matter and provide nutrients to plants.


I FYM is a decomposed mixture of cattle's excreta, roughage or unused fodder. Itprovides nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium to the crop.

I Compost is vegetable and animal refuse of town area, like animal excreta, faecalmatter of humans and sewage waste. It is decomposed by microorganisms. It containsthe same nutrients as that of FYM.

I Green manuring is growing of leguminous and non-leguminous crops in the field,ploughing (before flowering) and mixing with the soil.

I These are decomposed in the soil by microorganisms. This is done before rains.Leguminous plants provide nitrogen to the soil.

I Fertilisers are chemicals produced by the factories. These are inorganic, e.g.,ammonium sulphate and organic like urea. Fertilisers are nitrogenous (urea,ammonium sulphate, sodium and ammonium nitrate), phosphatic (superphosphatesand dicalcium phosphate), potassic (potassium chloride, sulphate and nitrate) andcomplex like nitrophosphate, ammonium phosphate, urea ammonium phosphateproviding two or more nutrients.

I Biofertilisers add nitrogen to the soil. These are cyanobacteria, phosphate solubilisingmicroorganisms, Rhizobium, blue-green algae, and mycorrhiza (fungi lives in roots ofhigher plants).

I Water is very essential for crop production. Its judicious use increases the crop yield.Where water is not available for irrigation, crop yield is low. Crop production entirelydepends on rain water.

I Insufficient rain or no rain creates drought condition. Crops dry off.I Crop protection is to protect the crop from pests, i.e., insects, fungi, bacteria,

viruses, worms, rodents, etc. Insects are killed by insecticides, fungi are destroyed byfungicides. Chemicals used to kill pests (e.g., weeds, fungi, insects, mites and rodents)are called pesticides. Pesticides are either sprayed or dusted over crops, or mixedwith seeds and soil.

I For preventive measures for the crops- resistant varieties of crop plants, crop rotationand multiple cropping and summer ploughing are used.

I Contact insecticides are malathion, lindane and thiodon. They are sprayed on stemand leaf cutting and boring insects.

I Systemic insecticides are dimethoate and metasystox. These are also sprayed. Theseare absorbed by the plants. When sap sucking insects feed on plants they are killed.

I Sucking insecticides are aphids (Aphis), Pyrilla (leaf hoppers), plant bugs like redcotton bug (Dysdercus ).

I Plant borers are sugarcane borers, chick pea pod borers, cotton boll weevil and grainweevil.

I Weeds are small sized unwanted plants growing along with cultivated crops in thefield. They suppress the growth of the crop plants and use nutrients from the soil.Examples of weeds are motha (nut grass), jangJi jowar (wild sorghum), chau/ai,sathi, jangJi jar, bathua and hirankhuri. Chemicals used for destroying weeds are 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid, atrazine, f1uchoralin, etc. Biological control is done bycochineal insects for Opuntia; grass carp (fish) is used to control aquatic weeds.

I Pests of stored grains are pulse beetle damage grams; rice weevil damage rice; wheatweevil, grain and flour moth of rice, wheat, maize, etc., rust red flour beetle, rice moth andlesser grain borer. Their adults or larva (grub) or both damage the grains and their flour.

I Grains (rice, wheat, etc.) are stored in gunny bags and FCI silos.I For storage of grains, temperature of storage houses should not be more than

30C and moisture content should be 14% or less by weight. More humidity causesdevelopment of fungus.

134 Improvement in Food Resources

Storage places should be cleaned, free from cracks or holes in the walls, etc., gunnybags should be stitched properly after filling grains and if needed the place should befummigated.

Spray insecticides over grain-filled gunny bags. Gammaxene or benzene hexachloridewettable powder (BHC WP), pyrethrum and malathion are some insecticides to name.

Fumigants are ethylene dibromide (EDB), ethylene dichloride plus carbon tetrachloride(EDCT) in liquid form; aluminium phosphide (AlP) in solid state and methyl bromide ingaseous state.

Animal husbandry deals with the breeding, feeding, rearing, shelter and caring ofdomestic animals and meat and egg giving animals, etc.

Objective of animal husbandry is to improve cattle and live stock breeds to get higheryields of milk, meat, eggs, wool, etc.

Improved Indian breeds of cows are Red Sindhi and Tharparkar of Andhra Pradesh, Girof Gujarat, Sahiwal of Punjab and Haryana.

Exotic breeds of cows are imported breeds brought from European countries. Theseare high milk yielding cows, e.g., Holstein, Swiss, Jersey and Friesian.

Improved cow-breeds developed by NDRI, Kamal are Karan Swiss (Swiss X Sahiwal),Karan Friesian (Tharparkar X Holstein Friesian) and Frieswall (Sahiwal X HolsteinFriesian).

Buffalo breeds are Murrah of Punjab and Haryana, Mehsana and Surti of Gujarat.

Sheep are reared for milk, meat, wool and hide. Their important breeds are Gaddi andRampuri of Himalayan region, Bikaneri, Marwari and Deccani.

Important breeds of goats are Kashmiri, Gaddi and Surti

Poultry breeds are White Leghorn, Minorcha and Rhode Island Red. They lay about200 to 300 eggs per year.

Desi or indigenous breeds are Brahma, Chittagong, Aseel and Basara, etc., which layonly 60 to 75 eggs per year. Their eggs are smaller in size. But these are good sitters.

Improved poultry cross breeds are B-n, HH266 and ILS-80.

Fish farming is called pisciculture. Fish is a good source of meat. Fish liver oil is rich invitamin A and D and is an unsaturated oil.

Marine fishes are salmon, sharks, etc.

Fresh water fishes are rohu, catla, mrigal. These are called major carps. Other fish areWallago (malli), Mystus (singhara), C1arias (mangur) and singhi.

Artificial fish breeding is done in Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar,Bareilly.

Fresh water fish are cultured in hatcheries, bunds, rivers and ponds, etc.

Breeding of animals (cows and buffaloes) is also done by artificial means, i.e., byartificial insemination. It is the introduction of semen of good variety bull into thefemale reproductive tract by the means of a special instrument.

Artificial Insemination is better than Natural Mating.

Operation flood (white revolution) is to increase milk yield of milch animals. Dr. Kurienis the father of white revolution. He is an architect of India's modern dairy industry.

NDDB is National Dairy Development Board.

VHS is viral haemorrhagic septicemia, a disease of fish.

IPN is infectious pancreatic necrosis, a disease of fish.

NDRI is National Dairy Research Institute, Kamal.

Pasteurisation is a process to kill microorganisms of milk which cause spoilage. Milk isheated at a high temperature and then brought down to room temperature.


FA 5. Multiple Choice Questions

Select the right choice.1. Find out the wrong statement from the following

(a) White revolution is meant for increase in milk production.(b) Blue revolution is meant for increase in fish production(c) Increasing food production without compromising with environmental quality is called

as sustainable agriculture.(d) None of the above

2. To solve the food problem of the country which among the following is necessary?(a) Increased production and storage offood grains(b) Easy access of people to the food grain(c) People should have money to purchase the grains(d) All of the above

3. Find out the correct sentences(i) H ybridisation means crossing between genetically dissimilar plants

(ii) Cross between two varieties is called as inter specific hybridization(iii) Introducing genes of desired character into a plant gives genetically modified crop(iv) Cross between plants of two species is called as inter varietal hybridization

(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iv)(c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (iii) and (iv)

4. Find out the correct sentence about manure(i) Manure contains large quantities of organic matter and small quantities of nutrients.

(ii) I t increases the water holding capacity of sandy soil.(iii) It helps in draining out of excess of water from clayey soil.(iv) It excessive use pollutes environment because it is made of animal excretory waste.

(a) (i) and (iii) (b) (i) and (ii)(c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (iii) and (iv)

5. Cattle husbandry is done for the following purposes(i) Milk production (ii) Agricultural work

(iii) Meat production (iv) Egg production(a) (i), (ii) and (iii) (b) (ii), (iii) and (iv)(c) (iii) and (iv) (d) (i) and (iv)

6. Which of the following are Indian cattle?(i) Bos indicus (ii) Bos domestica

(iii) Bos bubalis (iv) Bos vulgaris(a) (i) and (iii) (b) (i) and (ii)(c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (iii) and (iv)

7. Which of the following are exotic breeds?(i) Brawn (ii) Jersey

(iii) Brown Swiss (iv) Jersey Swiss(a) (i) and (iii) (b) (ii) and (iii)(c) (i) and (iv) (d) (ii) and (iv)

8. Poultry farming is undertaken to raise following(i) Egg production (ii) Feather production

(iii) Chicken meat (iv) Milk production(a) (i) and (iii) (b) (i) and (ii)

(c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (iii) and (iv)

miii'iJiiil138 Improvement in Food Resources

9. Poultry fowl are susceptible to the following pathogens(a) Viruses (b) Bacteria(c) Fungi (d) All of the above

10. Which one of the following fishes is a surface feeder?(a) Rohus (b) Mrigals(c) Common carps (d) Cadas

11. Animal husbandry is the scientific management of(i) animal breeding (ii) culture of animals

(iii) animal livestock (iv) rearing of animals(a) (i), (ii) and (iii) (b) (ii), (iii) and (iv)(c) (i), (ii) and (iv) (d) (i), (iii) and (iv)

12. Which one of the following nutrients is not available in fertilizers?(a) Nitrogen (b) Phosphorus(c) Iron (d) Potassium

13. Preventive and control measures adopted for the storage of grains include(a) strict cleaning (b) proper disjoining(c) fumigation (d) all ofthe above

Answers

FA 6. Flow-chart Worksheet

::ailed

1. (d)

9. (d)

2. (d)

10. (d)

3. (a)

11. (d)

4. (b)

12. (c)5. (a)

13. (d)

6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (a)

Instructions: Identify the missing steps/processes/examples in the flowchart given below andcomplete it using the appropriate words.

Crop VarietyImprovement

Improvement in

Crop __---,-Improvement

Crop ProtectionManagement

Yield

ImprovedQuality

and AbioticRessistanc

Change in

WiderAdaptability

Desirable

NutrientManagement

andMacronutrients

Manures and

IrrigationWells,

Canals,River liftsystems

andtanks

MixedCropping

Protection inthe field against

Weeds,Insects and

Pests

Protectionduring

Storage againstBiotic and

Abiotic Factors

Methods of CropVariety Improvement1. Hybridisation2. Genetic manipulation (GMO)


CropRotation

139

FA 7. Worksheet

Instructions:

Given below are five pictures related to Food Production.

Provide a title for these pictures from the terms given here, in the space provided.

Mariculture Multiple Cropping Composite Fish Culture Poultry Livestock Farming

State one desirable characteristic or advantage of each of these.

These may be written on a separate sheet.

f'

(Rearing varieties of Hen)

t

4. _

~

.;

- ~.N~~~~~~~~~.

~~UH~II"\.y'II "

ttttt ' .'~:"

5. _

~~

~,- --"C-

(Growing Catla, Rohu, Grasscarp andmrigal together)

~(Growing Peneous monodon-The prawn found in sea)

3. _1. _

(Growing crops on thesame land)

FA 8. Paper Pen Test

1. Answer the following question.(a) What is GM crop? Name anyone crop which is grown in India.

(b) Why is organic matter important for crop production?(e) Define the terms hybridisation and photoperiod.

(d) Cultivation practices and crop yield are related to environmental conditions. Explain.

(e) Discuss the role of hybridisation in crop improvement.If) Why bee keeping should be done in good pasturage)

2. Fill in the blanks.(a) Kharif crops are cultivated from to _

(b) Rabi crops are cultivated from to _

(e) Most of the food comes from and animal husbandry.

~.~140 Improvement in Food Resources

(d) Milk production can be increased by increasing period.(e) Pigeon pea is a good source of _

3. True or False.(a) Mullets are marine fish farmed in sea water.

(b) Poultry production involved egg production and broiler production for poultry meat.

(c) The growing of different crops on a piece of land in pre-planned succession is calledinter-cropping.

(d) Organic farming is a fanning system with maximum or excessive use of chemicals asfertilisers, herbicides, pesticides, etc. and with minimum input of organic manures andrecycled farm wastes.

4. Match the following.

Column I Column II

(a) The value or quality of honey depends (i) Many of the fishes breed only duringupon monsoon.

(b) Problem with composite fish culture (ii) Pasturage or the flowers available to thebees for nectar and pollen collection.

(c) Broiler chicken are fed vitamin like (iii) Milk and draught labour.

(d) Cattle husbandry is done for two purposes (iv) Vitamins A and K.

(e) Food stuff provide proteins (v) Soyabean, ground nut, seasame, castor,mustard, linsead and sunflower.

if) Food stuff provide fats (vi) Gram, pea, black gram, green gram,pigeon pea, and lentil.

5. Multiple Choice Questions

(a) Which one is an oil yielding plant among the following?(i) Lentil (ii) Sunflower

(iii) Cauliflower (iv) Hibiscus

(b) Weeds affect the crop plants by

(i) killing of plants in field before they grow.(ii) dominating the plants to grow.

(iii) competing for various resources ofcrops (plants) causing low availability of nutrients.

(iv) all of these.

(c) Which of the following is an Italian bee variety?

(i) Apis Cerana indica (ii) Apis mellifera

(iii) Apis dorsata (iv) Apis florae(d) Which of the following combinations are most suitable for composite fish culture?

(i) Surface feeders and bottom feeders(ii) Surface feeders, middle zone feeders and bottom feeders

(iii) Middle zone feeders and bottom feeders

(iv) Surface feeders only

(e) Which of the following is not a source of carbohydrate?

(i) Rice (ii) Millets(iii) Sorghum (iv) Gram

Improvement in Food Resources 141

SUMMATlVE ASSESSMENTA. Textbook Questions with their Answers

1. What do we get from cereals, pulses, fruits and vegetables?

Ans. Cereals like wheat and rice provide us carbohydrates for fulfilling the body's energyrequirement. Pulses like gram and peas provide us with proteins. Fruits and vegetablesprovide us with a range of vitamins and minerals in addition to some proteins, carbohydratesand fats.

2. How do biotic and abiotic factors affect crop production?Ans. Biotic factors like diseases, insects and nematodes, and abiotic factors like drought, salinity,

waterlogging, heat, cold and frost have a negative impact on crop production, i.e., the cropyield decreases due to these factors.

3. What are the desirable agronomic characteristics for crop improvements?

Ans. For fodder crops, height and profuse branching are desirable characteristics. For cereal crops,dwarfness is desired, so that less nutrients are consumed by the crops. In this way, developingvarieties of desired agronomic characters give higher productivity, i.e., higher yield.

4. What are macronutrients and why are they so called?

Ans. Sixteen nutrients are essential for plants, out of which thirteen are supplied by the soil. Amongthese, six are required in large quantities. As these are required in large quantities, they are calledmacronutrients. They are: (1) niu'ogen (2) phosphorus (3) potassium (4) calcium (5) magnesiumand (6) sulphur.

5. Where do plants get nutrients from?

Ans. Plants get nutrients from air, water and soil. There are basically sixteen nutrients that areessential for plants. Of these, carbon dioxide and oxygen are obtained from air, hydrogenfrom water and the rest of the thirteen nutrients are supplied by the soil.

6. Compare the use of manures and fertilisers in maintaining soil fertility.

Ans. Manures are rich in organic matter but are poor in nutrients. For this reason, the cultivatedfield supplied with only manures may suffer from deficiency of nutrients which willautomatically result in poor yield; whereas fertilisers are inorganic compounds and fulfilnutrient requirement of soil. So, the field which is supplied with fertilisers only may facedrainage problem and waterlogging due to lack of organic matter in the soil which will bringharm to the crop and the yield. Moreover, the use offertilisers over long periods of time candestroy the soil structure by killing the soil microorganisms that recycle nutrients in the soil.

7. Which of the following conditions will give the most benefits? Why?(a) Farmers use high-quality seeds, do not adopt irrigation or use fertilisers.(b) Farmers use ordinary seeds, adopt irrigation and use fertilisers.

(e) Farmers use quality seeds, adopt irrigation and use fertilisers and crop protection measures.

Ans. Conditions given in (e) will give the most benefits because:

(a) Farmer will benefit by using quality seeds.

(b) Proper irrigation will overcome drought or flood situations.(e) Fertilisers will provide nutrients and there will be higher yield.

For most benefits, every aspect of agriculture should be taken care of.

8. Why should preventive measures and biological control methods be preferred for protectingcrops?

Ans. Preventive measures and biological control methods are preferred because:

(a) They are simple.

(b) They are more economic.(e) They minimise pollution without affecting the soil quality.


9. What factors may be responsible for losses of grains during storage?Ans. The following factors are responsible:

(a) Abiotic factors like inappropriate moisture and temperature.(b) Biotic factors like insects, rodents, birds, mites and microorganisms.

10. Which method is commonly used for improving cattle breed and why?

Ans. The commonly used method for improving cattle breed is cross-breeding two cattles havingthe desired qualilties.For e.g., by crossing Brown Swiss having long lactation periods is crossed with Red Sindhihaving disease resistance to get a breed having both qualities.

11. Discuss the implications of the following statement: "It is interesting to note that poultryis India's most efficient converter of low fibre food stuff (which is unfit for humanconsumption) into highly nutritious animal protein food."

Ans. The feed consumed by poultry birds is fibrous and cheap. Moreover, it is formulated usingagricultural by-product. In this way, the product not used by human population are convertedinto chicken meat and the eggs produced by poultry birds, which are highly nutritious andare used by humans.

12. What management practices are common in dairy and poultry farming?Ans. (a) Shelter: In both dairy and poultry farming, should be, well-designed, airy and hygienic

shelter.(b) Feeding: Healthy feed is provided to both dairy animals and poultry birds to get good yield.

(c) Caring for animal health: Both animals and birds must be protected from various diseases.

13. What are the differences between broilers and layers and in their management?

Ans. The broiler is a poultry bird specially groomed for obtaining meat and layer is the egg-laying poultry bird. As per the purpose for which they are raised the housing, nutritional andenvironmental requirements of broilers are somewhat different from those of the layers. Thedaily food requirement ration for broilers is protein-rich with adequate fat and high amountof vitamin A and K; whereas the layers require enough space and proper lighting.

14. How are fish obtained?

Ans. Fish are obtained by either from the natural resources which is called capture fishing or byfish farming which is called culture fishery.

15. What are the advantages of composite fish culture?

Ans. The advantages of composite fish culture are:(a) The species are selected in such a way that they do not compete for food among themselves,

and have different types of food habits. Due to this, the food available in all parts of thepond is used. For example, Catlas are surface feeders, Rohu feed in the middle-zone ofthe pond, while Mrigals and common carps are bottom feeders. Also, Grass Carps feed onthe weeds.

(b) All these species together use all the food in the pond without competing with each other.(c) This increases the fish yield from the pond.

16. What are the desirable characteristics of a bee for honey production?

Ans. Desirable characteristics of a bee for bee-keeping are:

(a) Good honey collection capacity.(b) Ability to protect itself from enemies.(c) Prolific queen production with less swarming.

17. What is pasturage and how is it related to honey production?

Ans. The flora/crops found around an apiary to collect honey and pollen grains is called pasturage.Pasturage flora of honey bee includes Mango, Coconut, Almond, Apple, Tamarind, Sisam,Mahua, etc.

Improvement in Food Resources 143

The quality and taste of honey depends upon the flora/pasturage around the apiary fromwhich bees collect the nectar and pollens. For instance, the Kashmir region having almondplant pasturage around apiary produces almond honey which is good in quality, taste as wellas aroma.

18. Explain anyone method of crop production which ensures high yield.Ans. Use of manures and fertilisers ensure high yield. Manures are important source of nutrients

whereas fertilisers provide nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium to the crops. For the propergrowth of crops and for high yield, all the nutrients, both macronutrients and micronutrientsmust be provided to the crops. Manures add humus to the soil which makes the soil veryfertile.

19. Why are manures and fertilisers used in the fields?Ans. Manures and fertilisers are used in the fields to make the soil fertile by improving the soil

texture and nutrient content of the soil.

20. What are the advantages of intercropping and crop rotation?

Ans. Advantages of intercropping:(a) In intercropping, two or more crops are simultaneously grown on the same field in a

definite row pattern-a few rows of one crop and adjoining to that a few rows of anothercrop. This practice reduces intraspecific competition.

(b) This ensures that both crops can give better yield.

(e) There is maximum utilisation of nutrients and minimum spread of pests.

Advantages of crop rotation:(a) It makes the soil fertile and helps in the increase of crop yield.

(b) It also decreases the demand of nitrogenous fertilisers as leguminous plants grown duringcrop rotation fix the atmospheric nitrogen.

(e) The selected rotation ofcrops also helps in pest control, as pests do not find their favouritecrop in the next season and it becomes difficult for them to survive there.

21. What is genetic manipUlation? How is it useful in agricultural practices?

Ans. Incorporating desirable characters by hybridisation, mutation, DNA recombination, etc., iscalled genetic manipulation. By genetic manipulation, we get improved varieties of seedshaving desired characters like pest and disease resistance and high yield. Their seeds not onlygive higher yield but also reduce the input cost.

22. How do stored grain losses occur?

Ans. There are two types of factors responsible for losses during storage of grains. These are:(a) Biotic factors such as insects, rodents, mites and bacteria.

(b) Abiotic factors such as temperature, moisture content and humidity.23. How do good animal husbandry practices benefit farmers?

Ans. By animal husbandry, we mean scientific management of farm animals. Good animalhusbandry practices benefit the farmers in the following ways:

(a) Improvement of breeds of the domesticated animals.(b) Reduction of the input cost.

24. What are the benefits of cattle farming?

Ans. The main benefits of cattle farming are:(a) Wet milk from cattle and other milk products like butter, cheese, etc.

(b) Bullock labour is used for agricultural practices such as tilling, irrigation and carting.

25. For increasing production, what is common in poultry, fisheries and bee-keeping?Ans. Selection of improved varieties, housing, rearing, sanitation, disease control and management

offood.


HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills)

Capture fishing Mariculture Aquaculture I

(a) It is the process of obtaining I t is a practice of culture of It is the production of fish fromfish from the natural marine fish varieties in the open freshwater resources like canals,resources like ponds, canals, sea. ponds, reservoirs, rIvers andrivers, etc. brackish water resources like

estuaries and lagoons.

(b) In capture fishing, fish can In mariculture. satellites and Like capture fishing, inbe located easily and then echo-sounders are used for aquaculture also the fish can becaught using fishing nets. locating fish. Then they are located easily and are caught

caught USLng man}' kinds of using simple fishing nets.fishing nets from the fishingboats.

1. Why is use of excess fertiliser determental for environment?

Ans. Fertilisers observing pre and post-application precautions for their compelte utilisation.Fertilisers get washed away due to excessive irrigation and are not fully absorbed by theplams. This excess fertiliser then leads to water pollution. Conditions use of fertilisers inan are can destroy soil fertility because the organic matter in the soil is not replenished andmicro-organisms in the soil are harmed by the fertilisers used.

2. List out some useful traits in improved crop?

Ans. Some useful traits in improved crops are:(i) Higher yield of crop

(ii) Improved quality of crop

(iii) Biotic and abiotic resistance

(iv) Change in maturity duration

(v) Wider adaptability and

(vi) Desiratble agronomic characteristics.

3. Arrange these statements in correct sequence of preparation of green manure.

(a) Green plants are decomposed in soil

(b) Green plants are cultivated for preparating manure or crop plant parts are used.

(c) Plants are ploughed and mixed in soil.

(d) After decomposition, it becomes green manure.

Ans. b ) C ) a ) d.

4. Discuss why pesticides are used in very accuracy concentration and in very appropriatemanner?

Ans. Pesticides include herbicides, insecticides and fungicides which are sprayed on crop plants orused for treating seeds and soil. However, excessive use of these chemicals creates problems,since they can be poisonous to many plam and animal species and cause environmentalpollution.

26. How do you differentiate between capture fishing, mariculture and aquaculture?

Ans.


EXERCISES

Very Short Answer Questions

1. Name any common weed found in a field.

2. Define a weed.

3. Name two fertilisers.4. Name one animal storage pests.

5. Name the nitrogenous fertilisers.6. Name one insecticide.

7. Write the full form ofEDCT

8. Name a green manure.9. Define venni-composting.

10. Name two varieties ofIndian fish.11. Mention one each of high milk-yielding varieties of cow and buffalo.

12. Write the full form of NDRI.

13. What is the role of roughage in cattle feed'14. Name four animals which provide us food.

15. Name any two Indian breeds of (i) cows, and (ii) buffaloes.

16. Mention the percentage of protein content in milk, egg and fish.

17. Write two high yielding varieties of poultry.18. Name any two animal diseases carried by bacteria and viruses.

19. How are goats and sheep useful to us?

Short Answer Questions

1. Write three sorts of precautions for handling pesticides.

2. Name two common weeds found in agricultural fields. Mention their control.

3. Name the factors responsible for grain loss during the storage of grains.4. What are pesticides? Name one pesticide.

5. Mention the improved cross-breeds of cow.

6. What do you mean by 'Operation Flood" Write any two responsible factors.

7. Define animal husbandry.8. Mention the salient features of a good shelter.

9. What is Silver Revolution?10. What are the major sources of our food'

11. Write two infectious diseases, each of cow, poultry and fish.

12. Define artificial insemination.13. Give three uses of animal husbandry.

14. Mention the names of animal products which are used as food.

15. How is cross-breeding useful in cattle?16. Mention three characteristics of a good animal shelter.

(1 mark)

(2,3 marks)

Long Answer Questions (5 marks)1. Name some improved storage structures for grain. Explain how grain is protected in these

structures.

2. Discuss various measures for safe storage of grains.

.. VK Biology IX 146 Improvement in Food Resources

(b) liver only

(d) adipocytes

3. Name one disease each of rice, wheat, mustard and sugarcane and suggest their controlmeasures.

4. Name two insect pests each of rice, mustard and sugarcane and suggest their control measures.

5. Define manures. What are the different manures and how do they affect the soil?

6. What are fertilisers? Classify fertilisers with suitable examples.7. Define weeding. What tools are used for weeding?

8. What is green manuring? Give suitable examples for green manures.9. ''\That is a fertiliser? How is it different from manure?

10. What are weeds? How are weeds controlled?

11. How are agricultural pests harmful?

12. What are crop pests? Suggest preventive measures to control pests.

13. Describe various measures for controlling insect pests in crops.14. What are egg laying animals? Write the exotic breeds of poultry hen.

15. How would you protect the animals from various diseases?

16. How can we increase milk production in buffaloes and cows? Give names of improved breedsof cow and buffalo.

17. What measures have been taken to improve the production of food from animal sources inour country?

18. Milk production is meagre in India though there is a large population of cattle here. Why?

19. Mention few measures for prevention of diseases in the animals.

20. Briefly mention the advantages of artificial insemination. How is it done?21. Name the different breeds of poultry bird. What is poultry farming?

Practical-based Multiple Choice Questions

1. Some food samples and their adulterants are given as followsI. Ghee (i) Orange dye

II. Milk (ii) Tamarind seeds

III. Coffee (iii) Starch

IV. Red Chilly (iv) Vanaspati

Four sequences of food samples and their correct adulterants are proposed from the abovecolumns. Which one of the following sequence is correct?(a) I - (i), II, (ii), III - (iii), IV - (iv)

(b) I-(iv), II - (iii), III-(ii), IV - (i)

(c) 1- (iv), II- (iii), III-(i), IV - (ii)

(d) I - (iii), II - (iv), III- (i), IV - (ii)

2. A Biology lab assistant was asked to prepare Iodine solution for starch test. He tried makingthe solution by mixing different chemicals in various ratios. Can you pick up the rightcombination from the following sets?(a) 2 g of Potassium Iodate in 100 mL distilled water

(b) I g ofIodine in 100 mL distilled water

(c) 1 g of Potassium Iodate + I g ofIodine ih lOa mL distilled water(d) 2 g of Potassium Iodide + I g oflodine in lOa mL distilled water

3. Excess of glucose present in blood is converted into glycogen in the presence of insulinhormone. Glycogen is stored in(a) muscles only

(c) both a and b


(i) Cane sugar

(ii) Apple

(iii) Milk

(iv) Blood sugar

4. Four students, studying biochemistry for the first time, decided to perform the confirmatorytest for the presence of starch on potato slices. Since they were not sure of the chemicalwhich could give the blue black colour with starch, they tried their hands with differenttypes. Only one of them gave the correct result which can be identified as

(a) fluorine (h) chlorine

(c) iodine (d) bromine

5. Match the pair correctly.I. Glucose

II. Sucrose

III. Fructose

Iv. Lactose

(a) I - (iv), II - (i), III - (ii), IV-(iii)

(h) I - (i), II - (ii), III - (iv), IV - (iii)

(c) I - (iv), II - (iii), III - (ii), IV -(i)

(d) I - (ii), II-(i), III - (iii), IV - (iv)

6. An experiment was performed in Class IX to demonstrate the effect of denature agents onenzymes by taking different chemicals in 5mL starch solution. 15 minutes later, the tubeswere tasted for the presence of starch with the help oflodine. One ofthe tubes did not givethe blue black colour in the test tube because

5 mL starch solution+ 1 mL Hel

+ 1 mL ptylin

(A)

5 mL starch solution 5 mL starch solution 5 mL starch solution+ 1 mL alcohol + 1 mL ptylin + 1 mL water+ 1 mL ptylin

(B) (C) (D)

(a) tube A as ptyalin was denatured

(h) tube B as starch was destroyed with alcohol

(c) tube C as ptyalin changed starch into maltose

(d) tube D as starch solution was diluted by adding water

7. Which of the following chemical is used to observe the presence of starch in the foodextract?(a) 12 solution (Iodine) (h) Cone. HCl

(c) Benedict's reagent (d) None of these

8. Substance 'X' was added to a test tube containing water and grounded arhar dal to test thepresence of metanil yellow. The colour of solution changed to pink. Identify 'X'.(a) Hp (h) l\aOH

(c) H2C03 (d) HCl

9. A student added only two drops of iodine to a rice extract in test tube A. Another studentadded a little rice extract to iodine solution in test tube B. They would then observe(a) a change of colour to blue black in test tube A but not in test tube B

(b) a change of colour to blue black in test tube B but not in test tube A

VK Biology IX 148 Improvement in Food Resources

(e) a change of colour to blue black in Doth test tubes A and B

(d) no change of colour in any test tube

10. Paul was rushing with a bottle of tincture iodine. Some iodine solution splashed on hisyellow coloured cotton shirt and also on the white table cloth. The stain on the table cloth .was yellowish brown while that on his shirt was blue black. The most plausible scientificreason for this is that the(a) Shirt was dyed with metanil yellow

(b) Shirt was starched after washing

(e) Table cloth was starched but not the shirt

(d) Shirt had absorbed sweat

II. Four samples of arhar dal (tuvar dal) were taken in four test tubes with some water in eachand labelled P, Q, Rand S. A few drops of the following were added to these test tubes:water to test tube P, HCI to test tube Q, NaOH to test tube R and alcohol to test tube S. Wewould be able to confirm adulteration of the dal with metanil yellow in test tubes(a) P and Q (b) Qand R(e) Rand S (d) Sand P

12. The teacher asked the student to correctly record results of the experiment done to detectpresence ofmetanil yellow in the adulterated arhardal (tuvar dal) sample that was providedto them.

S.No. Procedure Observation Inference

A 5g da! + 5 g metani! yellow Dal turns yellow Metani! yellow present

B 5 g dal + 5 mL'water Solution turns pink Metani! yellow present 111+ 2 drops ofHCI the sample

C 5 g dal + 5 mL water ,.vater turns yellow Metanil yellow present+ pinch of metanil yellow

D 5 g dal + 5 mL water Metanil yellow present Water turns yellow and then+ 2 drops of HC[ pink

The correct recording of the experiment is done in table(a) A (b) B

(e) C (d) D

13. On the laboratory table were placed four watch glasses with labels A, B, C and D. Watchglass "A" had chalk powder, "B" had sago powder, "C" had common salt and "D" hadpowdered sugar. On adding two drops of iodine to the content of each watch glass, the oneturning blue black will be(a) A (b) B

(e) C (d) D

14. Seema bought arhar dal (tuar dal) from the market. On adding water to the dal the waterbecame yellow in colour. She took a sample of this yellow water to the laboratory and addeda few drops ofHCI. The sample became pink. This confirmed that the adulterant added tothe dal was(a) turmeric (b) metani! yellow

(e) potassium dichromate (d) yellow dye

15. To observe starch granules in potato under a microscope, freshly cut surface of potato waspressed on a slide. The stain that will show starch granules clearly is(a) methylene blue (b) iodine

(e) safran in (d) eosin

1-_t-...,;;lm;;:p;:.ro:.;v.:.;em;:.e;:.n.:.;li;:.n;:.Fo:.;O.:.;d;:.Re;;;so.:.;u;;,;rc;;;es=-- ;:.[;:.4.:....9liilii.:iil~;ii;l,t_---.

(b) Shreya(d) Chitra

16. A very fast driver of a motorcycle met with an accident that resulted in heavy bleeding. Assoon as he was rushed to the hospital they put him on intravenous 5% dextrose sugar. Whatis the other name of this sugar that is the instant source of energy?(a) Fructose (b) Glucose(e) Sucrose (d) Lactose

17. Identify the plant from the following that is not a pulse.(a) Mustard (b) Pea

(e) Groundnut (d) Blackgram

18. An infant suffering from PEM disorder, Kwashiorkor was advised to have protein rich milkprepared from one ofthe legumes. Identify the source.(a) Groundnut (b) Arhar dal

(e) Moong dal (d) Soyabeen

19. Which one does not correctly provide us starch grains found in the specific food stuff?(a) Potato (b) Banana

(e) Wheat (d) Rice

20. Which is the most abundant carbohydrate found on earth?(a) Starch (b) Glycogen(e) Chitin (d) Cellulose

21. From the following carbohydrates, find out the one, that is insoluble in water.(a) Starch (b) Glucose

(e) Fructose (d) Insulin

22. In slimming centres like VLCC, obese patients are advised not to have excess of certainnutrients but the restriction is not imposed on patients for one type of carbohydrates.Identify it.(a) Fats (b) Starch

(e) Sucrose (d) Cellulose

23. A class IV student was having veg biryani during the break. A senior scolded him.

Scared of his senior, he immediately ran to his elder brother who was a class XI student andwas performing an experiment in chemistry lab with Iodine solution and collided with hiselder bother, The solution spilled on biryani and changed its colour to blue black because(a) biryani is made from wheat which has starch in it(b) biryani is made from rice which has starch in it

(e) biryani is made from pulses which has starch in it

(d) iodine is already having blue black

24. Which of the following statements is incorrect?(a) A 40 years old gardener should be given lots of carbohydrate

(b) A 5 year old child should be given lot of proteins and carbohydrates

(e) A pregnant mother should be given lot of fats to get energy(d) A sick person should be given soft diet having proteins vitamins & minerals

25. Four students of Central School, Noida were provided with adulterated pulses to test thepresence of metanil yellow. They all added 5mL of water to 5g of pulses but forgot thename of the acid that gives magenta colour with the adulterant. Sanjeevani, Shreya, Alkaand Chitra added few drops of cone. , cone. , cone. HCI and respectively. Who accordingto you had added the right acid?(a) Sanjeevani

(e) Alka

0.'

VK Biology IX 150Improvement in Food Resources

26. Observe the following tubes carefully.

5 mL sugarcanejuice + 2 mL fehllng (A)

and fehling (8)

(i)

5 mL apple juice+ 2 mL fehling (A)

and fehling (8)

(ii)

5 mL grape juice+ 2 mL fehling (A)

and fehling (B)

(iii)

5 mL orange juice+ 2 mL fehling (A)

and fehling (8)

(iv)

(b) (ii)

(d) (iv)

On heating all these test tubes one of them would not give a red precipitate with Fehling'ssolution though all of them contain sugar. Which of the following tube will not give redprecipitation?(a) (i)

(e) (iii)

Answers

1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (e) 4. (e)

5. (d) 6. (e) 7. (a) 8. (d)

9. (e) 10. (b) 11. (a) 12. (b)

13.(b) 14. (b) 15. (b) 16. (b)

17.(a) 18. (d) 19. (b) 20. (d)

21. (a) 22. (d) 23. (b) 24. (e)

25.(e) 26. (a)

III


saJJnosa~ POOj ulluawaMJdwl

~GlobalPublications Pvt. ltd.

122579656-biology

Documents

stored semen

proper yield of milk

breeding of dairy cattle

shelter of milk animalsfor

primary producers of

desired bull ofexotic

bull of desired trait

semen storage banks