11d introduction to rmex_sg,ls

8/2/2019 11D Introduction to RMEx_SG,LS

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111D1introduction to RM Ex_LS


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Contents Introduction of Research

Objectives of Research

Motivation of Research

Terminologies

Types of ResearchUnscientific methods of Problem solving

Scientific methods of Problem solving / Research process

Criteria for good Research

Problems encountered by Researchers in India



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INTRODUCTION

Search of knowledgeAccording to Oxford Dictionary (1952, p1069), A

careful inquiry specially through search for new facts in any

branch of knowledge

According to Clifford Woody research comprises defining

and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis or

suggested solution; collecting, organizing and evaluating

data; making deductions and reaching conclusion; and at

last carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether

they fit the formulating hypothesis.



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DEFINING RESEARCHWhat is research?

Systematized effort to gain knowledge-

Redman and Mory.


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DEFINING RESEARCHResearch comprises the following:

Defining and redefining the problem

Formulating hypothesis

Collecting, organizing and evaluating data

Making deductions and reaching conclusions

Carefully testing the conclusions to determinewhether they fit the hypothesis


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R = Rational Way of Thinking

E = Expert and Exhaustive Treatment

S = Search for Solution

E = Exactness

A = Analytical Analysis of Adequate Data

R = Relationship of Facts

C = Careful recording, Critical observation,Constructive Attitude, CondensedGeneralization

H = Honesty and Hard work

6

very e er ohas a specific and dignified

meaning


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Defining Research

MethodologyResearch means search of knowledge.

Methodology means the systematic study of the

methods, principles, procedures and rulesapplied within a discipline

So how we can define Research Methodology?


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Significance /Relevance for

managementWhy should managers study Research

Methodology?

Business research is a systematic enquirythat provides information to guidemanagerial decisions.

It is aprocess ofplanning, acquiring,

analyzing and disseminating relevant dataand insights to decision makers, leading toappropriate actions, which, in turn,maximize business performance.


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managementSignificant in solving various operational and

planning problems of business and industry

Market research (investigation of thestructure and development of market)

Important for formulating policies forpurchase, production and sales


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managementMotivational research studies consumers

motives in their purchase behavior(Consumer behavior)

Operations research refers to the applicationof mathematical, logical and analyticaltechniques to the solution of businessproblems of optimization of resource use, cost

minimization and profit maximization.


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managementAid to Informed decision making

Helps identify problem areas

Aid to forecasting

Helps business budgeting

Tool for efficient production and investmentdecision making

Optimal utilization of resourcesBasis for innovation


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managementManagers need research to measure and

compare the ROI on various strategies.

Helps in a better understanding of employees,stockholders and customers


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Objectives of ResearchHelps in optimal utilization of resources.

Helps in identifying marketing opportunities

and constraints.Helps in evaluating marketing plans.


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MOTIVATION IN RESEARCH

Desire to get a research degree along with its

consequential benefits

Desire to face the challenge in solving the

unsolved problems

Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative

work

Desire to be of service to society

Desire to get respectability



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TYPES OF RESEARCH

1. Descriptive research

2. Analytical research

3. Applied research4. Basic research

5. Quantitative research

6. Qualitative research

7. Conceptual research

8. Empirical research



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DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCHSurveys & fact finding enquiries of different

kinds

Purpose is description of the state of affairs asit exists at present.

Researcher has no control over the variables;

he can only report what has happened orwhat is happening.

Researcher seeks to measure such item as,for ex. Frequency of shopping, preferences of

people etc.Researcher also try to discover causes even

when they cannot control the variables.

Deals with specific predictions like sales of a

companys product during next 3 years. 1711D1introduction to RM Ex_LS


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ANALYTICAL RESEARCHInvolves in-depth study and evaluation of

available information in an attempt to explaincomplex phenomenon.

The researcher has to use facts or informationalready available and analyze these to make a

critical evaluation of the material.SUBDIVISIONS OF ANALYTICAL RESEARCH

Historical research

Philosophical research

Review

Research synthesis ( meta analysis i.e.analysis the review that already published)



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RESEARCH

Finding a solution for an immediate problem

Say a solution

Examples:

Marketing research

Evaluation research

To develop a new market for the product.



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BASIC /PURE/ FUNDAMENTALRESEARCH

Concerned with generalization and with theformulation of theory

Natural phenomenon and mathematics arethe examples of basic research

Finding information that has a broad base ofapplications and thus adds to the already

existing organized body of scientificknowledge .



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Basic Research aims to expand the frontiers of

science and knowledge by verifying or disprovingthe acceptability of a given theory or attempting to

discover more about a certain concept (non-

specificity)

Example: How does motivation affect employee

performance?

Applied Research focuses on a real-life problem or

situation with a view to helping reach a decisionhow to deal with it (Specificity)

Example: Should Corporation X adopt a paperless

office environment?11D1introduction to RM Ex_LS 21


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RESEARCH

Based on measurement of quantity or amount

Weighing, measuring are the examples of

quantitative research



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QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Phenomena relating quality or kind

Character, personality and man kind are the

examples of variable used to measure thequalitative research

Word association test, Sentence completiontest, motivation test, attitude or opinion

research are the examples of qualitativeresearch.

Qualitative research is specially important inbehavioural sciences.



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CONCEPTUAL RESEARCH

Related to some abstract ideas / theory

It is generally used by philosophers andthinkers to develop new concepts or toreinterpret existing one.



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THE EMPIRICAL METHOD

Describes data or a study that is based onobservation

Gathering data is scientific method but hereexperience plays major role.

Can also call as experimental type ofresearch.

Appropriate when proof is sought that certainvariables affect other variables in some way.



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Some other types of

researchOne time research or longitudinal research

(from the point of view of time)

Field setting research or laboratory researchor simulation research ( from point of view ofenvironment in which research is to be carriedout)

Clinical or diagnostic researchExploratory research

Historical research

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SCIENTIFIC METHOD OF PROBLEMSOLVING / RESEARCH PROCESS

Formulating research problemReview of literatureDeveloping hypothesis

Preparing research and sample designCollecting data

Execution of project

Analysis of data

Hypothesis testingDiscussionPreparation of report or thesis



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FORMULATING RESEARCH PROBLEM

Problems are divided two types

Problems which relate to state of nature

Those which relate correlation between variables

Subject of interest to be selected as a problem

Always select unsolved problem

Initially, may propose in Broadway and

ambiguities may resolved Feasibility


FORMULATING RESEARCH


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FORMULATING RESEARCHPROBLEM

Understanding the problem thoroughlyRephrasing the same into meaningful term

Discuss the problems with colleagues

Staff members and guide

Take a view of old reviews

The final question should be precise andgrammatically correct and should state

exactly what you expect to learn as a result ofa study.



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REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Journals

References

ReportsBooks

Library is good friend

Internet and websites



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DEVELOPING HYPOTHESIS

It should be very specific and limited to thepiece of research in hand because it has to betested.

The role of hypothesis is to guide theresearcher by delimiting the area of researchand to keep him on the right track.



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DEVELOPING

HYPOTHESISDiscussion with colleagues and experts about

the problem, its origin and the objectives inseeking solution

Examinations of data and records

Review of similar studies in the area or of thestudies on similar problems

Personal investigation which involves originalfield interviews.



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PREPARING RESEARCH AND SAMPLEDESIGN

State the conceptual structure within whichresearch would be conducted

Type of research design

Experimental , quasi experimental and nonexperimental

Setting of the study

Population

Criteria for selection

Variables

Sample selection



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COLLECTING DATA

Several ways are there to collect theappropriate data

Primary data and secondary data

By observation

Personal interview

Telephone interview

Questionnaires

Survey



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EXECUTION OF PROJECTIt is a very important step in research process

If it is proceeds on correct lines, the data tobe collected would be adequate anddependable.

The step should be taken that the data shouldbe in the control of statistics so that thecollected information is in accordance with thepre defined designed to tackle this problem



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ANALYSIS OF DATA The analysis of data requires a number of

closely related operations such asestablishment of categories, the application oftheses categories to raw data through

tabulation, coding and editing like statisticalinterference.



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ANALYSIS OF DATA

Coding: this operation is usually done at thisstage through which the categories of dataare transformed into symbols that may betabulated and counted.

Editing: it is the procedure that improves thequality of the data for coding

Tabulation: It is a part of the technicalprocedure wherein the classified data are put

in the form of tables.



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HYPOTHESIS TESTING

After analyzing the data, the researcher is inposition to test the hypothesis.

Inference

Student t test, Chi-square, F- test are the

examples of statistical techniquesAt end, researcher have reject or not reject

the null hypothesis.



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DISCUSSION

Chapter or section of a research report thatexplains what the results mean.

Its very important section to add theappropriate supportive literatures.


PREPARATION OF REPORT OR


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PREPARATION OF REPORT ORTHESIS

The layout of the report should be as follows.

Preliminary pages

The main text

The end matter



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CRITERIA FOR GOOD

RESEARCH The purpose of the research should beclearly defined and common concepts beused

The research procedure used should bedescribed in sufficient detail to permitanother researcher to repeat the researchfor further advancement, keeping the

continuity of what has already beenattained.

The procedure design of the researchshould be carefully planned to yield results

that are as objectives as possible 4111D1introduction to RM Ex_LS


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RESEARCH

The researcher should report with completefrankness, flaws in procedural design andestimate their effects upon the findings.

The analysis of data should be sufficientlyadequate to reveal its significance and themethod of analysis used should beappropriate. The validity and reliability of thedata should be checked carefully.



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RESEARCH

Conclusions should be confined to those justified by the data of the research andlimited to those for which the data provide an

adequate basis.Greater confidence in research is warranted if

the researcher is experienced, has a goodreputation in research and is a person ofintegrity.



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What is good research?Purpose clearly defined.Research process detailed.

Research design thoroughly planned.High ethical standards applied.

Limitations frankly revealed.

Adequate analysis for decision makers need.

Finding presented unambiguously.

Conclusions justified.

Researchers experience reflected.

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PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED BYRESEARCHERS IN INDIA

The lack of a scientific training in themethodology of research

There is insufficient interaction betweenuniversity and the companies

Confidentiality

Research studies overlapping one another are

undertaken quite often for want of adequateinformation



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PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED

BY RESEARCHERS IN INDIADoes not exist a code of conduct

Improper library management and functioning

Improper delivery of government orders,reports and etc.,

Time availability improper

Funding source

11d introduction to rmex_sg,ls

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