11th april 2012 birmingham - bravo...reactive histiocytosis of the eye-lid and conjunctiva in a...
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11th April 2012
Birmingham
Meeting Proceedings
Volume 6 !Issue 1
Spring Meeting
COMMITTEE MEMBERS OF BRAVO
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PUBLISHER
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MEMBERSHIP INFORMATION
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ADVERTISING
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ABSTRACT/LECTURERS NOTES SUB-
MISSION
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COPYRIGHT AND PHOTOCOPYING
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DISCLAIMER
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BRAVO COMMITTEE MEMBERS 2012
Chairman - Robert Lowe
After qualifying from Bristol University, Claudia spent 3 years in predominantly large animal practice in Dev-
!"#$%&'$()*'+$,!-'.$*!$)$/),0+1.2'$3+)4*14'$5!+$6$7')+89$.:+1"2$;&14&$*1,'$8&'$2)1"'.$&'+$</=%$/'+*1>4)*'$
in Ophthalmology. Claudia then spent a year as a clinician scholar at Cambridge Veterinary School undertak-
1"2$4(1"14)($+'8')+4&$1"$*&'$3+'?!4:()+$*')+$>(,$!5$.!28#$@&'$5!((!;1"2$7')+$/():.1)$*!!A$:3$)$+'81.'"47$)*$
*&'$B"1,)($C')(*&$@+:8*$1"$='*'+1")+7$D3&*&)(,!(!27#$%&'$4!,3('*'.$&'+$+'81.'"47$1"$EFFG$)".$1"$*&'$8),'$
year successfully passed her European Diploma exams in Veterinary Ophthalmology. She currently works as
&').$!5$*&'$%,)(($B"1,)($D3&*&)(,!(!27$:"1*$)*$*&'$B"1,)($C')(*&$@+:8*$)".$18$:".'+*)A1"2$4(1"14)($+'8')+4&$
1"$*')+$>(,$)0"!+,)(1*1'8$1"$.!28#$B8$8'4+'*)+7$/():.1)$)++)"2'8$4!,,:"14)*1!"8$;1*&$,',0'+8$1"4(:.1"2$
the enrolment of new members.
<!0'+*$2+).:)*'.$5+!,$H+18*!($I"1-'+81*7$1"$JKKL#$B5*'+$)$E$7')+$3!8*1!"$1"$,1M'.$3+)4*14'9$&'$:".'+*!!A$)$N$
7')+$+'81.'"47$)*$H+18*!($1"$'O:1"'$!3&*&)(,!(!27$2)1"1"2$&18$/'+*1>4)*'$1"$D3&*&)(,!(!27$1"$EFFE#$C'$*&'"$
spent the next 3 years working with Martyn King in a private small animal ophthalmology referral practice
1"$C),38&1+'$0'5!+'$*)A1"2$!"$*&'$+'5'++)($0:81"'88$!3'"1"2$)8$D3*1-'*$<'5'++)(8$1"$EFFP#$B8$4&)1+,)"$<!0$
oversees the running of the committee and chairs our meetings.
Secretary - Claudia Hartley
Ida graduated from Bristol Veterinary School in 1995. Following two years in mixed practice she decided to
commit to her interests in ophthalmology and moved to a large veterinary hospital in Swindon, where she
2)1"'.$&'+$</=%$/'+*1>4)*'$1"$='*'+1")+7$D3&*&)(,!(!27$1"$EFFJ#$C'+$8'4!".$4&1(.$;)8$0!+"$8&!+*(7$)5*'+*&'$
examinations and she has since been an ambulatory ophthalmologist seeing both small animal and equine
+'5'++)($4)8'8$1"$G?L$.155'+'"*$-'*'+1")+7$3+)4*14'8#$Q.)$83'".8$*1,'$+'8')+4&1"2$-'":'8$5!+$!:+$R1"*'+$4!"-
ference each year and is in charge of communicating with our sponsors.
Winter conference organizer and sponsorship liaison - Ida Gilbert
Scientific Programme Organizer - David Gould
S)-1.$2+).:)*'.$5+!,$*&'$I"1-'+81*7$!5$T.1"0:+2&$1"$JKKE$)".9$)5*'+$)$3'+1!.$1"$2'"'+)($3+)4*14'9$4!,3('*'.$
a PhD at the University of Cambridge in the molecular genetics of inherited eye diseases of dogs. Following
this he moved to the University of Bristol for a three year clinical residency in Veterinary Ophthalmology.
After this he was appointed Lecturer in Veterinary Ophthalmology at Bristol University Veterinary School,
)$3!8*$*&)*$&'$&'(.$5!+$*&+''$7')+8$0'5!+'$U!1"1"2$S)-1'8$='*'+1")+7$%3'41)(18*8$1"$EFFN$;&'+'$&'$+:"8$*&'1+$
ophthalmology service. He holds both RCVS and European Diplomas in Veterinary Ophthalmology and is an
RCVS Recognised Specialist in Veterinary Ophthalmology and European Veterinary Specialist in Ophthalmol-
ogy. David uses his extensive international contacts to help organise exciting speakers for our meetings and
with Alistair’s help puts together the programme.
Website and audiovisual - Tim Knott
Scientific Programme Organizer - Alistair Oldfield
C)-1"2$2+).:)*'.$1"$JKKG$5+!,$H+18*!($I"1-'+81*7#$B(18*)1+$U!1"'.$R!!.4+!5*$='*'+1")+7$V+!:3$1"$W:"'$EFFE$
)5*'+$;!+A1"2$5!+$"')+(7$>-'$7')+8$)*$*&'$XS%B$4(1"14$1"$Y)"4&'8*'+#$C)-1"2$)**)1"'.$&18$3!8*2+).:)*'$4'+*1>-
cate in Veterinary Ophthalmology Alistair sees referral ophthalmology cases as well as continuing his work
1"$2'"'+)($8,)(($)"1,)($3+)4*14'#$B(!"281.'$S)-1.$V!:(.9$B(18*)1+$4!?!+.1")*'8$*&'$841'"*1>4$3+!2+),,'$5!+$
each meeting and liases with speakers.
@1,$2+).:)*'.$;1*&$)"$&!"!:+8$.'2+''$1"$B")*!,14)($%41'"4'$5+!,$H+18*!($I"1-'+81*7$1"$JKKJ9$5!((!;'.$
07$&18$='*'+1")+7$.'2+''$1"$JKK6#$C'$;)8$*&'$JKKZ$;1""'+$!5$*&'$Y1.$R'8*$='*'+1")+7$%!41'*7[8$B"1,)($
C:80)".+7$B;)+.9$*&'$JKK6$;1""'+$!5$*&'$H+18*!($I"1-'+81*7$3+1\'$5!+$%,)(($B"1,)($%:+2'+7$)".$*&'$JKKP$
;1""'+$!5$*&'$<!7)($='*'+1")+7$/!(('2'[8$]1*\;72+),$3+1\'#@1,$&!(.8$*&'$<!7)($/!(('2'$!5$='*'+1")+7$%:+-
2'!"8$4'+*1>4)*'$1"$='*'+1")+7$D3&*&)(,!(!27$)".$+:"8$)"$!3&*&)(,!(!27$+'5'++)($:"1*#$C'$18$1"*'+'8*'.$
in all aspects of mixed practice but has special interests in ophthalmology, exotic animal medicine and
8:+2'+7$)".$>8&$.18')8'#$@1,$18$+'83!"810('$5!+$+:""1"2$*&'$H+B=D$;'081*'$)".$)(8!$18$1"-!(-'.$;1*&$8'*-
ting up the audiovisual facilities at each meeting.
Audiovisual - David Nutbrown Hughes
B5*'+$2+).:)*1"2$5+!,$H+18*!($1"$JKK69$S)-1.$>+8*$;!+A'.$1"$,1M'.$3+)4*14'$1"$^1..'+,1"8*'+$)".$*&'"$*&'$
<%X/B$1"$@):"*!"#$C'$U!1"'.$C);*&!+"$='*'+1")+7$8:+2'+1'8$1"$JKKK$)".$&)8$0:1(*$!"$&18$1"*'+'8*$1"$!3&*&)(-
,!(!279$2)1"1"2$*&'$</=%$/'+*1>4)*'$1"$='*'+1")+7$D3&*&)(,!(!27$1"$EFFZ#$S)-1.$+:"8$*&'$):.1!-18:)($8'*?:3$
)*$!:+$,''*1"28$)(!"218.'$@1,#
Editor - Georgie Gent
V'!+21'$2+).:)*'.$5+!,$_1-'+3!!($1"$EFF69$&)-1"2$4!,3('*'.$)$6$;''A$'M*'+"8&13$1"$!3&*&)(,!(!27$;1*&$
Y)+*7"$^1"2$)".$<!0'+*$_!;'$.:+1"2$&'+$>")($7')+#$%&'$4!"*1":'.$*!$3:+8:'$&'+$1"*'+'8*$1"$'7'8$;&1(8*$;!+A-
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/'+*1>4)*'$ 1"$='*'+1")+7$D3&*&)(,!(!27$ 1"$EFJJ$0'5!+'$,!-1"2$ *!$S)-1'8$='*'+1")+7$ %3'41)(18*8$ 1"$Y)+4&$
EFJE$;&'+'$8&'$18$:".'+*)A1"2$)"$T/=D$+'81.'"47#$B8$T.1*!+$8&'$18$+'83!"810('$5!+$4!(()*1"2$83')A'+8$"!*'8$
to produce the meeting proceedings.
REACTIVE HISTIOCYTOSIS OF THE EYE-
LID AND CONJUNCTIVA IN A COCKER
SPANIEL
J.D. Wills BVSc CertVOphthal MRCVS Veterinary Eye Referrals
K.A. Dunn BVSc (Hons) MRCVS FOCUS-EyePathLab
T.J. Scase BSc BVM&S MRCVS PhD Dip. ACVP Bridge Pathology Ltd
A 9-year-old neutered female Cocker Spaniel presented with increased discharge and swellings in the right lower
palpebral conjunctiva medially, and the lid margin of the left upper lid margin medially, of approximately 3
weeks duration. While still with her breeder as a puppy, she had been found to have persistent pupillary mem-
branes, microphthalmia and low tear production in the left eye at 5 weeks old, which was being treated with
topical tear replacement. The left eye had reportedly always had a mucoid discharge. A biopsy from the mass
in the right eye taken by the referring vet had been sent to a general veterinary pathology laboratory and had
returned a diagnosis of “round cell tumour, probably histiocytoma”.
!"#$%&'("&)(*"+#),$#-$.)#$/$01#'$"&2$#3$14*"1$#5&1#4**3#67)#),$#8&99-$#3$:$%#5&1#43$1$");#<,$#8(3$2)#=>?#5&1#
"*)#@(1(6-$#67)#),$#2*"1$"17&-#=>?#5&1#43$1$");#<,$3$#5&1#6-$4,&3*14&1'+#A38#$/$-(8#43*)371(*"#&"8#'&3B$8#
crusting mucopurulent discharge, with a pink swelling at the medial end of the upper lid margin, extending into
),$#-(8#&"8#'$8(&-#2&"),71#CDE73$1#F&#&"8#6G;#<,$3$#5&1#&-1*#'&--#"*87-$#*"#),$#2$")3&-#744$3#-(8#'&3E("#5(),#
an appearance consistent with a meibomian gland adenoma. The globe was slightly smaller than normal and
there was marked corneal vascularisation and pigmentation preventing intraocular examination. The Schirmer
<$&3#<$1)#HF#CI<<HFG#3$&8("E#5&1#J#''K'("7)$;#<,$3$#5&1#1*'$#:7*3$12$("#74)&B$#&11*2(&)$8#5(),#),$#'$8(&-#
15$--("E+#67)#"*"$#*"#),$#2*3"$&;#<,$#3(E,)#$/$01#'$"&2$#3$14*"1$+#8&99-$#3$:$%#&"8#8(3$2)#=>?#5$3$#"*3'&-;#
There was mild-moderate crusting discharge and a large pink swelling in the medial and central lower palpebral
conjunctiva with swelling and depigmentation of the adjacent eyelid margin and possible extension into the
&")$3(*3#A38#$/$-(8;#I-(E,)-/#'*3$#),&"#LJM#*.#),$#$/$-(8#'&3E("#-$"E),#5&1#&..$2)$8#CDE73$#NG;#<,$#2*3"$&1#
2-$&3#5(),#(14#-(E,)#3$:$2)(*"#&"8#),$#I<<HF#3$&8("E#5&1#O#''K'("7)$;#P")3&*27-&3#$%&'("&)(*"#5&1#7"3$-
markable other than some pigment on the endothelial surface of the cornea consistent with burst uveal cyst
tissue. Fluorescein was not retained in the cornea, but there was some uptake on the affected eyelid margin.
Under general anaesthesia, biopsies of both masses were submitted in formalin to an ocular pathologist. Histopa-
thology revealed a proliferation of large round cells thought to be histiocytic in all 5 eyelid biopsy sites (cutane-
*71#&"8#2*"Q7"2)(@&-G+#$%)$"8("E#.3*'#),$#$4(),$-(&-#*3#$4(8$3'&-#173.&2$#CDE73$1#A#&"8#RG+#5(),#.*2&-#173.&2$#
ulceration, into the deep dermis and conjunctival substantia propria. There was some tendency towards perifol-
-(27-&3#&33&"E$'$")#("#),$#,&(3$8#1B("#6(*41($1#CDE73$#AG;#S--#6(*41($1#1,*5$8#@&3(&6-$#&22*'4&"/("E#-/'4,*-
2/)(2+#4-&1'&2/)(2+#"$7)3*4,(-(2#&"8#$*1("*4,(-(2#(":&''&)*3/#2$--#("D-)3&)(*";#<,$#43*-(.$3&)("E#3*7"8#2$--1#5$3$#
&33&"E$8#("#1,$$)1#&"8#1744*3)$8#6/#),$#43$H$%(1)("E#2*""$2)(@$#)(117$#1)3*'&#CDE73$#LG;#<,$1$#2$--1#2*")&("$8#
moderate to abundant lightly eosinophilic cytoplasm and usually centrally located, large, round to oval or an-
E7-&3#&"8#*22&1(*"&--/#@$1(27-&3#*3#3$"(.*3'#"72-$(#CDE73$#TG+#5(),#@&3(&6-$#"72-$&3#1(9$;#U()*1$1#5$3$#12&))$3$8#
),3*7E,*7)+#@&3/("E#.3*'#J#)*#C3&3$-/G#L#'()*1$1#4$3#,(E,#4*5$3#D$-8+#67)#&@$3&E$("E#&443*%('&)$-/#FK,4.#;#<,$#
cells did not show any cytoplasmic metachromasia on toluidine blue staining to suggest mast cell origin, and no
6&2)$3(&+#.7"E(#*3#'/2*6&2)$3($3$#(8$")(D$8#*"#V3&'+#=SI#&"8#W($,-HX$$-1$"#1)&("1+#3$14$2)(@$-/;#
<,$#'&("#8(..$3$")(&-1#5$3$#&#,(1)(*2/)(2#43*-(.$3&)(@$#C(''7"*43*-(.$3&)(@$G#8(1*38$3+#*3#&#:*3(8#C4/*GE3&"7-*'&-
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8$"83()(2#2$--1#*3#3$&2)(@$#'&23*4,&E$1+#3$14$2)(@$-/#CY&("$1#$)#&-+#NJJOG;#<,$#43*-(.$3&)("E#2$--1#$%,(6()$8#4*1(-
)(@$#1)&("("E#.*3#U^Z#2-&11#PP#2*"D3'("E#),$'#)*#6$#&")(E$"H43$1$")("E#2$--1#CDE73$#\6G;#<,$#3$-&)(@$#4&72()/#*.#
U&2AO\#4*1()(@$#'&23*4,&E$1#5(),("#),$#)(117$1#37-$8#*7)#&#E3&"7-*'&)*71#(":&''&)*3/#43*2$11+#&"8#),$#'(%$8#
4*47-&)(*"1#*.#<#&"8#Y#2$--1#2*"D3'$8#),&)#()#5&1#"*)#&#-/'4,*'&;#<,$1$#D"8("E1#5$3$#1744*3)(@$#*.#(&E"*1(1#
of a reactive histiocytosis, in this case affecting both the skin and the conjunctiva.
S.)$3#8(12711(*"#5(),#&#@$)$3("&3/#8$3'&)*-*E(1)+#)3$&)'$")#5&1#1)&3)$8#5(),#)*4(2&-#FM#43$8"(1*-*"$#&2$)&)$#
C=3$8#a*3)$+#S--$3E&"G#T#)('$1#8&(-/+#*3&-#*%/)$)3&2/2-("$#C!%/2&3$+#S"('&-2&3$G#NLJ'E#)(8#&"8#*3&-#"(2*)("&'(8$#
CX(2*)("&'(8$+#>&'6$3)1G#NLJ'E#)(8;
S)#3$H$%&'("&)(*"#N#5$$B1#-&)$3+#),$#'&11$1#("#6*),#$/$1#5$3$#1'&--$3#CDE73$1#O#&"8#]G+#),$3$#5&1#-$11#8(12,&3E$#
&"8#3$8"$11+#&"8#"*#3766("E#*3#6-$4,&3*14&1';#P"#),$#-*5$3#.*3"(%#*.#),$#3(E,)#$/$#),$3$#5&1#&#/$--*5H*3&"E$#
subconjunctival discolouration. Over the next 3 months, the medications were tapered off as the remaining
15$--("E1#3$1*-@$8+#),$#$/$-(8#'&3E("1#3$H4(E'$")$8#&"8#),$#/$--*5H*3&"E$#8(12*-*73&)(*"#8(1&44$&3$8#CDE73$1#
FJHFFG;
<,$#I<<HF#-$@$-1#5$3$#'*"()*3$8#("#6*),#$/$1#873("E#),(1#)3$&)'$")b#),$#-$.)#$/$01#3$&8("E1#3&"E$8#.3*'#J#)*#
\#''K'("+#5(),#'&3B$8#8(1374)(*"#*.#),$#2*3"$&-#173.&2$+#2*3"$&-#@&127-&3(1&)(*"#&"8#4(E'$")&)(*"c#),$#3(E,)#
$/$01#3$&8("E1#3&"E$8#.3*'#OHFO#''K'("+#5(),#&#"*3'&-#2*3"$&-#3$:$2)(*"#&"8#"*#@&127-&3(1&)(*"#*3#174$3D2(&-#
4(E'$")&)(*";#I$@$"#5$$B1#&.)$3#1)&3)("E#)3$&)'$")+#),$#-$.)#$/$#5&1#)3$&)$8#5(),#)*4(2&-#2/2-*14*3("#J;NM#C!4-
)(''7"$+#UI[#S"('&-#^$&-),G+#67)#),$#I<<HF#3$&8("E1#("#),(1#$/$#.&(-$8#)*#('43*@$#&6*@$#R''K'("#&.)$3#&)#-$&1)#
*"$#'*"),#*"#),(1#)3$&)'$")+#)*4(2&-#FM#2/2-*14*3("#*3#)*4(2&-#J;FM#)&23*-('71#C=3*)*4(2+#S1)$--&1Gc#),$#3(E,)#$/$#
was not treated with tear stimulants and there have been no signs of corneal disease.
Three months after starting treatment, the presumed meibomian gland adenoma became ulcerated and was
3$'*@$8#7"8$3#E$"$3&-#&"&$1),$1(/#RH1(8$8#3$1$2)(*"c#$%&'("&)(*"#6/#&"#*27-&3#4&),*-*E(1)#3$@$&-$8#()#)*#6$#
a sebaceous gland epithelioma (a benign adnexal neoplasm of sebaceous gland origin, consisting of basaloid cells
),&)#$%,(6()#@&3/("E#8$E3$$1#*.#1$6&2$*71#8(..$3$")(&)(*"G+#5(),*7)#2-$&3#$@(8$"2$#*.#("@*-@$'$")#*.#),$#2*"-
Q7"2)(@&-#173.&2$#*3#-*2&-#'$(6*'(&"#E-&"81c#"*#,(1)*-*E(2&-#$@(8$"2$#*.#,(1)(*2/)*1(1#5&1#*61$3@$8#("#),(1#6(*41/;#
Four months after starting treatment for reactive histiocytosis, 3 masses were noted in the mammary glands by
the referring vet, where she underwent a mammary strip and ovariohysterectomy. After a partial dehiscence,
the wound healed with the help of repeated seroma drainage and systemic antibiotics. Histopathology revealed
),$1$#'&11$1#)*#6$#N#'&''&3/#2*'4-$%#&8$"*'&)&#&"8#&#-&3E$3#1*-(8#4**3-/#8(..$3$")(&)$8#2&32("*'&;#I761$-
quent thoracic radiographs did not show any sign of metastasis.
Seven months after starting treatment for the histiocytosis there was no sign of recurrence in either eye, nor of
the upper lid sebaceous gland epithelioma, nor the mammary tumours.
DISCUSSION
^(1)(*2/)$1#&3$#&#E3*74#*.#-$7B*2/)$1#),&)#8(..$3$")(&)$#.3*'#Z[AR#4*1()(@$#6*"$#'&33*5#1)$'#2$--#43$2731*31;#
<5*#'&("#-("$&E$1#&3$#3$2*E"(1$8b#),$#'&23*4,&E$#-("$&E$#&"8#),$#&")(E$"#43$1$")("E#8$"83()(2#2$--#C[ZG#-("$&E$#
CI)3*6-+#NJJA+#&"8#U**3$KdZ[&@(1#5$61()$G#&1#1,*5"#("#DE73$#FN;#<,$#8$"83()(2#2$--#-("$&E$#(1#.73),$3#1768(@(8$8#
(")*#$4(8$3'&-#>&"E$3,&"1#[Z#&"8#(")$31)()(&-#[Z;
^(1)(*2/)(2#8(1$&1$1#C3$@($5$8#6/#a7-'$3#e#U&7-8("+#NJJ\G#3$2*E"(9$8#("#8*E1#("2-78$#),$#2&"("$#27)&"$*71#,(1-
)(*2/)*'&#.&'(-(&3#)*#'*1)#43&2)()(*"$31#C&#-*2&-(1$8+#3$E3$11("E#>&"E$3,&"1#8$"83()(2#2$--#"$*4-&1'#717&--/#1$$"#
("#/*7"E$3#8*E1G#&"8#3$&2)(@$#,(1)(*2/)*1(1+#$2)37'#*.#8(1$&1$#5,(2,#("2-78$1#27)&"$*71#,(1)(*2/)*1(1#C1$$"#("#
'&"/#63$$81G#&"8#1/1)$'(2#,(1)(*2/)*1(1#C1$$"#("#Y$3"$1$#U*7")&("#[*E1#&"8#*),$3#63$$81G+#&"8#5,(2,#(1#.73),$3#
8$123(6$8#6$-*5;#<,$#,(1)(*2/)(2#1&32*'&K'&-(E"&")#,(1)(*2/)*1(1#2*'4-$%#C&-1*#1$$"#("#Y$3"$1$#U*7")&("#[*E1#
&"8#*),$3#63$$81G+#&3$#&EE3$11(@$#,(1)(*2/)(2#8(1$&1$1#&)#),$#'&-(E"&")#$"8#*.#),$#,(1)(*2/)(2#8(1$&1$#14$2)37'+#
and, although fascinating, are beyond the scope of this abstract.
The reactive histiocytic diseases, cutaneous histiocytosis and systemic histiocytosis, are poorly understood. They
&3$#),*7E,)#)*#6$#"*"H"$*4-&1)(2#43*-(.$3&)(*"1#*.#&2)(@&)$8+#(")$31)()(&-#8$"83()(2#&")(E$"#43$1$")("E#CU^Z#2-&11#
PP#4*1()(@$+#_H2&8,$3("#"$E&)(@$G#2$--1;#Y*),#.*3'1#43('&3(-/#)&3E$)#),$#1B("#&"8#17627)&"$*71#)(117$1+#67)#5(),#("-
volvement of a variety of additional tissues in systemic histiocytosis, such as lymph nodes, ocular, nasal and oral
mucosa and viscera, including spleen, lung, bone, and brain. The aetiology and pathogenesis of these diseases
(1#7"B"*5"+#&"8#&-),*7E,#"*#(".$2)(*71#&E$")1#,&@$#$@$3#6$$"#(8$")(D$8#("#),$1$#2&1$1+#),$#2*"8()(*"#'&/#6$#&#
reaction to a persistent antigenic stimulus. The lesions wax and wane, and therefore the disease may represent
&"#(''7"$#8/1.7"2)(*";#I*'$#2&1$1#5(--#3$14*"8#)*#(''7"*17443$11(@$#&E$")1#C172,#&1#2/2-*14*3("$#S#*3#-$:7"*-
'(8$+#&"8#-$11#2*''*"-/+#)*#2*3)(2*1)$3*(81G+#&-),*7E,#&1#),$#-$1(*"1#2&"#*22&1(*"&--/#&44&3$")-/#14*")&"$*71-/#
3$1*-@$+#()#2&"#6$#8(.D27-)#)*#8$)$3'("$#5,$),$3#)3$&)'$")#,&1#6$$"#1722$11.7-+#*3#5,$),$3#),$#-$1(*"1#5*7-8#
,&@$#3$1*-@$8#5(),*7)#),$3&4/;#<$)3&2/2-("$K"(2*)("&'(8$#5&1#.*7"8#)*#6$#&"#$..$2)(@$#)3$&)'$")#("#)78/#*.#
AN#2&1$1#*.#27)&"$*71#,(1)(*2/)*1(1#C=&-'$(3*#$)#&-#NJJ\G;
I*'$#1)78($1#17EE$1)#"*#63$$8#43$8(-$2)(*"#("#27)&"$*71#3$&2)(@$#,(1)(*2/)*1(1#CS..*-)$3#&"8#U**3$+#NJJJG+#5,(-$#
*),$31#17EE$1)#Z*--($1#&"8#I,$)-&"8#I,$$48*E1#&3$#*@$33$43$1$")$8#CI2*))#$)#&-+#NJJFG;#I/1)$'(2#,(1)(*2/)*1(1#
&44$&31#)*#6$#1$$"#'*3$#.3$f7$")-/#("#Y$3"$1$#U*7")&("#[*E1+#V*-8$"+#>&63&8*3#&"8#a-&)2*&)$8#?$)3($@$31+#
P3(1,#g*-.,*7"81+#Y&11$)#^*7"81+#I,&3H4$(+#Y$&E-$#&"8#23*1163$$8#8*E1#CU**3$+#F]OR+#S..*-)$3#&"8#U**3$+#NJJJ+#
U**3$KdZ[&@(1#5$61()$G;#<,$#&E$#*.#*"1$)#3&"E$1#.3*'#NHFF#/$&31;
Historically, mucosal involvement has generally been described in cases of systemic reactive histiocytosis, along
with lesions at other non-cutaneous sites. However increasing numbers of cases with mucosal and cutaneous
involvement alone, such as the case presented here, or cases with primary mucosal presentation are being rec-
*E"(1$8#C176-("E7&-#3$&2)(@$#,(1)(*2/)*1(1#(1#8$123(6$8#6/#Z*3"$E-(&"(#$)#&-+#NJFFG;#<,(1#'&/#6$#87$#)*#*'6("&-
tion of increased owner vigilance, thorough clinical investigation, and the availability of commercially available,
3$-$@&")#(''7"*,(1)*2,$'(2&-#'&3B$31#"$$8$8#)*#'&B$#$D"()(@$#8(&E"*1(1;#U72*1&-#-$1(*"1#'&/#),$3$.*3$#
1('4-/#6$#&#@&3(&")#*.#$(),$3#27)&"$*71#*3#1/1)$'(2#3$&2)(@$#,(1)(*2/)*1(1+#7"8$3-("("E#),$#8(.D27-)/#("#"&33*5-/#
categorising cases within what should be considered a disease spectrum.
CONCLUSION
?$&2)(@$#,(1)(*2/)*1(1#(1#$-&)(@$-/#7"2*''*"+#E$"$3&--/#'7-)(2$")3(2#8(1$&1$#*.#8*E1#2,&3&2)$3(9$8#6/#'7-)(.*-
cal proliferation of interstitial dendritic cells, with a spectrum of presentation, rangeing from cutaneous and
less common mucous membrane involvement, to lymphoid system and internal organ involvement. The disease
(1#),*7E,)#)*#3$43$1$")#&"#(''7"$#8/1.7"2)(*"#&"8#2&"#,&@$#&%("E#&"8#5&"("E#2*731$;#P"#1*'$#2&1$1+#),$1$#
lesions may respond to immunosuppressive therapy. This syndrome warrants consideration in cases of histiocytic-
type round cell proliferation within the conjunctiva, and should prompt a careful search for other potential sites
*.#("@*-@$'$");#P''7"*,(1)*2,$'(1)3/#(1#$11$")(&-#.*3#8(&E"*1(1#*.#),$1$#8(1$&1$1+#),71#&11(1)("E#43*E"*1(1#&"8#
treatment.
REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
1. Affolter, VK and Moore PF (2000) Canine cutaneous and systemic histiocytosis: a reactive histiocytosis of
dermal dendritic origin. Am J Dermatopathol 22, 40-48.
2. Baines SJ, McInnes EF, McConnell I. (2008) E-cadherin expression in canine cutaneous histiocytomas. Vet Rec
162, 509-13.
3. Brearley MJ, Dunn KA, Smith KC and Blunden AS (1994) Systemic histiocytosis in a Bernese mountain dog.
Journal of Small Animal Practice 35, 271-274.
4. Cornegliani L, Gracis M, Ferro S, Vercelli A, and Roccabianca P. (2011) Sublingual reactive histiocytosis in a
dog. J Vet Dent 28(3), 164-70.
5. Fulmer AK, Mauldin GE. (2007) Canine histiocytic neoplasia: an overview. Can Vet J 48(10),1041-3, 1046-50.
6. Gross TL, Ihrke PJ, Walder EJ, Affolter VK. Skin diseases of the dog and cat, clinical and histopathologic
diagnosis, 2nd edition, published 2005 by Blackwell Science Ltd, p 323-326, p 840-844, p 848-851.
7. Moore PF. (1984) Systemic Histiocytosis of Bernese Mountain Dogs. Vet Pathol 21, 554-563.
8. Moore PF and Rosin A. (1986) Malignant histiocytosis of Bernese Mountain Dogs. Vet Pathol 23, 1-10.
9. Moore PF. The UC Davis Canine Histiocytosis site. Canine histiocytosis. http://www.histiocytosis.ucdavis.
edu/. Accessed March 1st, 2012.
10. Palmeiro BS, Morris DO, Goldschmidt MH and Mauldin EA (2007) Cutaneous reactive histiocytosis in dogs: a
retrospective evaluation of 32 cases. Vet Dermatol 18, 332-340.
11. Ramos-Vara JA and Miller MA. (2011) Immunohistochemical expression of E-cadherin does not distinguish
canine cutaneous histiocytoma from other canine round cell tumors. Vet Pathol 48(3), 758-63.
12. Scherlie PH, Smedes SL, Feltz T, Dougherty SA and Riis RC. (1992) Ocular manifestation of systemic histiocy-
tosis in a dog. JAVMA 201(8), 1229-1232.
13. !"#$$%&'(%)*++,-%'.%/01%2-*340%567%89::;<%)=++,-%/01%>*-?@A%!B/++%C0*B/+%&,-B/$#+#DE(%F$G%,1*$*#0(%HH;IJFK
57, WB Saunders, Philadelphia.
14. Strobl H. (2003) Molecular mechanisms of dendritic cell sublineage development from human hematopoietic
progenitor/stem cells. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 131(2), 73-9.
15. Valli VE. (2008) Chapter 10: Histiocytoses. In Valli V.E. Veterinary Comparative Hematopathology. John
Wiley and Sons. p505-524.
Figure 1a: Left eye at presentation
Figure 1b: Left eye at presentation
Figure 2: Right eye at presentation
Figure 3: Eyelid skin. Nodular mass, associ-
ated with a focally extensive, dense round
!"##$%&'#()*("$+%(,%&$(,"$-./")'!%*#0$1%2$*&2$
deep perifollicular dermis, with central epi-
2")1*#$.#!")*(%3&$45678$1*9&%'!*(%3&
Figure 4 Conjunctiva. Raised nodular mass,
*--3!%*("2$+%(,$*$2"&-"$)3.&2$!"##$%&'#()*("$
+%(,%&$(,"$-.:-(*&(%*$/)3/)%*$45678$1*9&%'-
cation
Figure 5 Solid sheets of round cells within
the conjunctival substantia propria, accom-
panied by fewer lymphocytes and plasma
!"##-$4;;8$1*9&%'!*(%3&
<%9.)"$=$>,)""$1%(3(%!$'9.)"-$+%(,%&$*&$
otherwise relatively bland round cell (histio-
cytic) population, with fewer lymphocytes
*&2$/#*-1*$!"##-$?;;8$1*9&%'!*(%3&
Figure 7a Histiocytic cells throughout the
mass exhibit moderate to intense diffuse
positive membranous immunohistochemical
staining for CD18
Figure 7b Histiocytic cells throughout the
mass exhibit intense diffuse positive mem-
branous immunohistochemical staining for
MHC class II (HLA-DR)
Figure 8 left eye after 2 weeks of treatment
Figure 9 right eye after 2 weeks of treat-
ment
Figure 10 left eye after 12 weeks of treat-
ment
Figure 11 right eye after 12 weeks of treat-
ment
Figure 12 histiocytic lineages
*&2$2%@@")"&(%*(%3&$A-%1/#%'"2$
from Moore PF UC Davis Canine
Histiocytosis site)
RODENT OPHTHALMOLOGY
Vladimir Jekl, DVM, Ph.D., DipECZM (Small Mammal)
Avian and Exotic Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech republic
The small exotic pet population has grown dramatically in last years in size because of their increasing popular-
ity as laboratory and pet animals. This popularity stimulated clinicians and researchers in the animal's general
health knowledge, ophthalmology included.
Ophthalmic examination in small exotic mammals follows the same principles used in companion animals. How-
!"!#$%&'()*#%!+*,-.*/-&.%&0%1&,!%12!'-!1%-1%3-04'()/%5!'*(1!%&0%1,*))%1-6!%&0%/7!%!8!$%#!1/#*-./%3-04'()/-!1$%*.3%
the use of large conventional diagnostic instruments. In these cases, the eye is best examined using source of
,*9.-4'*/-&.:%;)-/<)*,2%5-&,-'#&1'&28%&0%/7!%!8!%*3.!+*$%'&#.!*%*.3%*./!#-&#%1!9,!./%'&()3%5!%2!#0&#,!3$%5(/%
ophthalmoscopy with the use of standard methods could be more problematic. The tonometer (TonoVet) is small
enough to provide accurate measurements of intraocular pressure in even the small rodents.
OCULAR ANATOMY
The eye of all rodents shows the main characteristics of all mammalian eyes. Eyes are localized on lateral side of
/7!%7!*3%*))&=-.9%*%#&3!./%/&%7*"!%*%)*#9!%"-1(*)%4!)3%=-/7%)-,-/!3%5-.&'()*#%"-1-&.:%>7!%!8!1%&0%#*/1$%,-'!%*.3%
hamsters protrude more from the head that those of degus and guinea pigs. In guinea pig and chinchillas is the
infraorbital region more massive than in rat-like rodents. The globes of mice and chinchillas have a large corneal
surface (approximately 50%).The orbital shape is almost circular in guinea pigs, chinchillas and degus in contrast
/&%&"&-3%17*2!%-.%1,*))%#&3!./1:%;,*))%#&3!./1%*.3%'7-.'7-))*1%7*"!%-.%9!.!#*)%17*))&=%-/%=7-'7%2#!3-12&1!%
these animals to the traumatic eye injury. Tapetum lucidum was described so far only in one large American
rodent paca (Cuniculus paca). Other rodents do not have any type of tapetum lucidum.
The basic anatomical and physiological characteristic of the rodent eyes are summarized in Table 1.
The Harderian gland is located within the bony orbit. In contrast to rabbits, secretions from this gland include
the reddish to brownish pigment porphyrin. In case of stress or any disease, the excessive porphyrin secretion is
called chromodacryorrhoea.
Mice have extensive periorbital venous sinuses behind the globe of the eye, while rats have a more discrete plex-
us of vessels. In rodents, which are used for research purposed is this periorbital region used for blood sampling,
however in clinical practice it is not recommended as other safer blood sampling techniques were described.
>*5)!%?@%;!)!'/!3%&'()*#%'7*#*'/!#-1/-'1%0&#%1,*))%#&3!./1%ABC%=!!D<&)3%*.-,*)1E
Chinchilla Guinea pig Rat Mouse
Blink frequency 2.6±0.84 /10 min.
2-5 times /20 min.
Intraocular pressure mmHg 17.71±4.17 16.5± 3.2 18.4±0.1 19.3±0.4
Schirmer tear test mm/min 1.07±0.54 0-12
Red thread tear test mm/15s 21.26 ±4.19
Esthesiometry mm 12.4±4.6 20.0±60
Central corneal thickness mm 0.34±0.03 0.23±0.01* 0.16±0.03 0.075-0.10
Anterior chamber depth mm 2.01±0.2 1.3±0.01* 0.035
Axial lens thickness mm 5.49±0.43 3.68±0.05 * 2.8
Internal vitreous chamber depth
mm 3.69±0.52 3.50±0.11*
Axial globe length mm 11.4±0.7 !"#!$%"#"& 5.15±0.23 2.98
Pupil Vertical circular circular circular
Third eyelid rudimental
Retinal vascular pattern anangiotic anangiotic holangiotic holangiotic
'
VISION
Rats have two classes of cone, one containing an ultraviolet (UV)-sensitive photopigment (blue UV) and the other
containing a pigment maximally sensitive in the middle wavelengths of the visible spectrum (green). Evidence
of dichromatic color vision in the rat was already proved. UV light entrainment of circadian rhythms is possible
!"!.%-.%12!'-!1%/7*/%)*'D%FG%'&.!1%A;8#-*.%7*,1/!#E:%H*/1%7*"!%2&&#%"-1(*)%*'(-/8%*.3%7*"!%*.%!.&#,&(1%3!2/7%&0%
0&'(1%AC%',%/&%-.4.-/8E:%>7!%"-1-&.%&0%#*/1%-1%5)(##!3%-.%'&,2*#-1&.%/&%/7!%7(,*.%!8!:%>7!%*)5-.&%-.3-"-3(*)1%*#!%
severely visually impaired with their retina degenerated. In cases of prolonged period of bright light, albino rats
could develop phototoxic retinopathy (light induced retinal damage).
OCULAR DISEASES IN RODENTS
Primary or secondary ocular diseases are in rodents quite common, despite its growing population visiting veteri-
.*#8%')-.-'1:%;&,!%&0%/7!%2#-,*#8%&'()*#%3-1!*1!1%*#!$%7&=!"!#$%-.'-3!./*)%4.3-.91%3(#-.9%/7!%')&1!#%&27/7*),-'%
examination (e.g. heterotopic bone formation in guinea pig ciliary body) and it seems that have minimal impact
of the animals health.
CONGENITAL DISORDERS
Microphthalmia or anophthalmia was recorded in all rodent species.
CHROMODACRYORRHOEA
Chromodacryorrhoea is characterized by abnormal secretion of porphyrins by the Harderian gland as a reaction
0&#%1/#!11$%181/!,-'%3-1!*1!1%&#%&'()*#IJ*#3!#-*.%9)*.3%-.K*,,*/-&.:%L/%-1%'&,,&.)8%1!!.%-.%#*/1%*.3%9!#5-)1:%
These secretions may be observed around the eyes, around the nares after passage through the nasolacrimal
duct, on the forelimbs or as hair “impregnation” after the animal has groomed its face or body. As a conse-
quence of contact of porphyrins with day light, a skin became photo-sensibilised and also contact dermatitis
'&()3%3!"!)&2$%!12!'-*))8%-.%9!#5-)1:%L.%#*/1$%-.0!'/-&.%=-/7%/7!%'&#&.*"-#(1%1-*)&3*'#8&*3!.-/-1%"-#(1%A;MNGE%,*8%
also cause chromodacryorrhoea, often accompanied by periorbital swelling, blepharospasm, keratoconjunctivi-
/-1$%,!9*)&9)&5(1$%#!/-.*)%381/#&27-'%'7*.9!1$%*.3%7827*!,*:%;MNG%-1%7-97)8%'&./*9-&(1%*.3%12#!*31%#*2-3)8%58%
aerosol, direct contact and fomite transmission.
EPIPHORA
Epiphora is caused by an overproduction or and inadequate drainage of tears. In chinchillas, guinea pigs and
degus, it is frequently due to an inadequate drainage of tears caused by obstruction of the tear ducts by apical
!)&.9*/-&.%&0%/7!%2#!,&)*#1%*.3%4#1/%,&)*#1:
EYELID DISORDERS
O8!)-3%/#*(,*/-'%-.P(#-!1%*#!%'&,,&.$%!12!'-*))8%-.%'*1!1%/!##-/&#-*)%5!7*"-&#%&#%497/1%0&#,%&/7!#%#!*1&.%5!-
tween two cage mates. Entropion is seen esp. in obese guinea pigs with the lipid accumulation in the lower
eyelid. This condition does not seem to have negative effect on the animal vision and is not associated with
conjunctivitis.
CORNEAL DISORDERS
As a consequence of shallow orbit and minimal blinking, rodent eyes are prone to injury, scarring and ulcers. Lin-
ear corneal opacity is commonly seen also in cases of neurological disease and lack of blinking, especially in rats
with hypophyseal adenoma. Keratitis is mostly associated with dacryocystitis (esp. in guinea pigs) or with corneal
injury followed by blepharospasm. Corneal lipidosis is seen mostly in guinea pigs with the suggested aetiology of
inherited lipid dystrophy. Corneal dermoid is rarely seen condition in rodents.
Purulent conjunctivitis is in rats and mice commonly associated with Mycoplasma pulmonis or P. pneumotropica
infection, in guinea pigs we could detect also Chlamydophila caviae.
Transient mild conjunctivitis was also recorded in degus exposed UV-light for 12 hours a day, but this condition
disappear with three days.
HETEROTOPIC BONE FORMATION IN GUINEA PIGS
Heterotopic bone formation in the ciliary body is seen as a white irregular lesion close to the limbus. It may vary
in the size. The formation of this heterotopic bony tissue probably occurs as a result of vitamin C secretion into
the anterior eye chamber. It was suggested that guinea pigs over supplemented with vitamin C could developed
such lesions with higher incidence, but it was not proved yet.
LENS DISORDERS
M-00!#!./%1/*9!1%&0%'*/*#*'/1%*.3%.(')!*#%1')!#&1-1%*#!%1!!.%-.%&)3!#%#&3!./1Q%7&=!"!#%'&.9!.-/*)%'*/*#*'/1%'&()3%
be also seen.
Hystricomorph rodents lack the ability to properly digest sugar because of divergent evolution in the insulin
1/#('/(#!%*.3%3-00!#!./%2781-&)&9-'*)%*'/-"-/8%&0%-.1()-.:%M!9(1%0!3%&.%7-97%3-!/*#8%1(9*#%#!*3-)8%3!"!)&2%782!#-
-.1()-.*!,-*%=-/7%1(51!R(!./%'*/*#*'/1$%D-3.!8%3*,*9!%*.3%/82!%S%3-*5!/!1%,!))-/(1%AMTE:%M!9(1%7*"!%2781--
ologically increased aldosterone reductase activity in the lens. This enzyme converts glucose to sorbitol, which
-.'#!*1!1%/7!%&1,&/-'%2#!11(#!%*.3%=*/!#%-.K(+%-.%/7!%)!.1$%*.3%-.%/7!%'*1!%&0%7-97%9)('&1!%'&.'!./#*/-&.1%
results in cataract. In cases of cataracts in degus, it was noted the association with feeding high dietary sugar
(simple carbohydrates – fruits, carrots, orange and apple juice, banana, etc.) and lens opacity formation. When
'&,2*#-.9%/7!%-.'-3!.'!%&0%MT%*.3%'*/*#*'/1%-.%3!9(1$%-/%*22!*#!3%/7*/%/7!%)!.1%-1%"!#8%1!.1-/-"!%/&%*%7-97<1(9*#%
3-!/%*.3%'*/*#*'/1%*)1&%3!"!)&2!3%-.3!2!.3!./)8%&0%MT:%U)*-.%"-1'*'7*1$%/7!%)*#9!1/%12!'-!1%&0%/7!%0*,-)8%V7-.-
chillidae, developed cataracts as a result of a high-energy diet (apples, carrots and bread) as well as degus, and
'7*.9-.9%/&%*%7-97<45#!%3-!/%#!1()/!3%-.%*%1-9.-4'*./%#!3('/-&.%-.%)!.1%2*/7&)&98:
Lens luxation was at the authors practice mostly associated with traumatic injury and uveitis.
GLAUCOMA
Glaucoma is not so common in rodents like in dogs, and is mostly associated with uveitis and anterior synechiae
causing angle-closure glaucoma or with persistent pupillary membranes causing pupil-block glaucoma.
POSTERIOR SEGMENT DISORDERS
From posterior segment disorders a variety of congenital and acquired were described, such are: persistence of
the hyaloid vasculature, coloboma, preretinal loops, saccular aneurysm, tortuous retinal vessels retinal dystro-
phy, retinal detachment and optic nerve hypoplasia/aplasia.
REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING
1. Coster ME, Stiles J, Krohne SG, Raskin RE. 2008 Results of diagnostic ophthalmic testing in healthy guinea
pigs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 15;232:1825-1833.
2. Gelatt, K.N. Veterinary Ophthalmology. 4th ed., Oxford: Blackwell publishing, 2007
3. Gull JM, Steinmetz HW, Besselamnn D, et al. 2006 Diabetes and cataract in capive plains viscachas (Lagos-
!"#$%&#'()#$%*+&,-".//0)12&"3&!4/&5!4&%.)/1!)6.&#//!)12&"3&!4/&7$-"8/'1&9%%".)'!)"1&"3&:""&'10&;)<0<)3/&
Veterinarians, May 24 to 28, Budapest, Hungary. pp 159-161
4. Jekl V., Hauptman K., Knotek Z. 2011 Diseases in pet degus: a retrospective study in 300 animals. Journal of
Small Animal Practice, 52(2):107-112
5. Lima L, Montiani-Ferreira F, Tramontin M, et al. 2010 The chinchilla eye: morphologic observations, echo-
=)"#/!-).&610)12%&'10&-/3/-/1./&>'<$/%&3"-&%/</.!/0&"84!4'<#).&0)'21"%!).&!/%!%+&?/!&@84!4'<#"<+&ABCD$8-
pl:14-25
6. May CA 2008 Comparative Anatomy of the Optic Nerve Head and Inner Retina in Non-Primate Animal Models
Used for Glaucoma Research. The Open Ophthalmology Journal 2: 94-101
7. Montiani-Ferreira F. 2009 Rodents: ophthalmology. In: Keeble E., Meredith A. (eds.) BSAVA Manual of Ro-
dents and Ferrets. BSAVA, Gloucester, pp: 169-180
8. Smith R, John SWM, Nishina PM, Sunderberg JP (eds.) 2000 Systematic evaluation of the Mouse Eye: Aan-
tomy, Pathology and Biomethods. Boca Raton, CRC Press
9. Williams D, Sullivan A. 2010 Ocular disease in the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus): a survey of 1000 animals. Vet
Ophthalmol. 13;Suppl:54-62.
10. Williams D. 2007 Rabbit and rodent ophthalmology. European Journal of Companion Animal Practice 17:242-
252
11. Williams DL. 2002 Ocular disease in rats: a review. Veterinary Ophthalmology 5:183–191
LYMPHATIC VESSELS IN VASCULARISED
CORNEAS IN DOGS: AN IMMUNHISTOCHEM-
ICAL INVESTIGATION USING LYVE-1 AND
PROX1
C Kafarnik,1 M Rosati,2 D Donaldson,1 RRDubielzig,3 S Reese,4 K Matiasek,2
Centre of Small Animal Studies, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, United Kingdom 1; Section of Clini-
cal and Comparative Neuropathology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Germany 2; Comparative Ocu-
lar Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin3, Department of Veterinary Sciences,
Ludwig-Maximilians University, Germany
PURPOSE
To determine whether lymphatic vessels exist in the normal canine eye and in vascularised corneas by using im-
munohistochemistry (IHC) with markers for lymphatic endothelium.
METHODS
The archives of the Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin were searched for three normal and
22 dog eyes with neovascularisation secondary to keratitis. Each case was examined by periodic acid Schiff stain,
Lyve-1, Prox1 and CD31 immunostaining. Clinical information was abstracted from the submission request form.
Each cornea was divided in 3 different zones (peripheral, paraxial, axial). The number of lymphatic vessels, the
!"#$%&'(#)*(!"#)&%&'(+,(%)-#..#&%+)(/#0(01.%!"#)&%&%#&%21$'(12#$"#&1*3(456(0&#%)%)7(89%&19%#(%)8$"*1*(:'21;<=>
?9+@<=(A+0%&%2%&'(,+9($'.AB#&%8(21001$0(#)*(6CD<=>?9+@<;(,+9(E$++*(21001$03(FB1(8+991$#&%+)(E1&/11)(&B1()".E19(
+,($'.AB#&%8(21001$0(#)*(&B1(01219%&'(+,(8+9)1#$(%)-#..#&%+)(/#0(1@#.%)1*("0%)7(G%0B19H0(1@#8&(&10&(I?JK3KLM3(
RESULTS
In the group of normal eyes, lymphatic vessels were only present in the bulbar conjunctiva. The dogs with
N19#&%&%0(%)8$"*1*(<<(*%,,191)&(E911*0O(&B1(#710(9#)7%)7(,9+.(P3L(&+(<Q('1#903(FB1(01@(#)*($#&19#$%&'(/#0(121)$'(
*%2%*1*3(:'.AB#&%8(21001$0(/191(A9101)&(%)(<Q(IQQRM(+,(PP(2#08"$#9%S1*(8+9)1#0(#)*(#$/#'0(#00+8%#&1*(/%&B(E$++*(
21001$0(#)*(0&9+.#$(%)-#..#&+9'(81$$03(FB1(.#T+9%&'(+,($'.AB#&%8(21001$0(/191($+8#&1*(%)(&B1(#)&19%+9(0&9+.#(
I<<U><PVO(WVRM(#)*(A19%AB19#$(8+9)1#$(S+)1(I<KQ><PVO(XLRM3(Y$&B+"7B(#(A+0%&%21(&91)*(1@%0&1*(E1&/11)(&B1(
)".E19(+,($'.AB#&%8(21001$0(#)*(&B1(01219%&'(+,(8+9)1#$(%)-#..#&%+)O(#(0&#&%0&%8#$$'(8+991$#&%+)(/#0()+&(A9101)&(
I?ZK3KLWM3(
CONCLUSION
IHC with lymph-endothelial markers indicate the existence of lymphatic vessels in the conjunctiva in normal
dogs and in dogs with neovascularisation secondary to keratitis. The presence of corneal lymphatic vessels
contributes to the basic knowledge of corneal physiology and has implications for corneal immunology in dogs.
None.
FB%0(#E0&9#8&(/#0(A9101)&1*(#&(&B1(#))"#$(Y6[\(.11&%)7(PK<<O(5%$&+)(51#*O(]6O(^]Y3
RABBIT OPHTHALMOLOGY
Vladimir Jekl, DVM, Ph.D., DipECZM (Small Mammal)1; Karel Hauptman, DVM, Ph.D.1; Petr Rauser,
DVM, Ph.D.2; Zdenek Knotek, Univ. Prof., DVM, Ph.D., DipECZM (Herpetology)1
Avian and Exotic Animal Clinic1, Small Animal Clinic2, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech republic
RABBIT VISION
Rabbits have laterally placed eyes, which are slightly hypermetropic laterally and strongly myopic frontally.
!"#$%#&'"&(#)%*&"++,&"%-#+%#%+(.$(/0#$'%"11"0'%2$%'-"%20,)#&%*&"++,&"342),5"%&")#'(2$+-(*6%+2%($%+'&"++1,)%+(',#3
tions the rabbit eyes “bulging” and are capable to see larger visual area.
It is suggested that frontal vision is of importance for the detection of objects at small distances (food, compan3
ion) and lateral vision for the detection of distant objects (enemies). By moving the eyes and head the rabbit
02,)7%#0-("4"%4(+,#)%/")7%21%89:;6%<-(0-%(+%4"&=%(5*2&'#$'%12&%#%&#>>('%#+%#%*&"=%+*"0("+%'2%7"'"0'%#$=%*2'"$'(#)%
7#$."&?%@($20,)#&%4(+(2$%(+%*2++(>)"%#**&2A(5#'")=%($%#$%#$.)"%B:38C;?%D#>>('%E>)($7%+*2'+F%#&"%)20#)(+"7%#'%'-"%
tip of the nose and behind a head, so touching these areas could frighten a rabbit with unexpected struggling.
G-"%02&$"#%21%#$%#7,)'%&#>>('%-#+%#%2*'(0#)%*2<"&%21%H:3H8%I?%G-"%&#>>('%)"$+%#0025527#'(2$%(+%)(5('"7%J:3B?C%
IK?%D"'($#%(+%5"&#$.(2'(0?%L**&2A(5#'")=%CM%21%'-"%*-2'2&"0"*'2&+%($%'-"%&#>>('%&"'($#%#&"%02$"+?%G-"%5#N2&%*#&'%
21%'-"%&"'($#)%+,&1#0"6%($0),7($.%'-"%4(+,#)%+'&"#O6%"A-(>('"7%#%725($#$0"%21%5(77)"3<#4"%+"$+('(4"%02$"+%J9%'2%
B86:::P55QK%4"&+,+%+-2&'3<#4"%+"$+('(4"%02$"+%JB%'2%Q6C::P55QK?%R$%02$'&#+'6%'-"%)2<"&%CM%'2%9M%21%'-"%'2'#)%
&"'($#)%#&"#%+-2<"7%#%025*)"'"%)#0O%21%.&""$%02$"+%#$7%#%-(.-%7"$+('=%21%>),"%02$"+%JBB6:::P55QK?%R'%5"#$+%
'-#'%&#>>('+%-#4"%)(5('"7%02)2,&%4(+(2$6%<('-%'<2%7(11"&"$'%3%>),"%#$7%.&""$%3%0#'".2&("+%21%02$"%0"))+?%S(+(2$%21%
the rabbit eye is photopic (vision under good light conditions) as well as scotopic (vision under low light condi3
tions).
RABBIT EYE
D#>>('%"="%#**"#&+%025*&"++"7%($%('+%#$'"&(23*2+'"&(2&%7(5"$+(2$%#$7%*2++"++%21%"(.-'%"A',)#&%5,+0)"+%J#73
7('(2$#)%5?%7"*&"++2&%*#)*">&#"%($1"&(2&K%21%'-"%"=">#))?%L0'(4"%5?%&"'�'2&%>,)>(6%'-(&7%"=")(7%#$7%#0($23',>,)#&%
glands of the third eyelid (Harder’s gland) are present. The conjunctiva is divided in palpebral and bulbar con3
N,$0'(4#%#$7%(+%&")#'(4")=%'-($%JB:3H:%T5K?%R$%&"524($.%'-"%+O($%21%'-"%,**"&%#$7%)2<"&%"=")(7+6%'<2%5,+0)"+6%'-"%
m. orbicularis oculi and the m. depressor palpebrae inferioris, may be observed. The corresponding m. levator
palpebrae superioris arises from the orbital wall, and is here concealed by the projecting supraorbital process.
The external ophthalmic artery is the chief arterial supply to the orbital structures, including the bulbus. The
venous sinus completely surrounds the muscle cone and covers Harder’s gland.
The Harderian lacrimal gland is a large compact lacrimal gland lying in the anterior portion of the orbit at the
base of third eyelid. It is composed of two portions, one of which is greyish red, the other white. The duct
opens on the inner surface of the third eyelid. The lacrimal gland is a much smaller and darker lying close to
'-"%+O,))%($%'-"%'"5*2&#)%#$.)"%21%'-"%2&>('?%R'%0255,$(0#'"+%>=%+"4"&#)%/$"%7,0'+%<('-%'-"%($$"&%+,&1#0"%21%'-"%
upper eyelid. The infraorbital gland is a diffuse white or yellowish gland lying in the cranioventral angle of the
orbit medial to the zygomatic arch. The gland is one of the salivary series, its duct passing downward and open3
ing through the mucous membrane of the cheek into the cavity of the mouth.
D#>>('+%#&"%#>)"%'2%&"+(+'%>)($O($.%12&%)2$.%($'"&4#)+%>"0#,+"%'-"=%-#4"%#%4"&=%+'#>)"%'"#&%/)5?%G"#&+%21%#%&#>3
>('%#&"%#%0)"#&%#$7%+)(.-')=%#)O#)($"%+2),'(2$6%<('-%#$%#4"&#."%*U%21%V?C%<('-%")"0'&2)='"%02$0"$'&#'(2$%+(5()#&%
'2%'-#'%21%*)#+5#?%W<#>%'#O"$%1&25%'-"%02$N,$0'(4#)%+#0%21%-"#)'-=%*"'%&#>>('+%02$'#($%52+')=%IX#+"3$".#'(4"%
S'#*-=)20200,+%+*?6%!(0&20200,+%+*?6%@#0()),+%+*?6%W'25#'20200,+%+*?6%X"(++"&(#%+*?6%Y#+'",&"))#%+*?6%Z2&=$">#03
terium sp., Streptococccus sp. and Moraxella sp.
OPHTHALMIC EXAMINATION
Ophthalmic examination should always follow history, physical and neurological examination. In rabbits is often
7(1/0,)'%'2%7"52$+'&#'"%&"7,0"7%4(+(2$%>"0#,+"%($7(4(7,#)+%0#$%025*"$+#'"%12&%+"4"&"%4(+,#)%7(+#>()('=?%["$3
eral eye examination should start with gross observation of the position and symmetry of the eyes and adnexa.
L+*"0'+%21%$",&2)2.(0#)%"A#5($#'(2$%'-#'%&")#'"%'2%20,)#&%7(+"#+"+%($0),7"%#++"++5"$'%21%4(+(2$6%"="%524"5"$'%
#$7%0&#$(#)%$"&4"+?%D"\"A"+%<-(0-%+-2,)7%>"%'"+'"7%#&"%5"$#0"%&"+*2$+"6%4(+,#)%*)#0($.%&"#0'(2$6%*#)*">&#)%#$7%
*,*())#&=%&"\"A?
The basic equipment requirements for examination consist of a room that can be darkened, focal light source
J"?.?%2'2+02*"K%#$7%+25"%12&5%21%5#.$(1=($.%7"4(0"?%L77('(2$#)%"],(*5"$'%#$7%4#&(2,+%7(+*2+#>)"%('"5+%J7(&"0'%
#$7%($7(&"0'%2*-'-#)52+02*"6%+)('3)#5*6%'2$25"'"&6%W0-(&5"&%'"#&%'"+'%+'&2*+6%\,2&"+0"($6%)20#)%#$#"+'-"'(0+6%
mydriatics., etc.) are also needed.
L7"],#'"%5#$,#)%&"+'&#($'%(+%"++"$'(#)%7,&($.%'-"%2*-'-#)5(0%"A#5($#'(2$?%W"7#'(4"+%+-2,)7%>"%#42(7"7^%-2<3
ever if it is necessary, potential drug effects on eye structures and physiological functions should be taken into
02$+(7"&#'(2$?%Z2&$"202$N,$0'(4#)%0='2)2.=%#$7%0,)',&"%(+%-")*1,)%($%0#+"+%21%02$N,$0'(4#)%2&%02&$"#)%*#'-2)2.=%2&%
7#0&=20=+'('(+?%G-"%W0-(&5"&%'"#&%'"+'%JQ3BB%55P5($,'"^%#4"&#."%C?8_Q?`%55P5($K%#$7%*-"$2)%&"7%'"+'%JBC3QV%
55PBC%+"02$7+K%(+%#**)(0#>)"%($%&#>>('+?%X2&5#)%($',)#&%*&"++,&"%($%&#>>('+%(+%($%'-"%&#$."%21%BC3Q8%55%U.?%
Examination of the bulbar surface of the nictitating membrane is performed after instillation of topical anaes3
'-"'(0%J"?.?%2A=>,*&20#($"K?%Z2&$"#6%#$'"&(2&%0-#5>"&6%(&(7202&$"#)%#$.)"%#$7%(&(+%#&"%"A#5($"7%>=%+)('3)#5*%
2&%7(&"0'%2*-'-#)52+02*"?%!=7&(#+(+%(+%#0-("4"7%<('-%'-"%'2*(0#)%,+"%21%#%:?C3BM%'&2*(0#5(7%+2),'(2$?%a4"$%'-#'%
#**&2A(5#'")=%9:M%21%&#>>('+%-#4"%#'&2*($"+'"&#+"6%#,'-2&+%-#4"%.227%"A*"&("$0"%#)+2%<('-%'-"%,+"%21%#'&2*($"%
"="%7&2*+?%L1'"&%'-"%"11"0'%21%5=7&(#'(0%#."$'+6%*2+'"&(2&%0-#5>"&6%)"$+6%4('&"2,+%#$7%1,$7,+%#&"%"A#5($"7%'-2&3
2,.-)=?%b,$7,+%(+%"4#),#'"7%<('-%'-"%,+"%21%#%7(&"0'%2*-'-#)52+02*"%2&%#$%($7(&"0'%2*-'-#)52+02*"%,+($.%8:3H:%
I%)"$+"+6%+)('%)#5*%2&%<('-%20,)2"$72+02*=?%b),2&"+0"($%+'#($($.%21%'-"%02&$"#%<('-%'-"%,+"%21%'-"%1,))3+'&"$.'-%
QM%+2),'(2$%2&%7(&"0'%'2,0-($.%21%#%\,2&"+0"($3(5*&".$#'"7%+'&(*%'2%'-"%02&$"#%+-2,)7%>"%#42(7"7%>"0#,+"%('%
0#$%&"+,)'%($%#&'(/0(#)%+'#($($.%21%'-"%02&$"#?%G-"%\,2&"+0"($%2&%*-"$2)%&"7%+'#($($.%"A#5($#'(2$%&"4"#)%7(11,+"%
,*'#O"%21%'-"%7="%($%'-"%#11"0'"7%#&"#?%Y&"+"$0"%21%+5#))%$,5>"&%21%1#($'%120#)%2&%-#c=%+'#($"7%#&"#+%(+%($%&#>>('+%
considered to be normal.
Ultrasonography is helpful in cases of detection of ophthalmoscopicaly invisible intraocular abnormalities (mass3
es, retinal detachment) or retrobulbar masses.
a)"0'&23&"'($2.&#*-=%(+%&"0"(4($.%.&"#'"&%"5*-#+(+%($%"A*"&(5"$'#)%+',7("+?%Y-2'2.&#*-=%*)#=+%#$%(5*2&'#$'%&2)"%
in the documentation of ophthalmic lesion.
OPHTHALMIC DISEASES
I$%)#&."%+',7=%21%d"2$.%"'%#)?%JQ::CK%&"02&7"7%7(+"#+"%($%`?9M%21%Ce9%)#>2&#'2&=%&#>>('+?%G-"%52+'%*&"725($#$'%
2*-'-#)5(0%7(+"#+"%<#+%,$()#'"&#)%>)"*-#&('(+6%0#'#�'+6%02$N,$0'(4('(+%#$7%0-2&2(7#)%-=*2*)#+(#?%L'%'-"%L4(#$%
#$7%aA2'(0%L$(5#)%Z)($(06%Sbf%@&$2%'-"%52+'%02552$%7(+"#+"%+""$%($%*"'%&#>>('+%#++20(#'"7%<('-%"="%+'&,0',&"+%
is dacryocystitis followed by corneal defects, conjunctivitis, keratitis and cataracts. Retrobulbar abscess of
odontogenic origin, eyelid laceration, uveitis, ocular neoplasia, persistent pupillary membrane, Harderian gland
adenoma, microphthalmos, traumatic ocular injuries, glaucoma, entropion and dermoid are also occasionally
seen.
EPIPHORA
Epiphora is caused by an overproduction or and inadequate drainage of tears. In rabbits, it is frequently due to
an inadequate drainage of tears caused by obstruction of the tear ducts by apical elongation of the incisors or
periapical cheek teeth pathology. In cases of conjunctivitis and keratitis, epiphora is present due to overpro3
7,0'(2$%21%'"#&+%0#,+"7%>=%"="%(&&('#'(2$?%Y,&,)"$'%"*(*-2&#%(+%#++20(#'"7%02552$)=%<('-%>#0'"&(#)%($1"0'(2$%
#$7%O"&#'202$N,$0'(4('(+?%Y,&,)"$'%"*(*-2&#%0#$%>"%02$1,+"7%>=%'"#&+%-=*2+"0&"'(2$%#+%<"))?%WO($%($%'-"%#&"#%21%
medial eye canthus could be wet (epiphora) and alopetic. Wet dermatitis could be result of chronic skin irrita3
tion. In cases of nasolacrimal duct obstruction, milky discharge is commonly present. This secretion comes from
Harderian gland and physiologically contains lipids, which are macroscopically seen as a white opacity of tears.
I(#.$2+(+%(+%>#+"7%2$%0)($(0#)%"A#5($#'(2$6%2&#)%0#4('=%"A#5($#'(2$6%20,)#&%"A#5($#'(2$%2&%02$N,$0'(4#)%+<#>%
"A#5($#'(2$?%R5#.($.%5"'-27+%02,)7%&"4"#)%($0(+2&%#*(0#)%")2$.#'(2$%2&%*"&(#*(0#)%*#'-2)2.=?%I#0&=20=+'2.&#*-=%
with the use of 1 ml of contrast iodine media is a useful procedure for the visualisation of the nasolacrimal duct.
Epiphora could be present also in cases of myxomatosis, foreign body in conjunctival sac or abnormalities of
eyelashes.
If the epiphora is due to the eye diseases, then treatment of these diseases will usually solve the problem. If
systemic infection is present, peroral or parenteral antibiotic administration is recommended. For the treatment
21%*#+'",&"))2+(+6%'&(5"'2*&(53+,)1#%7&,.+%J8:%5.PO.%YgPWZ%@RI%12&%Q38%<""O+K%#&"%'-"%/&+'%0-2(0"^%12&%'-"%'&"#'3
5"$'%21%'&"*2$"5#'2+(+6%*"$(0())($%[%J9::::%RfPO.%R!%WRI%12&%C%7#=+K%0)"#&+%,*%'-"%($1"0'(2$?%I#()=%<#+-($.%<ith #$'(3($\#55#'2&=%+2),'(2$+%#$7%0)(**($.%21%'-"%-#(&%($%'-"%#11"0'"7%+O($%#&"#%<())%5($(5(c"%+O($%($\#55#'(2$?%
Epiphora caused by obstruction of the lacrimal system often respond to medical treatments with antibiotic eye
7&2*+6%>,'%5#$=%&"],(&"%\,+-($.%'-"%7,0'+%,$7"&%#$#"+'-"+(#?%R1%#%7"$'#)%7(+"#+"%(+%#%0#,+"6%*&2*"&%'&"#'5"$'%(+%
necessary to solve the problem. Intravenous cannula, plastic lacrimal cannula or metal irrigation cannula with
blunt end could be used for the irrigation of the nasolacrimal duct, which should be performed under seda3
'(2$%2&%."$"&#)%#$#"+'-"+(#?%G-"%+=&($."%(+%/))"7%<('-%+'"&()"%+#)($"%2&%D($."&%+2),'(2$%#$7%0#$$,)#%(+%($+"&'"7%
through the nasolacrimal punctum into the lacrimal sac or in cases of small diameter of nasolacrimal duct close
'2%$#+2)#0&(5#)%*,$0',5?%!()O=%\,(7%2&%*,+%+-2,)7%025"%1&25%(*+()#'"&#)%$2+'&()%(1%'-"%*&20"7,&"%(+%+,00"++1,)?%
R$%+25"%0#+"+%."$')"%7(.('#)%*&"++,&"%($%'-"%#&"#%21%)#0&(5#)%+#0%(+%$"0"++#&=%'2%12&0"%'-"%\,(7%'2%.2%1,&'-"&%'-"%
7,0'%'2%0)"#&%'-"%>)20O#."?%R1%'-"%\,+-($.%(+%,$+,00"++1,)6%#75($(+'&#'(2$%21%#$'(3($\#55#'2&=%"="%7&2*+%#$7P2&%
#$'(>(2'(0+%#$7%&"3#''"5*'%'-"%\,+-($.%#1'"&%H3V%7#=+%21%'&"#'5"$'?%b),+-"7%5#'"&(#)%0#$%>"%,+"7%12&%0='2)2.(0#)%
"A#5($#'(2$%2&%0,)',&"?%I"*"$7($.%2$%'-"%+"4"&('=%21%'-"%7(+"#+"%&"*"#'($.%'-(+%*&20"7,&"%(+%$"0"++#&=%2$%83B:%
7#=+%($'"&4#)+?%L,'-2&+%21%'-"%*&"+"$'%*#*"&%&"0255"$7%,+($.%"="%*&2'"0'(4"%.")%02$'#($($.%&"'($2)%#$7%#$'(3
($\#55#'2&=%7&,.+%#1'"&%"#0-%*&20"7,&"%'2%*&2'"0'%+,*"&/0(#)%"="%+'&,0',&"+?%
CONJUNCTIVITIS AND CORNEAL LESIONS
The underlying causes of spontaneous corneal and conjunctival lesions vary from environmental to infectious
1#0'2&+?%I,"%'2%&")#'(4")=%)#&."%#$7%*&2'&,7($.%"="%.)2>"6%"4"$%5($2&%*&2>)"5+%#++20(#'"7%<('-%>)($O($.%2&%'"#&%
production or traumatic injury resulting quickly in corneal oedema and subsequent erosion or ulcer formation.
Z2&$"#)%2"7"5#%#&"%02552$)=%2>+"&4"7%($%&#>>('+%'-#'%-#7%>""$%#$"+'-"'(c"76%+2%"="%*&2'"0'(4"%.")%&#'-"&%'-#$%
eye drops are indicated in all cases of animal anaesthesia.
Z)($(0#)%+(.$+%02,)7%($0),7"%>)"*-#&2+*#+56%02$N,$0'(4#)%-=*"&#"5(#%2&%"*(*-2&#%#$7%7(11"&"$'%12&5+%21%O"&#'('(+%
2&%02&$"#)%7"1"0'+?%Z='2)2.(0#)%"A#5($#'(2$%#$7%>#0'"&(2)2.(0#)%0,)',&"%<())%#(7%1,&'-"&%#$'(>(2'(0%+")"0'(2$?%R$%
0#+"%21%02&$"#)%7"1"0'+6%#%025>($#'(2$%21%)20#))=%#75($(+'"&"7%#$'(>(2'(0+6%#$'(3($\#55#'2&=%"="%7&2*+6%#."$'+%
+,**2&'($.%02&$"#)%-"#)($.%#$7P2&%+,*"&/0(#)%7">&(7"5"$'%<('-%02''2$3'(**"7%+<#>+%+2#O"7%<('-%*24(72$3(27($"%
#&"%&"0255"$7"7?%L,'-2&+%-#4"%.227%"A*"&("$0"%<('-%'-"%025>($#'(2$%21%."$'#5(0($P\,2&2],($2)2$"+6%($723
5"'#0($"%#$7%&"'($2)?%L0"'=)0=+'"($"%#.#($+'%O"&#'2)='(0%"11"0'%02,)7%>"%#)+2%,+"7?%R$%0#+"%21%$2$3-"#)($.%,)0"&+%
#,'2)2.2,+%+"&,5%#75($(+'&#'(2$%2&%+,&."&=%J)($"#&%O"&#'2'25=6%02&$"#)%\#*+K%(+%#%0-2(0"?%
It is necessary to treat always primary disease together with eye disease. For example corneal traumatic injuries
#&"%7(#.$2+"7%($%0#+"+%21%4"+'(>,)#&%7(+"#+"%0#,+"7%>=%a?%0,$(0,)(%2&%>#0'"&(#)%2'('(+%5"7(#P($'"&$#?
EXOPHTHALMOS
I20,5"$'"7%0#+"+%21%&"'&2>,)>#&%*#'-2)2.("+%($%&#>>('+%($0),7"%&"'&2>,)>#&%#>+0"++%#++20(#'"7%<('-%*"&(272$'#)%
disease, malignant lymphoma and a coenurus cyst of Taenia serialis. Exophthalmos could be in rabbits also as3
sociated with thymoma, systemic hypertension, stress and Harderian gland neoplasia. To determine the extent
and character of retrobulbar mass or exophthalmos, ophthalmoscopy, radiography, computed tomography, ocular
,)'&#+2$2.&#*-=%JB:3Q:%!Uc%*&2>"K%#$7%)"+(2$%>(2*+=%12&%0='2)2.(0#)%#$7%-(+'2*#'-2)2.(0#)%"A#5($#'(2$%#&"%$"03
essary.
CATARACTS
L%0#'#�'%(+%#$=%2*#0('=%<('-($%#%)"$+%<-(0-%02,)7%4#&=%($%+(c"%<('-%4#&(#>)"%4(+(2$%(5*#(&5"$'%J($0(*("$'6%(53
5#',&"6%5#',&"%2&%-=*"&5#',&"K?%L"'(2)2.=%02,)7%>"%21%02$."$('#)6%*2+'3($\#55#'2&=6%*#&#+('(0%Ja?0,$(0,)(K6%
metabolic or idiopathic origin.
REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
1. Bensley, BA. Practical Anatomy of the Rabbit. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1938
2. Gelatt, K.N. Veterinary Ophthalmology. 4th ed., Oxford: Blackwell publishing, 2007
3. Jekl, V. 2012 Ophthalmology in rabbits. Proceedings of BSAVA. Birmingham, 11-15th April 2012
4. Jeong, MB., Kim, NR., Yi, NY., et al. Spontaneous ophthalmic diseases in 586 New Zealand white rabbits.
Experimental Animals 2005;54:395-403.
5. !"#$"%%&'()*+()*,-.%/-01()2+()304#$54()6+(),/)7#+)8&19#,1,'/7-:)5&',);,#<%)&=)/4,)-7>>$/)-,/$'7+)?'@,%/$.7-
tive Ophthalmology and Visual Science 1994;35:811-8.
6. Munger, R.J. Veterinary ophthalmology in laboratory animal studies. Veterinary Ophthalmology 2002; 5:
167-175.
7. Wagner, F; Fehr, M. Common ophthalmic problems in pet rabbits. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 2007; 16:
158-167.
8. Williams, D. Rabbit and rodent ophthalmology. European Journal of Companion Animal Practice 2007;
17:242-252
9. Manning, PJ., Ringler, DH., Newcomer, CE. (eds.) The Biology of the Laboratory Rabbit. 2nd ed. Academic
Press, San Diego, 1994
SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMME
WEDNESDAY 11TH APRIL 2012
08:30-09:15 Registration/coffee
09:15-10:00 Recent advances in retinal dystrophies and potential therapies
(Simon Peterson-Jones)
10:00-10:45 Funny fundi – recognising common and not so common retinal pathologies and
normal variants – a slide show (Simon Peterson-Jones)
10:45-11:30 Coffee and exhibition
11:30-12:15 Cases from Uncle Sam (Simon Peterson-Jones)
12:15-12:45 Abstract - Reactive histiocytosis of the eyelid and conjunctiva in a Cocker
Spaniel (Jeremy Wills & Karen Dunn)
12:45-14:00 Lunch and exhibition
14:00-14:30 Update on ocular melanosis (Simon Peterson-Jones)
14:30-15:15 Rodent ophthalmology (Vladimir Jekl)
15:15-15:45 Travel scholarship - Lymphatic vessels in vascularised corneas in dogs
(Christiane Kafarnik)15:45-16:30 Coffee and exhibition
16:30-17.15 Rabbit ophthalmology (Vladimir Jekl)
17:15 Close
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