12 powerpoint ® lecture outlines prepared by dr. lana zinger, qcc cuny copyright © 2011 pearson...

12PowerPoint® Lecture Outlines prepared by Dr. Lana Zinger, QCCCUNY

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer


Cardiovascular Disease: An Epidemiological Overview

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

• Cardiovascular disease is the cause of 37 percent of all deaths in the United States.

• For all ages combined, CVD is the leading cause of death.

• More than 80 million Americans—1 out of every 3 adults—will have some type of CVD.

• The best defense against CVD is to prevent it from developing in the first place.

Do you know someone who has had a heart problem?


Prevalence of Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) in Adults Aged 20 and Older by Age and Sex


Understanding the Cardiovascular System

The Heart: A Mighty Machine

• Four chambers

• Two upper chambers are called atria

• Two lower chambers are called ventricles

• Valves regulate the flow of blood.


Blood Flow within the Heart


Understanding the Cardiovascular System

Heart Function

• Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium

• From the right atrium, blood travels to the right ventricle

• Blood is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs, where it receives oxygen

• Oxygenated blood from the lungs returns to the left atrium of heart

• Blood from the left atrium moves into the left ventricle

• The left ventricle pumps blood through the aorta to all body parts


Percentage Breakdown of Deaths from Cardiovascular Disease in the United States


Cardiovascular Disease

Atherosclerosis (CAD— coronary artery disease)

• Arteriosclerosis

• Hyperlipidemia

• Inflammatory risk

• Peripheral artery disease (PAD)

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

• Greatest killer

• Myocardial infarction (MI) or heart attack


Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease



Angina Pectoris

• Ischemia—condition that reduces the heart’s blood and oxygen supply

• People with ischemia often suffer angina pectoris, or chest pain and pressure.

• Treatments include calcium channel blockers or beta-blockers

Arrhythmias

• Irregularity in heart rhythm

• Fibrillation

• Over 4 million Americans have experienced some type of arrhythmia



Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

• Affects over 5 million Americans

• Single most frequent cause of hospitalization in United States

Stroke

• 6.5 million Americans suffer strokes every year

• Blood supply to brain is interrupted

• Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) are brief interruptions of the blood supply to the brain that cause temporary impairment.

• Today, stroke is a leading cause of serious long-term disability and contributes a significant amount to Medicaid and Medicare expenses for older Americans, particularly women.


ABC News Video: Heart Disease in America

Discussion Questions

1. What preventive measures can be taken to avoid a heart attack?

2. What effect does a celebrity death from a certain illness have on how members of the public address their own health?

| Heart Disease in America


Reducing Your Risks

Metabolic Syndrome: Quick Risk Profile

• For a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome, a person would have three or more of the following risks:

• Abdominal obesity

• Elevated blood fat (triglycerides greater than 150 units)

• Low levels of HDL (“good”) cholesterol

• Elevated blood pressure greater than 130/85 mm/Hg

• Elevated fasting glucose greater than 100 mg/dL

• High levels of C-reactive proteins


Reducing Your Risks

Modifiable Risks

• Avoid tobacco.

• Cut back on saturated fats and cholesterol.

• Low-density lipoproteins (LDL)

• High-density lipoproteins (HDL)

• Triglycerides

• Maintain a healthy weight.

• Exercise regularly.

• Control diabetes.

• Control blood pressure.

• Manage stress.


Recommended Cholesterol Levels for Adults


Blood Pressure Classifications


Reducing Your Risks

Nonmodifiable Risks

• Race and ethnicity

• Heredity

• Age

• Gender

Other Risk Factors Being Studied

• Inflammation and C-reactive protein

• Homocysteine


Weapons against Cardiovascular Disease

Techniques for Diagnosing Cardiovascular Disease

• Electrocardiogram (ECG)

• Angiography

• Positron emission tomography (PET) scan

• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

• Ultrafast computed tomography (CT) scan

• Cardiac calcium score


Weapons Against Cardiovascular Disease

Bypass Surgery and Angioplasty

• Coronary bypass surgery helps patients who suffer from coronary blockages of heart attacks.

• In bypass surgery, a blood vessel is taken from another site in the patient’s body and implanted to “bypass” blocked coronary arteries.

• Angioplasty uses a balloon to open the artery to allow blood to flow more freely.

• Angioplasty carries fewer risks and may be more effective in selected cases than bypass surgery.


Weapons against Cardiovascular Disease

Can Aspirin Help Heart Disease?

• Low doses of aspirin (75 to 81 mg) daily or every other day can be beneficial to heart patients

• Blood-thinning properties

• Risks may outweigh the benefits


An Overview of Cancer

• Second leading cause of death in the United States

• 1.5 million new cases diagnosed every year

• Early detection and improvements in technology have improved prognosis for many.

Why do you think the rate of cancer is so high in the U.S. today?


An Overview of Cancer

What Is Cancer?

• Uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells

• Neoplasms

• Malignant tumors

• Benign tumors


Metastasis


What Causes Cancer?

Lifestyle Risks

• Tobacco use

• Poor nutrition, physical inactivity, and obesity

• Stress and psychosocial risks

Genetic and Physiological Risks

• Genetic predisposition

• Oncogenes—cancer-causing gene that typically stays dormant but can be activated

• Biological sex

• Reproductive and hormonal risks


Probability of Developing Invasive Cancers during Selected Age Intervals by Sex, United States 2003-2005


What Causes Cancer?

Occupational and Environmental Risks

• Exposure to asbestos, nickel, chromate, and benzene

• Exposure to radioactive substances

• Chemicals in foods

• Medical treatment risks

Infectious Diseases and Cancer

• Hepatitis B and hepatitis C

• Liver cancer

• Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer


Go Green against Cancer

To Reduce the Number of Carcinogens

• Leave your car at home.

• Choose organic foods when possible.

• Shop for ecofriendly home furnishings.

• Turn off your lights when you leave a room.

• Use “green” paper.

• Buy ecofriendly hygiene products.

• Avoid dry cleaning.


Types of Cancer

Categories of Cancer

• Carcinomas

• Sarcomas

• Lymphomas

• Leukemias

Lung Cancer

• Cause of death of 159,390 Americans in 2009

• Symptoms include a persistent cough, blood-streaked sputum, chest pain, and recurrent attacks of pneumonia or bronchitis

• Hazards of secondhand smoke


Leading Sites of New Cancer Cases and Deaths, 2009 Estimates


Types of Cancer

Breast Cancer

• Approximately 192,370 women and 1,910 men were diagnosed in 2009

• Risk increases with age

• Risk factors supported by research

• Prevention (self-exam and mammography)

• Treatment

• Surgical

• Selective estrogen-receptor modulators (SERMs)


Breast Awareness and Self-Exam


Types of Cancer

Colon and Rectal Cancer

• Third most common cancer in men and women

• 146,970 cases were diagnosed in 2009

• Warning signals include blood in the stool and rectal bleeding.

Skin Cancer

• Affects over 1 million people every year

• Treatable: basal or squamous

• Virulent: malignant melanoma

• ABCD rule about melanoma

• Asymmetry

• Border irregularity

• Color

• Diameter


Types of Skin Cancers


ABC News Video: Possible Melanoma Treatment


1. Do scientific successes against cancer cause your worry about getting cancer to decrease?

2. What do you do to protect yourself from skin cancer? Could you do more?

| Possible Melanoma


Types of Cancer

Prostate Cancer

• Most frequently diagnosed cancer in American males today, excluding skin cancer, and is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in men after lung cancer

• 192,280 new cases were diagnosed in 2009.

• Estimated 1 in 33 men will die from prostate cancer in his lifetime

Ovarian Cancer

• Fifth leading cause of death in women

• 21,550 new cases were diagnosed in 2009.

• Enlargement of the abdomen is a common warning sign

• Prevention: annual pelvic exams


Types of Cancer

Cervical and Endometrial (Uterine) Cancer

• Regular Pap tests are crucial for early detection

• Risk: early onset of intercourse

• Warning: abnormal bleeding

Testicular Cancer

• Ages 15 to 35 are at the greatest risk

• Cause is unknown

• Men with undescended testicles appear to be at the greatest risk


Testicular Self-Exam


Facing Cancer

Detecting Cancer

• The earlier the cancer is diagnosed, the better prospect there is for survival

• Practice self-exam and checkups

• Several high-tech tools have been developed to help detect cancer

• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

• Computerized axial tomography scanning (CT scan)


Screening Guidelines for the Early Detection of Cancer in Average-Risk Asymptomatic People

Continued


Screening Guidelines for the Early Detection of Cancer in Average-Risk Asymptomatic People


Facing Cancer

Cancer Treatments

• Surgery to remove tumor

• Chemotherapy

• Radiotherapy

• Researching genes and cell mutations

• Immunotherapy

• Cancer-fighting vaccines

• Stem cell research


ABC News Video: Treating Cancer with Bone Drugs


1. Why do treatments such as this seem to focus on early-stage cancers?

2. Would you take a drug developed for a different health issue to help control the spread of cancer? How might taking a drug affect the rest of your body?

3. What questions should you ask your health care provider before taking medication?

4. Under what circumstances would you join a medical research study?

| Treating Cancer with Bone Drugs

12 powerpoint ® lecture outlines prepared by dr. lana zinger, qcc cuny copyright © 2011 pearson...

Documents

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heart slide

coronary heart disease

heart attack slide

left atrium of heart

flow of blood

blood flow

cancer slide