11.immunology2

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Dr Alan Tuffery JS/Dip Ex Tissue Structure 11 1

Slide 1

Lecture 11 Immunology 2

Adaptive immunity

Humoral responses (B cells)

Cell-mediated responses (T cells) Specificity

Diversity

Memory

Self-Tolerance

Humoral responses (B cells Immune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases

AIDS

Learning OutcomesTo be able to:

1. outline the principal propertiesof Adaptive Immunity

2. compare and contrast innateand adaptive immunity

3. explain the principal changes

in an immune disorder

4. outline the functions of B cells

(incl. immune memory)

5. outline functions of T cells.


Slide 2

Innate vs Adaptive Immunity(reprise)

Innate(Phagocytosis, Inflammation)

Nonspecific

Defends against any

pathogen upon firstexposure

Responds to:

infectious agents

chemical irritants

tissue injury

burns

Adaptive(Lymphocytes)

Specific

Responds to specific

pathogens on 2nd or

later exposure

Comes into play after

nonspecific responses

have begun.


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Slide 5

B Cells Clonal Selection

Antigen fits B cells receptors

Proliferation and differentiationinto

1. Plasma cells Produce antibodies in blood

(immunoglobulins IgG, IgM, IgE, IgA, IgD)

Short-lived

2. Memory cells(clone) With same receptor

Long-lived.S&G 23.7 (G&S 23.8)


Slide 6

DISEASE

Systemic lupuserythematosus (SLE)

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) (G&S p689)

SYMPTOMS

fever, arthritis, mouth ulcers, etc

inflammation and damage to thecartilage and bone of joints

T cells attack myelin:Blurred vision, muscle weakness, ataxia.

If immune system does not recognise its self (e.g. MHC),it reacts against normal cells and tissues

Immune Disorders Autoimmune Diseases


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Slide 7

! T cells must

become activatedbefore they canattack pathogens

1. Cytotoxic T cells

! The antigen ispresented by aninfected cell via thevia its Class I MHC.

Adaptive Cell-mediated Immunity

S&G

23.10(G&S23.11)


Slide 8

Adaptive Cell-mediated Immunity

2. HelperT Cell

binds to Class IIMHC

on an ANTIGENPRESENTING CELL(e.g. an infected macrophage).

S&G

23.10(G&S23.11)


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Slide 9

CYTOTOXIC T CELLS! kill infected cells by lysis (direct

action) [pic] or apoptosis

HELPER T CELLS (~70% of T cells)! secrete cytokines that enhance the

activity of cytotoxic T cells;

enhance phagocytosis

! stimulate development of B cells

into plasma cells (indirect action)

SUPPRESSOR T CELLS

! secrete cytokines that:! suppress the activity of B cells,

helper, T cells and cytotoxic T cells

! inhibit phagocytosis.

Activated T Cell Responses

www.gcarlson.com


Slide 10

DISEASE

Systemic lupuserythematosus (SLE)

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) (p116)

SYMPTOMS

fever, arthritis, mouth ulcers,

inflammation and damage to thecartilage and bone of joints

T cells attack myelin:Blurred vision,Muscle weakness,Ataxia

If immune system does not recognise its self (e.g. MHC),it reacts against normal cells and tissues

Immune Disorders Autoimmune Diseases


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Slide 11

! Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) binds to the surface of helperT cells and its nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) enter the T cell

! Inside the cell, HIV uses the cell to make copies of itself

! HIV slowly destroys Helper T cells in the body! (Helper T cells = 70% of all T cells)

! When Helper T cell function is impaired, immune responses weakenand other diseases develop.

Immune Disorders - AIDS


Slide 12

SYMPTOMS

HIV Fatigue, fever, swollen glands, headache

AIDS Swollen lymph nodes, decreased T cell count;Susceptibility to pneumonia and Kaposi sarcoma;AIDS dementia

TRANSMISSIONThrough blood, semen, vaginal secretions and breast milk

Further info (and animations):www.biology.arizona.edu/immunology/tutorials/AIDS/response.html.

Immune Disorders - AIDS


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Slide 13

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)Common Symptoms

Painful or swollen joints andmuscle pain

Unexplained fever

Red rashes, mostly in the face

Chest pain upon deepbreathing

Unusual loss of hair

Pale or purple fingers or toesfrom cold or stress (Raynaud'sphenomenon)

Sensitivity to the sun

Swelling (edema) in legs oraround eyes

Mouth ulcers

Swollen glands

Extreme fatigue

Anaemia

Renal failure

Symptoms of lupus can rangefrom mild to severe and maycome and go over time.


Slide 14

Learning Outcomes 1

To be able to:

1.outline the principal properties of Adaptive Immunity

Specificity, Diversity, Memory, Self-tolerance

2.compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity

Specific non-specific; 1st 2nd exposure; fast slow

3.explain the principal changes in an immune disorder

E.g. HIV kills helper T cells reduced immune competence.


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Slide 15

Learning Outcomes 2

To be able to:

4. outline the functions of B cells (incl. immune memory)

Produce antibodies (plasma cells); form memory cells

5. outline functions of T cells

Cytotoxic T: lyses infected cells

Helper T: enhance cytotoxic T, phagocytosis; stim B cells

(Ab)

Suppressor T: suppress all above.


Slide 16

T cells must becomeactivatedbefore theycan attack pathogens

The antigen ispresentedto the T cellby an ANTIGENPRESENTING CELL(e.g. an infectedmacrophage) via itsMHC.

Cell-Mediated Immunity

www.gcarlsoncom

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