12/15/11BR- What is loess and what is it good for?

Today: China – Finishing Reading Notes – Understanding cause and effect

What are we doing?

Finish reading notes

Go over cause and effect.

Cause & Effect – River Dynasties in China

Cause

1.

Effect

1.

Complete Cause and Effect For Tomorrow!

Assignments-

Class Reading Notes (we do together in class)

P. 55 questions 1, 3-6, 8-9** You can just explain why it should be replaced.

China

Geography of China

Natural BarriersGobi and Taklimakan Deserts to north and west

Yellow Sea, Pacific Ocean, East China Sea to east

Himalayas Mountains and Plateau of Tibet to southeast

Huang He River

Chiang Jiang (Yangtze)

River SystemsTwo Major Systems

Huang He (Yellow)In north, flowing from mountains in west to Yellow SeaCalled “Yellow” because of yellow silt (Loess, pronounced “loh-us”)Silt-laden river floods every year

– Good fertilizer– Dangerous – “China’s Sorrow”

Chiang Jiang (Yangtze)Further south, flowing from Tibetan Plateau

Only 10% of China’s land is suitable for Agriculture. 90% of that land is between Huang He and Chiang Jiang Rivers.

Early Chinese

Fossil remains date to 1.7 million years ago (Southwestern China)

Huang He River Valley settled 500,000 years ago (Peking Man)

Before Mesopotamia, farming settlements along Huang He

3000 BC Lungshan people started harvesting silkworms, using potter’s wheel, baking bricks in ovens

2000 BC First cities develop along Huang He

NotesDynastic Cycle

Dates Dynasty Duration2033-1562 B.C. Xia 441 1562-1066 B.C. Shang 655 1066-771 B.C. Western Zhou 295 770-256 B.C. Eastern Zhou 514 770-476 B.C. Spring and Autumn Period 294 475-221 B.C. Warring States Period 254 221-207 B.C. Qin 14 206 B.C.-A.D. 8 Western Han 214 A.D. 9-25 Xin 16 A.D. 25-220 Eastern Han 195

Xia Dynasty, (semi-legendary)Yu--first leader: Mathemetician, engineerDeveloped Flood Control and Irrigation SystemsIncreased agricultural output allowed cities to grow even larger

Shang Dynasty Confirmed by Archeological Evidence Came to power with overthrow of last Xia emperorMajor Cities: Erligang, Chang-an, Anyang

Han Dynasty (longestReplaced Qin (which had built the Great Wall)Established Centralized Government

Complex bureaucracy130,000 Civil Servants in 18 ranksYearly Civil Service exams

Expanded China with military conquests

Shang and Chou Class StructureKings and nobles:

lived in large homes and palaces, Bronze tools and wares, wore elaborate gowns of silkburied in lavish tombs

Unlike the ancient Egyptians, the Shang and Chou were buried with living people. In their tombs, archaeologists have found entire chariots, objects of art, and the remains of guards and dogs who accompanied kings to their graves.

Warriors: The leaders of different clans were continually waging war with each other. Warriors were knights

bronze armor horse-drawn chariots

Farmers: Most people were farmers (peasants). Farmers lived in nearby villages.

Summer homes made of bamboo branches near fields.Winter homes in village made of mud, one room houses, thatched roofsSmall plots

– did not own the land, it was assigned to them by the royals and the nobles. – They had to give the nobleman part of the food they grew. – They worked without pay on the noble's house, roads, and bridges.

• Merchants and Craftsmen: • Did not produce food + not part of the nobility = outside the class structure. • Like slaves, they were hardly considered human. • In times of war, when the city was attacked, they were not taken inside the protective walls,

but were left to fend for themselves as best they could.

Kings and nobles:

lived in large homes and palaces,

Bronze tools and wares,

wore elaborate gowns of silk

buried in lavish tombs Unlike the ancient Egyptians, the Shang and Chou were buried with living people. In their tombs, archaeologists have found entire chariots, objects of art, and the remains of guards and dogs who accompanied kings to their graves.

Warriors: The leaders of different clans were continually waging war with each other.

Warriors were knights bronze armor

horse-drawn chariots

Farmers: Most people were farmers (peasants).

Farmers lived in nearby villages. Summer homes made of bamboo branches near fields.

Winter homes in village made of mud, one room houses, thatched roofs

Small plots– did not own the land, it was assigned to them by

the royals and the nobles. – They had to give the nobleman part of the food

they grew.

– They worked without pay on the noble's house, roads, and bridges.

Merchants and Craftsmen:

• Did not produce food + not part of the nobility = outside the class structure.

• Like slaves, they were hardly considered human.

• In times of war, when the city was attacked, they were not taken inside the protective walls, but were left to fend for themselves as best they could.

Early Chinese Religion

Gods of nature: the river god, the rain god, the earth god, etc. Most powerful was the sky god, T'ien, the king of gods.

Ancestor Worship: Spirits of family ancestors could bring good or bad fortune. “Like troublesome or helpful neighbors” who demanded attention and respect.

Continued to modern times

ConfucianismConfucius (born 551 BC)

Scholar/TeacherWrote Analects—

Five basic relationships: (Ruler-Subject, father-son, husband-wife, older-younger brother, friend-friend)Different rules of behavior depends on which relationship(Example) Filial Piety: devotion to one’s parents during their lifetime and honoring their memory after.

Not a Religion, but the Ethical System Which became the basis of Chinese Government and Social Order.

Early Chinese CitiesOnly about 10% of the population lived in the cities.Cities were neatly laid out with main streets and alleyways. Surrounded by a strong wall, made of earth and stone. Centers of government, education, and trade. Erligang:

Surrounded by a large wall -- 7 km around. Workshops were located outside of the city walls

bone workshop a pottery workshop bronze vessel workshops. Erligang

Capital city, there were several over the years Ch'ang-an, >1 million people! Checkerboard design. 110 blocks, each like its own village, with a marketplace and temples.

Advanced Technology in ChinaCoined money (later paper money)Blast furnaces for Iron working

Improved iron farm tools increased productivityBetter military weapons

Highway network (4000 miles)Standardized weights & measures, currencyPaper (AD 105)Collar Harness for draft animals2 bladed iron plowWheelbarrowWater mills for grinding grain

The Great Wall of China

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China

Began in 8th century BC

Qin Dynasty

Han Dynasty

Ming Dynasty