12 chemistry impq ch07 the p block elements 02

7/29/2019 12 Chemistry Impq CH07 the p Block Elements 02

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7.pBlockElements

Pointstoremember:

Thegeneralvalenceshellelectronicconfigurationofpblockelementsns2np16

GROUP15ELEMENTS:

Group15elements;N,P,As,Sb&Bi

Generalelectronicconfiguration:ns2np3

PhysicalProperties:

Dinitrogenisadiatomicgaswhileallothersaresolids. N&Parenonmetals.As&Sbmetalloids&Biisametals.thisisduetodecreaseinionization

enthalpy&increaseinatomicsize.

Electronegativitydecreasesdownthe group.Chemicalproperties:

o Commonoxidationstates: 3,+3&+5.o Duetoinerteffect,thestabilityof+5statedecreasesdownthegroup&stabilityof+3state

increases.

o InthecaseofNitrogenallOxidationstatesfrom+1to+4tendtodisproportionateinacidsolution,e.g.: 3HNO3H2O+2NO

Anamalous behaviorofNitrogen: duetoitssmallsize,highelectronegativity,highionization

enthalpyandabsenceofdorbital.

N2hasuniqueabilitytoppmultiplebondswhereastheheavierofthisgroupdonotform p

p becausethereatomicorbitalsaresolarge&diffusethattheycannothaveeffective

overlapping.

Nitrogenexistsasdiatomicmoleculewithtriplebondbetweenthetwoatomswhereasother

elementsformsinglebondsinelementalstate.

Ncannotformdp duetothenonavailibilityofdorbitalswhereasotherelementscan.

TrendsInProperties:

Stability NH3>PH3>AsH3>SbH3>BiH3

BondDissociationEnthalpy NH3>PH3>AsH3>SbH3>BiH3

Reducingcharacter NH3>PH3>AsH3>SbH3>BiH3

Basiccharacter NH3>PH3>AsH3>SbH3>BiH3

Acidiccharacter N2O3>P2O3>As2O3>Sb2O3>Bi2O3

Dinitrogen:

Preparation

CommercialpreparationBytheliquification&fractionaldistillationofair. LaboratorypreparationBytreatinganaqueoussolutionNH4Clwithsodiumnitrate.

NH4Cl+NaNO2N2+2H2O+NaCl


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ThermaldecompositionofammoniumdichromateolsogiseN2.(NH4)2Cr2O7 N2+4H2O+Cr2O3

ThermaldecompositionofBariumorSodiumazidegivesverypureN2.PROPERTIES

Athightemperaturenitrogencombineswithmetalstoformionicnitride(Mg3N2)&withnon

metals,covalentnitride.

AMMONIAPREPARATION

InlaboratoryitispreparedbyheatingammoniumsaltwithNaOHorlime.2NH4Cl+Ca(OH)22NH3+2H2O+CaCl2

InlargescaleitismanufacturedbyHaberprocessN2+3H2=2NH3

H0= 46.1kJ/mol

Acc.toLechateliersprinciplethefavourableconditionsforthemanufactureofNH3are:

Optimumtemperature:700K

Highpressure:200atm

Catalytst:IronOxides

Promoter:K2O&Al2O3

PROPERTIES

Ammoniaisacolorlessgaswithpungentodour.

Highlysolubleinwater.

Insolids&liquidstatesitexistsasanassociatedmoleculeduetohydrogenbondingwitchaccountsfor

highmelting&boilingpointsofNH3

TrigonalPyramidalshapeNH3molecule.

AqueoussolutionofammoniaisweaklybasicduetotheformationofOHion.

ZnSO4+2NH4OHZn(OH)2+(NH4)2SO4

Ammoniacanformcoordinatebondsbydonatingitsloneonnitrogen,ammoniaformscomplexes.

CuSO4+4NH3[Cu(NH3)4]2SO4

Name Formula Oxidationstate Chemicalnature

Nitrousoxideor

Laughinggas

N2O +1 Neutral


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Nitricoxide NO +2 Neutral

Dinitrogentrioxide N2O3 +3 Acidic

Dinitrogentetraoxide N2O4orNO2 +4 Acidic

Dinitrogenpentaoxide N2O5 +5 Acidic

NITRICACID

PREPARATION:ostwaldsproceesitisbaseduponcatalyticoxidationofammoniabyatmospheric

oxidation.Themainstepsare

1) 4NH3+5O2PT500K,9BAR 4NO+6H2O2) 2NO+O22HNO3+NO

PROPERTIES:

(i)conc.HNO3isastrongoxidizingagent&attacksmostmetalsgold&Pt..

(ii)Cr&AldonotdissolveHNO3becauseoftheformationofapositivefilmofoxideonthesurface.

(iii)itoxidisesnonmetalslikeI2toHNO3,CtoCO2,StoH2so4

(iv)brownringtesisusedtodetectNO.

PHOSPHOROUS:

ALLOTROPICFORMS:White,red black&black.

WhitephosphorousismorereactiveredphosphorousbecausewhitePexistsasdiscreteP4molecules.

inredPseveralP4moleculesarelinkedtoformedpolymericchain.

PHOSPHINE

Preparation:ItispreparedinlaboratorybyheatingwhitePwithconcentratednaohsolutioninan

InertatmosphereofCO2[P4+3NaOH+3H2O PH3+3NaH2PO2]Phosphoroushalides

PhosphorousformstwotypesofhalidesPX3&PX5(X=F,I,Br)

Trihalideshavepyramidalshapeandpentahalideshavetrigonalbipyramidalstructure.

OXOACIDSOFPHOSPHOROUS

Theacidsin+3oxidationstatedisproportionatetohigher&loweroxidation.4H3PO33H3PO4+PH3


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AcidswhichcontainsPHbondhavestrongreducingproperties.EX:H3PO2Areionisableandcausethebasicity.

HydrogenatomwhichareattachedwithoxygeninPOHformareionisable

GROUP16ELEMENTS(CHALCOGENS)

Grouo16Elements:O,S,SE,TE,PO


Element Occurence

Oxygen Comprises20.946%byvolumeoftheatmosphere.

Sulphur AssulphatessuchasgypsumCaSO4.2H2O,EpsomsaltMgSO4.7H2Oandsulphides

SuchasgalenaPbS,zincblendeZnS,copperpyritesCuFeS2

Asmetalselenidesandtelluridesinsulphideores.

Se&Te asadecayproductofthoriumanduraniumminerals.

ATOMIC&PHYSICALPROPERTIES

Ionisationenthalpydecreasesfromoxygentopolonium. OxygenatomhaslessnegativeelectrongainenthalpythanSbecauseofthecompactnatureoftheoxygenatom.HoweverfromtheSonwardsthevalueagainbecomesless

negativeuptopolonium. Electronegativitygraduallydecreasesfromoxygentopolonium,metalliccharacterincreasesfromoxygentopolonium.

Oxygen&Sarenonmetals,seleniumandteleriumaremetalloids.Poisaradioactivemetal.

OxygenisadiatomicgaswhileS,Se&TeareoctaatomicS8,Se8&Te8moleculeswhichhaspuckeredringstructure.


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CHEMICALPROPERTIES

Commonoxidationstate: 2,+2,+4&+6. Duetoinerteffect,thestabilityof+6 decreasesdownthegroupandstabilityof+4increases.

Oxygenexhibits+1stateinO2F2,+2inOF2.

Anamolousbehaviorofoxygenduetoitssmallsize,highelectronegativityandabsenceofd

orbitals.

TRENDINPROPERTIES

AcidiccharacterH2OH2Te

ReducingcharacterH2SI

HALIDES

DIHALIDES:sp3

hybridisationbutangularstructure.

TETRAHALIDES:sp3hybridisationseesawgeometry

HEXAHALIDES:sp3d2,octahedralSF6

DIOXYGEN

Preparedbyheatingoxygencontainingsaltslikechlorates,nitrares

2KClO3heat

2KCl+3O2

2Fe3+

+SO2+2H2O2Fe2+

+SO42

+4H+

5SO2+2MnO4+2H2O5SO42+4H++2Mn2+

SO2moleculeisangular.

OXIDES


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Abinarycompoundofoxygenwithanotherelementiscalledoxide.Oxidescanbeclassified

onthebasisofnature

AcidicOxides: Nonmetallicoxides.Aqueoussolutionsareacids.Neutralizebasestoformsalts.Ex:So2,Co2,N2O5etc.

BasicOxides:metallicoxides.Aqueoussolutionsarealkalis.Neutralizeacidstoformsalts.Ex:Na2O,K2o,etc.

Amphotericoxides:somemetallicoxidesexhibitadualbehavior.Neutralizebothacids&basestoformsalts.

Ex:Al2O3,SbO2,SnO,etc..

OZONE

PREPARATION

Preparedbysubjectingcold,dryoxygentosilentelectricdischarge.

3O22O3

PROPERTIES

Duetotheeasewithwhichitliberatesatomsofnascentoxygen,itactsasapowerful

oxidizingagent.Foreg: itoxidisesleadsulphidetoleadsulphateandiodideionsto

iodine.

PbS+4O3PbSO4+4O2

SULPHURDIOXIDE

PREPARATION

BurningofSinair

S+O2SO2

Roastingofsulphideminerals

(Ironpyrites)

4FeS2+11022Fe2O3+8SO2

(Zincblend)2ZnS+3O22ZnO+2SO2

PROPERTIES

HighlysolubleinwatertoformsolutionofsulphurousacidSO2+H2OH2SO3

SO2reactswithCl2 toformsulphurylchlorideSO2+Cl2SO2Cl2


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ItreactswithoxygentoformSO3inpresenceofV2O5catalyst2SO2+O22SO3

MoistSO2behavesasareducingagent.ItconvertsFe(III)ionstoFe(II)ions&decolourisesacidifiedpotassiumpermanganate(VII)solution(Itisthetestforthe

gas).

SULPHURICACID

PREPARATION

Itismanufacturedbycontactprocesswhichinvolves3steps

1. BurningofSorSulphideoresinairtogenerateSO2.2. ConversionofSO2toSO3inpresenceof V2O5catalyst3. AbsorptionofSO3inH2SO4togiveoleum.PROPERTIES

1. Inaqeoussolutionitionizesin2stepsH2SO4+H2OH3O++HSO4HSO4

+H2OH3O++SO422. ItisastrongdehydratingagentEg:charringactionofsugar

C12H22O11H2SO4

12C+11H2O

3. Itisamoderatelystrongoxidizingagent.Cu+2H2SO4(conc.)CuSO4+SO2+2H2O

C+2H2SO4(conc.)CO2+2SO2+2H2O

GROUP17ELEMENTS(HALOGENS)

Group17elements:F,Cl,Br,I,At


Element Occurence

Fluorine

Cl.Br,I

Asinsolublefluorides(fluorsparCaF2,Cryoliteand

fluoroapattie)

Seawatercontainschlorides,bromidesandiodides

of

Sodium,potassiummagnesiumandcalcium,butis

mainlysodiumchloridesolution(2.5%bymass).

Certainformsofmarinelife(variousseaweeds)


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ATOMIC & PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

i. Atomic & ionic radii increase from fluorine to iodine.ii. Ionization enthalpy gradually decreases from fluorine to iodine due to increase in atomic size.iii. Electron gain enthalpy of fluorine is less than that of chlorine. It is due to small size of fluorine &

repulsion between newly added electron &electrons already present in its small 2p orbital.

iv. Electronegativity decreases from fluorine to iodine. Fluorine is the most electronegative elementin the periodic table.

v. The color of halogens is due to absorption of radiations in visible region which results in theexcitation of outer electrons to higher energy level.

vi. Bond dissociation enthalpy of fluorine is smaller than that of chlorine is due to electron-electronrepulsion among the lone pair in fluorine molecules where they are much closer to each other

than in case of chlorine. The trend: Cl-Cl>Br-Br>F-F>I-I.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

OXIDATION STATES:-1.However, chlorine, bromine &iodine exhibit +1, +3, +5, +7 oxidation

states also.

Fluorine forms two oxides OF2 and O2F2. These are essentially oxygen fluorides because of the

higher electronegativity of fluorine than oxygen.

Anomalous behavior of fluorine- due to its small size, highest electronegativity, low F-F bond

dissociation enthalpy and absence of d-orbitals.TRENDS IN PROPERTIES

Oxidizing property F2>Cl2>Br2>I2Acidic strength- HFHI

Stability of oxides of halogens- I>Cl>Br

Ionic character of halides MF>MCl>MBr>MI

CHLORINE

PREPARATION

1. MnO2 +4HClMnCl2+Cl2+2H2O2. 4NaCl+MnO2+4H2SO4MnCl2+4 NaHSO4+2H2O+Cl23. 2KMnO4+16HCl2KCl+2MnCl2+8H2O+5Cl24. DEACONS PROCESS

4HCl+O2CuCl22Cl2+2H2O

5. By electrolysis of brine solution. Cl2 is obtained at anode.


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PROPERTIES

i. With cold and dilute Cl2 produces a mixture of chloride and hypochlorite butwith hot and concentrated alkalis it gives chloride and chlorate.

2NaOH+Cl2NaCl+NaOCl+H2O

6NaOH+3Cl25NaCl+NaClO3+3H2O

ii. With dry slaked lime it gives bleaching powder.2Ca (OH)2+2Cl2Ca (OH)2+CaCl2+2H2O

iii. It is a powerful bleaching agent; bleaching action is due to oxidationCl2+H2O2HCl+(O)

Colored substance+(O)colorless substance

iv. Action of concentrated H2SO4on NaCl give HCl gas.NaCl+H2SO4420KNaHSO4+HCl

3:1 ratio of conc. HCl & HNO3 is known as aquaregia & it is used for dissolving

noble metals like Au and Pt.

OXOACIDS OF HALOGENS (SEE TABLE 7.10& FIG.7.8)

Interhalogen compounds are prepared by direct combination of halogens.

Ex: ClF, ClF3, BrF5, IF7

They are more reactive than halogens because X-X is weaker than X-X bonds in

halogens (except F-F).

TY PE STRUCTURE

XX3 Bent T-shaped

XX5 Square pyramidal

XX7 Pentagonal bipyramidal

GROUP 18 ELEMENTS

GROUP 18 ELEMENTS: He, Ne, Ar,Kr,Xe &Rn


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General electronic configuration:ns2np6

Atomic radii- large as compared to other elements in the period since it

corresponds to Vander Waal radii.

Inert due to complete octet of outermost shell, very high ionization enthalpy &

electron gain enthalpies are almost zero.

The first noble compound prepared by Neil Bartlett was XePtF6&Xenon.

O2+PtF6

-.led to the discovery of XePtF6 since first ionization enthalpy of

molecular oxygen (1175kJmol-1) was almost identical with that of xenon

(1170kJmol-1).

PROPERTIES

Xe+F2--------673K, 1bar--XeF2

Xe (g) +2F2 (g) ----873k, 7barXeF4(s)

Xe (g) +3F2 (g) ----573k, 6070barXeF6(s)

XeF6+MFM+[XeF7]

-

XeF2+PF5[XeF]+[PF6]

-

XeF6+2H2OXeO2F2+4HF(partial hydrolysis)

SOLVED QUESTIONS

1 MARK QUESTIONS

1. Ammonia has higher boiling point than phosphine. Why?-AMMONIA FORMS INTERMOLECULAR H-BOND.

2. Why BiH3 the strongest reducing agent amongst all the hydrides of group 15 elements ?3. Why does PCl3 fume in moisture ?

In the presence of (H2O) , PCl3 undergoes hydrolysis giving fumes of HCl .

PCl3 +3H2O H3PO3+ 3HCl

4. What Happens when H3PO3 is Heated ?It disproportionate to give orthophosphoric acid and Phosphine .


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4H3PO3 3H3PO4 PH3

5. Why H2S is acidic and H2S is neutral ?The S---H bond is weaker than O---H bond because the size of S atomis bigger than

that of O atom . Hence H2S can dissociate to give H+Ions in aqueous solution .

6. Name two poisonous gases which can be prepared from chlorine gas ?Phosgene (COCl2) , tear gas (CCl3NO2)

7. Name the halogen which does not exhibit positive oxidation state .Flourine being the most electronegative element does not show positive oxidation state .

8.

Iodine forms I3-

but F2 does not form F3-

ions .why?

Due to the presence of vacant D-orbitals , I2 accepts electrons from I-ions to form I3-

ions , but because of d-orbitals F2 does not accept electrons from F-ions to form F3 ions.

9. Draw the structure of peroxosulphuric acid .10.Phosphorous forms PCl5 but nitrogen cannot form NCl5. Why?

Due to the availability of vacant d-orbital in p.

2MARKQUESTION(SHORTANSWERTYPEQUESTION)

1.WhyisHFacidstoredinwaxcoatedglassbottles?

ThisisbecauseHFdoesnotattackwaxbutreactswithglass.ItdissolvesSiO2

presentinglassforminghydrofluorosilicicacid.

SiO2+6HFH

2SiF

6+2H

2O

2.Whatislaughinggas?Whyisitsocalled?Howisitprepared?

Nitrousoxide(N2O)iscalledlaughinggas,becausewheninhaleditproduced

hystericallaughter.Itispreparedbygentlyheatingammoniumnitrate.


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NH4NO3N2O+2H2O

3.Givereasonsforthefollowing:

(i)Conc.HNO3turnsyellowonexposuretosunlight.

(ii)PCl5behavesasanionicspeciesinsolidstate.

(i)ConcHNO3decomposetoNO2whichisbrownincolour &NO2dissolvesin

HNO3toit yellow.

(ii)Itexistsas[PCl4]+[PCl6]

insolidstate.

4.WhathappenswhenwhitePisheatedwithconc.NaOHsolutioninan

atmosphereofCO2?Giveequation.

Phosphorusgaswillbeformed.

P4+3NaOH+3H2OPH3+3NaH2PO2

5.Howisozoneestimatedquantitatively?

Whenozonereactswithanexcessofpotassiumiodidesolution

Bufferedwithaboratebuffer(Ph9.2),Iodideisliberatedwhichcanbetitrated

againstastandardsolutionofsodiumthiosulphate.Thisisaquantitativemethod

forestimatingO3gas.

6.AreallthefivebondsinPCl5moleculeequivalent?Justifyyouranswer.

PCl5hasatrigonalbipyramidalstructureandthethreeequatorialPClbondsare

equivalent,whilethetwoaxialbondsaredifferentandlongerthanequatorial

bonds.

7.NO2iscolouredandreadilydimerises.Why?

NO2containsoddnumberofvalenceelectrons.Itbehavesasatypicalodd

molecules.Ondimerization;itisconvertedtostableN204moleculewitheven

numberofelectrons.


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8.WritethebalancedchemicalequationforthereactionofCl2withhotand

concentratedNaOH.Isthisreactionadispropotionationreaction?Justify:

3Cl2+6NaOH5NaCl+NaClO3+3H2O

Yes,chlorinefromzerooxidationstateischangedto 1and+5oxidationstates.

9.Accountforthefollowing.

(i)SF6islessreactivethan.

(ii)0fthenoblegasesonlyxenonchemicalcompounds.

(i)InSF6thereislessrepulsionbetweenFatomsthanInSF4.

(II)Xehaslowionisationenthalpy&highpolarisingpowerduetolargeratomic

size.

10.WithwhatneutralmoleculeisClOIsoelectronic?IsthatmoleculeaLewis

base?

CiF.Yes,itisLewisbaseduetopresenceoflonepairofelectron.

3MARKQUESTIONS

1(i)whyisHeusedindivingapparatus?

(ii)Noblegaseshaveverylowboilingpoints.Why?

(iii)WhyisIClmoereactivethanI2?

(I)Itisnotsolubleinbloodevenunderhighpressure.

(ii)Beingmonoatomictheyhaveweakdispersionforces.

(ii)IClbondisweakerthanllbond

2.Completethefollowingequations.

(i)XeF4+H2O

(ii)Ca3P2+H2O


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(iii)AgCl(s)+NH3(aq)

(i)6XeF4+12H2O4Xe+2XeO3+24HF+3O2

(ii)Ca2P2+6H2O3Ca(OH)2+2PH3

(iii)AgCl(s)+2NH3(aq)[Ag(NH3)2]Cl(aq)

3.(i)HowisXeOF4prepared?Drawitsstructure.

(ii)WhenHCLreactswithfinelypowderediron,itformsferrouschlorideandnot

ferricchloride.Why?

(i)PartialhydrolysisofXeOF4

XeF6+H2OXeOF4+2HF

Structuresquarepyramidal.SeeFig7.9

(ii)Itsreactionwithironproducesh2

Fe+2HClFeCl2+H2

Liberationofhydrogenpreventstheformationofferricchloride.

5MARKQUESTION

1.Accountforthefollowing.

(i)NoblegasformcompoundswithF2&O2only.

(ii)Sulphurshowsparamagneticbehavior.

(iii)HFismuchlessvolatilethanHCl.

(iv)Whitephosphorousiskeptunderwater.

(v)Ammoniaisastrongerbasethanphosphine.

(i)F2&O2arebestoxidizingagents.


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(ii)InvapourstatesulphurpartlyexistsasS2moleculewhichhastwounpaired

electronsintheantibondingpi*orbitalslikeO2and,hence,exhibit

paramagnetism.

(iii)HFisassociatedwithintermolecularHbonding.

(iv)Ignitiontemperatureofwhitephosphorousisverylow(303K).Thereforeon

explosuretoair,itspontaneouslycatchesfireformingP4O10.Thereforetoprotect

itfromair,itiskeptunderwater.

(v)DuetothesmallersizeofN,lonepairofelectronsisreadilyavailable.

2.WhenConc.H2SO4wasaddedtoanunknownsaltpresentinatesttube,a

browngas(A)wasevolved.Thisgasintensifiedwhencopperturningswereadded

intotesttube.Oncoolinggas(A)changedintoacolourlessgas(B).

(a)IdentifythegasesAandB

(b)Writetheequationsforthereactionsinvolved

ThegasAisNO2whereasBisN2O4.

XNO3+H2SO4XHSO4+HNO3

Salt (conc.)

Cu+4HNO3(Conc.)Cu(NO3)2+2NO2+2H2O

Blue Brown(A)

2NO2(oncooling)N2O4

Colourless(B)

3.Arrangethefollowingintheincreasingorderofthepropertymentioned.

(i)HOCl,HClO2,HClO3,HClO4(Acidicstrength)

(ii)As2O3,ClO2,GeO3,Ga2O3(Acidity)

(iii)NH3,PH3,AsH3,SbH3(HEHbondangle)


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(iv)HF,HCl,HBr,HI(Acidicstrength)

(v)MF,MCl,MBr,MI(ioniccharacter)

(i)Acidicstrength:HOCl


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2)Whydonoblegaseshavecomparativelylargeatomicsizes?

3)ArrangeindecreasingorderofIoniccharacter

MF,MCl,MBr,MI

4)Phosphinicacidbehavesasamonoproticacid

5)Arrangethefollowingintheorderofpropertyindicated:

a)AS2O3,ClO2,GeO2,Ga2O3__Increasingacidity

b)H2O,H2S,H2Se,H2Te__Increasingacidstrength.

6)Arrangeindecreasingorderofbondenergy:

F2,Cl2,Br2,I2

7)Completethefollowing:

i)HNO3+P4O10

ii)IO3+I

+H

+

8)Givethechemicalreactionsinsupportoffollowingobservations:

a)The+5oxidationstateofBiislessstablethan+3oxidationstate.

b)Sulphurexhibitsgreatertendencyforcatenationthanselenium.

9)Howwouldyouaccountforfollowing?

i)EnthalpyofdissociationofF2ismuchlessthanthatofCl2.

ii)Sulphurinvapourstateexhibitsparamagnetism.

10)Drawstructuresoffollowing:

a)PreoxomonasalphuricacidH2SO5

b)XeF4


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LevelIII

1.Completeandbalance:

i)F2+H2OCold

ii)BrO3+F2+OH

iii)Li+N2(cold)

iv)NH3+NaOCl

2)DespitelowerelectronaffinityofF2,isstrongeroxidisingagentthanCl2.

Explain.

3)Givereasons:

a)Nitricoxidebecomesbrownwhenreleasedinair.

b)PCl5isionicinnatureinthesolidstate.

4)WhichofthetwoismorecovalentSbCl3orSbCl5?

5)AdditionofCl2toKlsolutiongivesifbrowncolourbutexcessatifturnsit

colourless.Explain.

IdentifyhybridizationstateofcentralatomanduseconceotofVSEPRtheory.also

itsshape(geometry)anddrawthestructure.

PCl3 sp3 bp=3 lp=1

PCl5 sp3d bp=5 lp=0

BrF3 sp3d bp=3 lp=2

XeF2 sp3d bp=2 lp=3

XeF4 sp3d2 bp=4 lp=2

XeOF4 sp3d2 bp=5 lp=1XeO3 sp

3 bp=3 lp=1

XeF6 sp3d3 bp=6 lp=1

SF4 sp3d bp=4 lp=1


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12 chemistry impq ch07 the p block elements 02

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