12. reunification and renaissance in china
TRANSCRIPT
CHAPTER 17Reunification and Renaissance in Chinese Civilization:
The Era of the Tang and Song Dynasties
World Civilizations: The Global ExperienceFifth Edition
Stearns/Adas/Schwartz/Gilbert
Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman
Chapter 17: Reunification and Renaissance in Chinese Civilization: The Era of the Tang and Song Dynasties
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
I. Rebuilding the Imperial Edifice in the Sui-Tang Eras
II. Tang Decline and the Rise of the Song III. Tang and Song Prosperity: The Basis of a Golden Age
Chapter 17: Reunification and Renaissance in Chinese Civilization: The Era of the Tang and Song Dynasties
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
I. Rebuilding the Imperial Edifice in the Sui-Tang Eras
WendiNoblemanLeads nomadic leaders to control
northern China589, defeat of Chen kingdom
Established Sui dynastyChina During the Era of Division, The Sui Dynasty, and the Tang Dynasty
Chapter 17: Reunification and Renaissance in Chinese Civilization: The Era of the Tang and Song Dynasties
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
I. Rebuilding the Imperial Edifice in the Sui-Tang Eras
A. Sui Excesses and CollapseYangdi
Son of WendiLegal reformReorganized Confucian educationScholar-gentry reestablishedLoyang
New capitalBuilding projects
Canals built across empireAttacked KoreaDefeated by Turks, 615Assassinated, 618
China During the Era of Division, The Sui Dynasty, and the Tang Dynasty
Chapter 17: Reunification and Renaissance in Chinese Civilization: The Era of the Tang and Song Dynasties
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
I. Rebuilding the Imperial Edifice in the Sui-Tang Eras
B. The Emergence of the Tang and the Restoration of the Empire
Li Yuan, Duke of TangUses armies to unite ChinaExtends borders to AfghanistanUse of Turks in army
Empire into Tibet, Vietnam, Manchuria, KoreaGreat Wall repaired
C. Rebuilding the BureaucracyUnity
Aristocracy weakenedConfucian ideology revisedScholar-gentry elite reestablishedBureaucracyBureau of Censors
Chapter 17: Reunification and Renaissance in Chinese Civilization: The Era of the Tang and Song Dynasties
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
I. Rebuilding the Imperial Edifice in the Sui-Tang Eras
D. The Growing Importance of the Examination System
Ministry of Rites
Birth, connections important for office
E. State and Religion in the Tang and Song Eras
Confucianism and Buddhism potential rivalsBuddhism had been centralMahayana Buddhism popular in era of
turmoilChan (Zen) Buddhism common among elite
Early Tang support BuddhismEmpress Wu (690-705)
Endows monasteriesTried to make Buddhism the state
religion50,000 monasteries by c. 850
Chapter 17: Reunification and Renaissance in Chinese Civilization: The Era of the Tang and Song Dynasties
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
I. Rebuilding the Imperial Edifice in the Sui-Tang Eras
F. The Anti-Buddhist Backlash
Confucians in administrationSupport taxation of Buddhist
monasteries
Persecution under Emperor Wuzong (841-847)
Monasteries destroyedLands redistributed
Confucian emerges the central ideology
Chapter 17: Reunification and Renaissance in Chinese Civilization: The Era of the Tang and Song Dynasties
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
II. Tang Decline and the Rise of the Song
Emperor Xuanzong (713-756)Height of Tang powerMistress, Yang Guifei
PowerfulRelatives gain power in
government755, revolt
But leaders ineffectualFrontier peoples, governors
benefit
A. The Founding of the Song Dynasty907, last Tang emperor resigns
Zhao Kuangyin (Taizu)960, founds Song dynastyLiao dynasty, Manchura
Khitan nomadsUnconquered by Taizu
Song unable to defeat northern nomads
Song pay tribute to Liao
China During the Song Dynasty Era
Chapter 17: Reunification and Renaissance in Chinese Civilization: The Era of the Tang and Song Dynasties
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
II. Tang Decline and the Rise of the Song
B. Song Politics: Settling for Partial Restoration
Scholar-gentry patronizedGiven power over military
C. The Revival of Confucian ThoughtLibraries established
Old texts recovered
Neo-confuciansStress on personal moralityZhu Xi
Importance of philosophy in everyday life
Hostility to foreign ideasGender, class, age distinctions
reinforced
China During the Song Dynasty Era
Chapter 17: Reunification and Renaissance in Chinese Civilization: The Era of the Tang and Song Dynasties
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
II. Tang Decline and the Rise of the Song
D. Roots of Decline: Attempts at Reform
Khitan independence encourages others
Tangut, Tibet
Xi Xia
Song pay tribute
Wang Anshi
Confucian scholar, chief minister
Reforms
Supported agricultural expansion
Landlords, scholar-gentry taxed
E. Reaction and Disaster: The Flight to the South
1085, emperor supporting Wang Anshi dies
Reforms reversed
Jurchens defeat Liao
1115, found Jin kingdom
Invade China
Song flee south
New capital at Hangzhou
Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279)
China During the Southern Song Dynasty Era
Chapter 17: Reunification and Renaissance in Chinese Civilization: The Era of the Tang and Song Dynasties
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
III. Tang and Song Prosperity: The Basis of a Golden Age
Canal systemBuilt to accommodate population shiftYangdi's Grand Canal
Links North to South
A. A New Phase of Commercial ExpansionSilk routes reopened
Greater contact with Buddhist, Islamic regions
Sea tradeDeveloped by late Tang, SongJunks
Commerce expandsCreditDeposit shopsFlying money
Urban growth Changan
Tang capital2 million
Chapter 17: Reunification and Renaissance in Chinese Civilization: The Era of the Tang and Song Dynasties
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
III. Tang and Song Prosperity: The Basis of a Golden Age
B. Expanding Agrarian Production and Life in the Country
New areas cultivatedCanals help transport produce
Aristocratic estatesDivided among peasantsScholar-gentry replace aristocracy
C. Family and Society in the Tang-Song Era
Great continuityMarriage brokersElite women have broader opportunities
Empresses Wu, WeiYang Guifei
Divorce widely available
Chapter 17: Reunification and Renaissance in Chinese Civilization: The Era of the Tang and Song Dynasties
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
III. Tang and Song Prosperity: The Basis of a Golden Age
D. The Neo-Confucian Assertion of Male Dominance
Neo-Confucians reduce role of womenConfinementMen allowed great freedomMen favored in inheritance, divorceWomen not educatedFoot binding
Chapter 17: Reunification and Renaissance in Chinese Civilization: The Era of the Tang and Song Dynasties
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
III. Tang and Song Prosperity: The Basis of a Golden Age
E. A Glorious Age: Invention and Artistic Creativity
Influence over neighborsEconomy stimulated by advances in farming,
finance
ExplosivesUsed by Song for armaments
Compasses, abacusBi Sheng
Printing with moveable type
F. Scholarly Refinement and Artistic AccomplishmentScholar-gentry key
Change from Buddhist artistsSecular scenes more common
Li BoPoet
Nature a common theme in poetry, art