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TelecommunicationsILLUSTRATEDDICT IONARY

THE

Appendixes

A. Telecommunications Timeline

B. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Information

C. ITU-T Series Recommendations

D. List of World Wide Web Search Engines

E. List of Internet Domain Name Extensions

F. List of Request for Comments (RFC) Documents

G. Bibliography

H. Acronyms and Abbreviations

I. Area Codes (North American Numbering Plan)

J. Dial Equiv., Radio Alphabet, International Morse Code,Metric Prefixes/Values

K. ASCII Character and Control Codes

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Telecommunications Timeline

Essential Concepts and Early Engineering

~2970 B.C. The great step pyramids are designed and engineered in Egypt, possibly by Imhotep.~1650 B.C. Ahmose transcribes Egyptian mathematics which include fractions.~670 B.C. Thales engages in abstract and deductive mathematics and investigates magnetism.

~500 B.C. Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans make important contributions to mathematics and the studyof sound frequency relationships.~260 B.C. Archimedes establishes many important, basic principles of physics.~800 The concept of zero is used in mathematics in Asia.1200s Fibonacci authorsLiber Abaci (Book of the Abacus) in which he promotes the use of Arabic

numerals and positional notation.1400s Gutenberg develops movable type, thus ringing in the age of mass-produced books and the

publishing industry.Copernicus studies celestial movements and relationships, and develops concepts that chal-lenge accepted notions of the Earth in the cosmos.

15/1600s Galileo makes important observations of the laws of physics, especially of gravity and bodies

in motion.1600s Robert Boyle studies physical properties and the compression of air, resulting in Boyles law,

sometimes called Marriottes law due to parallel studies in France.late 1600s Sir Isaac Newton makes important observations about basic physical laws, now widely known

as Newtonian physics or classical physics. These highly significant discoveries form the basisof modern physics.

1676 Ole (Olaf) Rhmer calculates the velocity of light as a constant 227,000 kilometers/second.1724 Daniel Fahrenheit reports his new temperature scale to the Royal Society.1900 Max Planck states quantum theory.1905 Albert Einstein publishes a paper on the special theory of relativity.

Physics and Basic Electronics Technology

1738 Bernoulli writes on the relationship of pressure and the velocity of fluids, now known asBernoullis principle, used in vacuum technology.

mid-1700s Benjamin Franklin conducts numerous experiments with electricity, inspires other scientists,and coins many terms associated with the emerging science.

1700s Luigi Galvani studies electromagnetism and its effects in living tissue.1775 Alessandro Volta invents the electrophorus, the basis of subsequent electrical condensers, re-

placing the Leyden jar.1800 Alessandro Volta invents the voltaic pile, a pioneer wet cell.

1800s Ritter discovers ultraviolet light.1807 J. B. J. Fourier announces Fouriers theorem, which forms the basis for Fourier transforms,now widely used as analytical tools in mathematics.Humphry Davy uses battery power to separate out and discover potassium and, about a decadelater, invents an arc lamp (arc lamps were also invented by others).

1819 H. C. rsted demonstrates the relationship of electricity and magnetism.1820 A. M. Ampre studies the mathematical characteristics of electromagnetism and announces

the right-hand rule.1826 J. N. Niepce develops a primitive type of photography.1829 L. J. Daguerr develops one of the first permanent photographs - the daguerrotype.1832 Michael Faraday publishes Faradays laws of electrolysis.

1877 The microphone is invented by David Hughes.1878 The first telephone exchange is established in London.1879 American Telephone & Telegraph is founded based on the technology in the Bell patents, later

to be known as AT&T.

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1891 Almon B. Strowger invents the automatic telephone switching system so subscribers can dialthe desired number, rather than calling a human operator.

1904 Fleming releases the two-element Fleming tube, which leads to de Forests development of thethree-element tube.Lee de Forest invents the Audion leading to the evolution of three or more element vacuumtubes that revolutionize the electronics industry. R. A. Fessenden broadcasts the first voice andmusic broadcasts, using an Alexanderson alternator to supply the power.

1910 The Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company is founded, later to become International Busi-ness Machines (IBM).

1911 Wireless communications are established between the United States and Japan.1915 The Radio Corporation of America (RCA) is founded.1920 The historic KDKA radio station begins broadcasting, having moved out of Frank Conrads

garage.1921 John Logie Baird carries out pioneer television broadcasting experiments.1927 Scheduled television broadcasts are begun by station WGY in New York state.1928 Bell Laboratories develops pioneer color television technologies.1957 The Russian Sputnik communications satellite is launched into orbit.1972 The Canadian ANIK satellite becomes the first domestic television broadcast communications

satellite.

Communications Applications

1774 Lesage created the frictional telegraph.1795 F. Salv i Campillo describes a system for an electric telegraph, which he constructed in 1804

by incorporating Alessandro Voltas ca. 1800 invention of the voltaic pile.1836 C. Wheatstone and W. Cookes first practical implementation of the telegraph.1837 Samuel Morse received approval and funding from the U.S. Congress to build a Washington,

D.C. to Baltimore telegraph line.1838 Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail demonstrate a telegraph to the President.1843 Samuel Morse transmits historic What God has wrought? message which launches the age

of the practical, commercial telegraph.1848 The laying of the first transatlantic telegraph cable. It only lasted a few days.1856 David Hughes translates telegraph signals into letters.1858 Introduction of the Pony Express.1861 The first transcontinental telegraph line is built in a record four months. At the lines comple-

tion in October, the Pony Express ceased operations.P. Reis demonstrates the transmission of tones through wire.

1866 The laying of the first successful installation of a transatlantic telegraph cable. This revolu-tionizes communications. Previously, sea voyages of two or three months were necessary totransmit overseas messages.A. Loomis demonstrates essential basics of wireless radio wave transmissions.

1872 Loomis patents wireless telegraphic technology.James Clerk-Maxwell publishes an important paper on electromagnetic wave theories.

1874 Elisha Gray submits a caveat to the U.S. patent office after Alexander Graham Bell submits apatent for the harmonic telegraph, the precursor to the telephone.

1876 Bell reports having spoken intelligibly over wires to his assistant, Watson.1878 Public telephones make their commercial debut in Connecticut.1886 A. Dolbear receives a patent for induction-based wireless telegraphy.1880 Bell Telephone is incorporated in Canada.1889 The Creed high-speed automatic telegraph system is developed.

1895/96 A. S. Popow demonstrates wireless telegraphy from ship to shore in Russia.1920s Bell Laboratories begins transmitting picture phone images.

Various types of facsimile transmissions are implemented by different inventors.

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Communications Applications, cont.

1947 Bell Laboratories scientists invent the transistor.1956 Bell demonstrates Picturephone technology to the Institute of Radio Engineers.1967 The concept and design of the ARPANET are born.1969 The ARPANET is put into operation.1980 T. Berners-Lee develops Enquire hyptertext system.

1983 The ARPANET is split into Milnet and ARPANET, the precursor to the Internet.1989 T. Berners-Lee develops a Web browser.1990 The ARPANET is officially discontinued, because it has evolved into the Internet.

Tabulating Machines, Computers, and Microcomputers

B.C. In many parts of the world, from the Americas to Asia, counting systems arise. The Native Ameri-cans use grains, Eastern cultures use sand, clay, counting sticks, and beads, eventually evolvingmany different forms of the abacus.

1600s By this time, in Western Europe, the slide rule as we know it is being used, evolving from anumber of different sliding tabulating systems.

1623 Wilhelm Schickard invents the first calculating machine.1642 Blaise Pascal independently invents a different type of calculating machine.1673 Ren Grillet develops a general adding machine.1674 Leibnitz develops a calculating machine.1786 J. H. Muller publishes ideas for automatic difference engines.1822 Charles Babbage develops important historic models for different engines.1834 Charles Babbage develops the concept of an analytical engine. Technology has not yet devel-

oped to the point where his ideas can be fully carried out, but the design concepts are sound.1853 The Scheutzes undertake the construction of an automatic different engine.1928 Punch card equipment is put into use for storing information from calculators in Germany.1930 V. Bushs idea for a difference analyzer is constructed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technol-

ogy (MIT).1936 Konrad Zuse applies for a patent for mechanical memory.1937 John Atanasoff conceives the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC).1937 Howard Aiken teams up with IBM to produce the Harvard Mark 1, which became operational

six years later.1943 The ENIAC project is initiated and is partly operational a year later and fully operational by

1945.1946 Eckert and Mauchly form the Electronic Control Company.1949 Edmund C. Berkeley authors Giant Brains or Machines that Thinkdescribing the construction

of a personal computer. He designed and built Simon, GENIAC, and many robots.1951 The UNIVAC is put into service at the U.S. Census Bureau.1971 The Kenbak-1 desktop computer is advertised in the September issue ofScientific American.1972 Bill Gates and Paul Allen partner for various business ventures, forming Traf-O-Data, which even-

tually evolves into Microsoft Corporation.1973 The Alto minicomputer blazed trails at Xerox PARC. It later served as inspiration to Apple

Computer and Microsoft, who eventually incorporated the graphical interface ideas into theMacintosh and Windows lines of products.

1974 The Altair 8800 is released and subsequently featured in the January 1975 issue ofPopular Elec-tronics.

1975 The Altair 680 Motorola MC6800 computer is released.1976 Radio Shack ships the TRS-80 Model I. Apple Computer is formed by Steven Jobs and Stephen

Wozniak.1980 International Business Machines releases its Personal Computer line of products.

1983 The Apple Lisa, forerunner of the Macintosh line that came out a year later, is released.1985 The Atari ST and Amiga 1000 computers equipped with sound and graphics are released.1995 Jean-Louis Gasss team releases the Be Operating System and computer.

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Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Information

asynchronous transfer modeATM. ATM is a highlysignificant protocol due to its flexibility and wide-spread use for Internet connectivity. It is a high-speed, cell-based, connection-oriented, packet trans-mission protocol for handling data with varying burstand bit rates. ATM evolved from standardization

efforts by the CCITT (now the ITU-T) for broadbandISDN (B-ISDN) in the mid-1980s. It was originallyrelated to Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)standards.ATM allows integration of local area network (LAN)and wide area network (WAN) environments undera single protocol, with reduced encapsulation. It doesnot require a specific physical transport, and thus canbe integrated with current physical networks. It pro-vides virtual connection (VC) switching and multi-plexing for broadband ISDN, to enable the uniformtransmission of voice, data, video and other multi-

media communications.Two methods for carrying multiprotocol connection-less traffic over ATM are routed and bridged Proto-col Data Units (PDUs). Routed PDUs allow the mul-tiplexing of multiple protocols over a single ATMvirtual circuit through LLC Encapsulation. BridgedPDUs carry out implicit higher-layer protocol mul-tiplexing through virtual circuits (VCs).ATM employs fixed-length cells consisting of an in-formation field and a header. The information fieldis transparent through the transmission. The U.S. andJapan proposed the use of 64-byte cells, and Europe

proposed 32-byte cells. As a consequence of the dis-

crepancy, 48-byte cells are favored by many as acompromise.Charts and simplified diagrams on the followingpages show an ATM system through user input andreception of a variety of media, including voice,video, and data. The data are inserted and extractedby the ATM adaptation layer (AAL) into a logicalpackage called a payload which makes up part of theATM cell. The ATM layer, in turn, adds or removesa five-byte header to this payload, and the physicallayer converts the information into the appropriateformat for transmission, which may extend over largeareas and pass through other networks switches androuters. The physical layer is comprised of two sub-layers, the physical medium (PM) sublayer and thetransmission convergence (TC) sublayer. See dictionary entries for Ethernet, frame relay, HIPPI, TCP/IP.

ATM cell The ATM cell is the basic unit of infor-mation transmitted through an ATM network. AnATM cell has a fixed length of 53 bytes, consistingof a 48-byte payload (the information being trans-mitted) and a 5-byte header (addressing information).Interpretation of the signals from different types ofmedia into a fixed length unit of data makes it pos-sible to accommodate different types of transmis-sions over one type of network.There are a number of important traffic flow con-trol, congestion management, and error-related con-cepts related to ATM, including those listed in the

ATM Cell Rate Concepts chart shown on page 1038.

ATM Cell Header and Payload Format

|||+----------+---------+-----------------+--------------------+----/----+|VCI Label | control | header checksum | option. adaptation | payload || 3 bytes | 1 byte | 1 byte | layer 4 bytes | 44 or 48|+----------+---------+-----------------+--------------------+----/----+

ATM Cell at the User Network Interface (UNI)

Item Abbrev. Num. bits Notes

cell loss priority CLP 1 bit Cell loss priority of 1 is subject to discard, withoutviolating agreed upon quality of service (QoS). If

CLP is 0, resources are allocated.generic flow control GFC 4 bits Point-to-point and point-to-multipoint. The field ap-

pears at the user network interface.

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ATM adaptation layer AAL. In ATM, a set ofITU-T-recommended, service-dependent layer typesinterface the user to the ATM layer. The AAL is thetop of three layers in the ATM protocol referencemodel. Higher layer services are translated throughone or more ATM cells. AAL0 to AAL5 perform avariety of connection, synchronization, segmentation,

and assembly functions for adapting different classesof applications to ATM. Within the AAL, informa-tion is mapped between the PDUs and ATM cells.Upon creation of a virtual connection (VC), a spe-cific AAL is associated with that connection. See thefollowing diagrams for the relationships of the ad-aptation layers to the ATM format.

Layer Name Abbrev. Description

ATM adaptation layer 0 AAL0 A layer implementation intended to provide a direct connection be-tween the user and the ATM. It is limited in that it provides no ser-vice guarantee mechanisms. It is recent and rarely used, except inproprietary, standalone systems. Nevertheless, some standard com-mercial drivers support AAL0.

ATM adaptation layer 1 AAL1 A constant rate service level. It is useful for time-sensitive appli-

cations such as voice, video, and circuit emulation.ATM adaptation layer 2 AAL2 A variable rate service. It is rarely used.ATM adaptation layer 3/4 AAL3/4 A variable rate service. It is the most comprehensive of the adapta-

tion layers, and was originally specified as separate AAL3 andAAL4 for connectionless and connection communications.

ATM adaptation layer 5 AAL5 A variable rate service similar to AAL3/4. It is sometimes calledSEAL for Simple and Efficient Adaptation Layer. It is widely used,especially in TCP/IP implementations. This is a nonassured service,and retransmission must be accomplished by higher-level proto-cols. It specifies a packet with a maximum size of 64K minus 1octets.

ATM adaptation layer 6 AAL6 A recent addition, designed to accommodate demand for some of

the recent multimedia, high-bandwidth applications.

For further information related to ATM adaptation layers, see RFC 1483, RFC 1577, RFC 1626.

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ATM modelsBecause of the great variety of needs in the network-ing community, many types and implementations ofATM networks have been developed. Information onsome of the more common and emerging models is

shown in the ATM Models chart. For further detailson specific models, see dictionary entries under ATMTransition Model, Classical IP Model, ConventionalModel, Integrated Model, Peer Model.

ATM Models and Test Systems of Interest

Model Notes

Classical IP over ATM A model for enabling compatible, interoperable implementationsfor transmitting IP datagrams and ATM address Resolution Pro-tocol (ATMARP) requests and replies over ATM adaptation layer5 (AAL5). LLC/SNAP encapsulation of IP packets. IP addressresolution to ATM addresses via an ATMARP service within theLIS. One IP subnet is used for many hosts and routers. Each vir-tual connection (VC) directly connects two IP members withinthe same LIST. TCP/IP applications. See RFC 1577.

IP Broadcast over ATM An IP multicast service in development by the IP over ATMWorking Group for supporting Internet Protocol (IP) broadcasttransmissions as a special case of multicast. See RFC 2022, RFC2226.

IP Multicast over ATM MLIS Internet Protocol (IP) multicasting over Multicast Logical IPSubnetwork (MLIS) using ATM multicast routers. A model de-veloped to work over the Mbone, an emerging multicasting inter-network. It is designed for compatibility with multicast routingprotocols such as RFC 1112 and RFC 1075.

LANE Local Area Network (LAN) Emulation. Protocol-independentapplications aid in the transition from legacy internetworks to

ATM.Native ATM API ATM-specific applications which take advantage of its quality of

service (QoS) capabilities.

Test Model Notes

ATM over DS3 An experimental testbed network called XUNET II running at 45Mbps to connect FDDI networks at eight sites across the conti-nental U.S. from coast to coast. Internet Protocol routers at eachsite forward packets between connected local area networks(LANs) and long-distance DS3 links. The production versiontransmits IP datagrams over a PVC mesh fabric, with a singlevirtual circuit (VC) between each pair of routers.

Multicube An approach to the implementation of IP Multicast over ATMproposed by Schulzrinne et al. Multicube is a project to develop,test, and validate an ATM-based multipoint infrastructure forsupporting CSCW applications. The majority of the multicast ap-plications of endusers involved in the project are Internet Proto-col (IP) based.

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ATM Cell Rate Concepts

Abbrev. Name Notes

ACR allowed cell rate A traffic management parameter dynamically managed bycongestion control mechanisms. ACR varies between theminimum cell rate (MCR) and the peak cell rate (PCR).

CCR current cell rate Aids in the calculation of ER and may not be changed bythe network elements (NEs). CCR is set by the source to

the available cell rate (ACR) when generating a forwardRM-cell.

CDF cutoff decrease factor Controls the decrease in the allowed cell rate (ACR) asso-ciated with the cell rate margin (CRM).

CIV cell interarrival variation Changes in arrival times of cells nearing the receiver. Ifthe cells are carrying information that must be synchro-nized, as in constant bit rate (CBR) traffic, then latencyand other delays that cause interarrival variation can inter-fere with the output.

GCRA generic cell rate algorithm A conformance enforcing algorithm that evaluates arriv-ing cells. See leaky bucket.

ICR initial cell rate A traffic flow available bit rate (ABR) service parameter.The ICR is the rate at which the source should be sendingthe data.

MCR minimum cell rate Available bit rate (ABR) service traffic descriptor. TheMCR is the transmission rate in cells per second at whichthe source may always send.

PCR peak cell rate The PCR is the transmission rate in cells per secondwhich may never be exceeded. It characterizes the con-stant bit rate (CBR).

RDF rate decrease factor An available bit rate (ABR) flow control service param-

eter that controls the decrease in the transmission rate ofcells when it is needed. See cell rate.

SCR sustainable cell rate The upper measure of a computed average rate of celltransmission over time.

UBR unspecified bit rate An unguaranteed service type in which the network makesa best efforts attempt to meet bandwidth requirements.

VBR variable bit rate The type of irregular traffic generated by most non-voicemedia. Guaranteed sufficient bandwidth and QoS.

ATM Cell Rate ConceptsAt its heart, ATM is concerned with moving and di-recting traffic; cells must be directed (and sometimeseven discarded) such that signals, priority levels, anddata are effectively transmitted and balanced with re-spect to the needs at hand. There is no single bestway to tune a network. The settings will vary, de-pending upon the system, the time of day, the quan-

tity and priority levels of users, and many more subtlefactors that are not necessarily known in advance.Thus, there have been a number of basic cell rateconcepts defined for system installers and adminis-trators to assess and tweak their systems for opti-mum information flow without loss. Some of themore important concepts are summarized here.

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International Telegraph Union (ITU-T)Recommendations

Over the decades since its inception, the ITU has been developing international guidelines to promote com-patibility and interoperability of communications systems, from the original telegraph to modern mobilecommunications systems.These guidelines are available as publications from the ITU-T for purchase over the Internet and many in theA Series are downloadable without charge from the Web. Since ITU-T specifications and recommendationsare widely followed by vendors in the telecommunications industry, those wanting to maximize interoper-ability with other systems need to be aware of the information disseminated by the ITU-T. The list belowdescribes the general overall categories and specific series topics are listed under individual entries in thisdictionary, e.g., B Series Recommendations. Note that some series topics include only a few documents,while others, such as the G Series Recommendations, include many hundreds of documents and thus somesections may be summarized, or described with examples. Note also that the author has taken time to catego-rize many of the documents, which can sometimes be difficult to locate in a numerical-only list, to aid thereader in finding the appropriate document and understanding the depth and breadth of the publications.

ITU-T Recommendations

General Categories

Series A Organization of the work of the ITU-T

Series B Means of expression: definitions, symbols, classification

Series C General telecommunications statistics

Series D General tariff priniciples

Series E Overall network operation, telephone service, service operation, and human factors

Series F Telecommunication services other than telephone

Series G Transmission systems and media, digital systems and networksSeries H Audiovisual and multimedia systems

Series I Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN)

Series J Transmission of sound program and other multimedia signals

Series K Protection against interference

Series L Construction, installation, and protection of cables and other elements of outside plant

Series M TMN and network maintenance: international transmission systems, telephone circuits, teleg-raphy, facsimile, and leased circuits

Series N Maintenance: international sound program and television transmission circuits

Series O Specifications of measuring equipmentSeries P Telephone transmission quality, telephone installations, local line networks

Series Q Switching and signaling

Series R Telgraph transmission

Series S Telegraph services terminal equipment

Series T Terminals for telematic services

Series U Telegraph switching

Series V Data communication over the telephone network

Series X Data networks and open system communication

Series Y Global information infrastructure and Internet protocol aspects

Series Z Programming languages

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World Wide Web

Major Search Engines

Name URL (Web Address) Notes

AltaVista http://www.altavista.com/ Extensive searching, advanced search param-eters, priority ranking. First introduced by Digi-tal Equipment in 1995.

c|net Search http://www.search.com/ Perhaps best known for its large repository ofsoftware updates, shareware, and public domainsoftware, c|net also provides a Web search en-gine that displays a short list and enables usersto look at further selections, if desired.

DejaNews http://www.dejanews.com/ A huge archive of the posts to various USENETnewsgroups. A remarkable record of public con-versations online, searchable by keywords orauthor. This has now been acquired by Google.

DogPile http://www.dogpile.com/ Looking for a short, targeted list of hits? Try thissearch engine. It also includes category searchesand stores.

Excite http://www.excite.com/ General search, weather, stocks.Google http://www.google.com/ Fast, extensive, with a lovely simple, unclut-

tered interface. Also lists USENET group post-ings as Google Groups (acquired from Deja-News).

i-Explorer http://www.i-explorer.com/ Search in popular, general interest categories.InfoSeek http://infoseek.go.com/ Web pages, newsgroups, and individuals.

InfoSpace http://www.infospace.com/ Personal and business listings, maps, etc.Inktomi http://inktomi.berkeley.edu/ Fast distributed searchable database from the

University of California at Berkeley.LinkStar http://www.linkstar.com/ Business directory search.Lycos http://www.lycos.com/ General searching, maps, and personal names

from Carnegie Mellon University.Magellan http://www.mckinley.com/ Sites reviewed and rated by the McKinley

Group, Inc.Sleuth http://www.isleuth.com/ The Internet Sleuth searches over 3,000 Internet

databases. Selections can be found through gen-

eral categories. (This may now be defunct.)Starting Point http://www.stpt.com/ Searches the Web and other Internet resources

(selectable), includes advanced search capabili-ties.

Switchboard http://www.switchboard.com/ Personal and business listings of names, ad-dresses, and email addresses.

Webcrawler http://www.webcrawler.com/ Quick, to-the-point listings.Yahoo http://www.yahoo.com/ An extensive service that includes a search en-

gine and hundreds of topics organized under cat-egories of interest.

For further information from the publisher: http://www.crcpress.com/For further information from the author: http://www.4-sightmedia.com/

2002 by CRC Press LLC

(nowhttp://groups.google.com/)

http://www.altavista.com/http://www.search.com/http://www.dogpile.com/http://www.excite.com/http://www.google.com/http://infoseek.go.com/http://infoseek.go.com/http://infoseek.go.com/http://infoseek.go.com/http://www.infospace.com/http://www.lycos.com/http://www.isleuth.com/http://www.stpt.com/http://www.stpt.com/http://www.switchboard.com/http://www.webcrawler.com/http://www.yahoo.com/http://www.crcpress.com/http://www.4-sightmedia.com/http://groups.google.com/http://groups.google.com/http://groups.google.com/http://www.4-sightmedia.com/http://www.crcpress.com/http://www.yahoo.com/http://www.webcrawler.com/http://www.switchboard.com/http://www.stpt.com/http://www.isleuth.com/http://www.lycos.com/http://www.infospace.com/http://infoseek.go.com/http://www.google.com/http://www.excite.com/http://www.altavista.com/http://groups.google.com/http://www.search.com/http://www.dogpile.com/

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.gs So. Georgia, So. Sand-wich Islands

.pm St. Pierre, Miquelon

.sr Suriname

.uy Uruguay

.ve Venezuela

United Kingdom, Europe

.gb Great Britain

.ie Ireland.im Isle of Man

.uk United Kingdom

.al Albania

.ad Andorra

.at Austria

.by Belarus

.be Belgium

.ba Bosnia, Herzegovina

.bg Bulgaria

.hr Croatia

.cy Cyprus.cz Czech Republic

.dk Denmark

.ee Estonia

.fo Faroe Islands

.fi Finland

.de Federal Republic of Ger-many

.fr France

.fx France

.de Germany

.gi Gibraltar

.gr Greece.gl Greenland (Denmark)

.gg Guernsey

.hu Hungary

Internet Domain Name ExtensionsNorth America and Generic International

.us United States U.S., not commonly used

.um United States Outlying islands

.gov U.S. government Local, state, and federal government agencies

.mil U.S. military Military agencies, bases

.arpa ARPANET Advanced Projects Research Agency.ca Canada

.mx United Mexican States

.int international

.com commercial General business, services, suppliers

.biz business Retail business, malls, electronic storefronts

.pro professional Doctors, lawyers, consultants, home care nurses, realtors, vets, carpenters

.info information Noninstitutional educational, informational

.net network Net related.

.org organization Nonprofit, not-for-profit, charitable

.edu education Schools, colleges, universities, other educational facilities

.museum museums Public and private repositories in many disciplines

.aero aeronautics Airlines, aeronautical suppliers, contractors

Central and South America

.ag Antigua, Barbuda

.ar Argentine Republic

.aw Aruba

.bb Barbados

.bz Belize

.bm Bermuda

.bo Bolivia

.br Brazil

.cl Chile

.co Colombia

.cr Costa Rica

.cu Cuba

.dm Dominica

.do Dominican Republic

.ec Ecuador

.sw El Salvador

.fk Falkland Islands(Malvinas)

.tf French Southern Territo-ries

.gd Grenada

.gp Guadeloupe.gt Guatemala

.gy Guyana

.gf Guyana (French)

.ht Haiti

.hn Honduras

.jm Jamaica

.mq Martinique

.ms Montserrat

.ni Nicaragua

.pa Panama

.py Paraguay

.pe Peru

.pr Puerto Rico.kn St. Kitts, Nevas

.lc St. Lucia

.vc St. Vincent, Grenadines

.is Iceland

.it Italian Republic

.je Jersey

.lv Latvia

.li Liechtenstein, Princi-pality of

.lt Lithuania

.lu Luxembourg, GrandDuchy of

.mk Macedonia

.mt Malta

.md Moldova

.mc Monaco

.nl Netherlands

.no Norway

.pt Portuguese Republic

.ro Romania

.sm San Marino (Italy)

.sk Slovakia

.si Slovenia

.es Spain

.se Sweden

.ch Switzerland

.ua Ukraine

.va Vatican City State

.yu Yugoslavia

Middle East

.bh Bahrain

.ir Iran

.iq Iraq

.il Israel

.jo Hashemite Kingdomof Jordon

.kw Kuwait

.lb Lebanon.sa Saudi Arabia

.tr Turkey

.ae United Arab Emirates

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.tw Taiwan

.th Thailand

.to Tonga

.vn Vietnam

.am American Samoa

.au Australia

.bn Brunei

.ck Cook Islands

.fj Fiji

.gu Guam

.id Indonesia

.my Malaysia

.mh Marshall Islands

.fm Micronesia

.nz New Zealand

.nf Norfolk Island

.pw Palau

.pg Papua (New Guinea).ph Philippines

.pn Pitcairn Islands

.pf Polynesia (French)

.ws Samoa

.sb Solomon Islands

.tk Tokelau

.tv Tuvalu

.wf Wallace, Futuna Islands

.pg Antarctica

West Indies, Antilles

.ai Anguilla

.ag Antigua and Barbuda

.bb Barbados

.bm Bermuda

.bs Bahamas

.ky Cayman Islands

.cu Cuba

.dm Dominica

.do Dominican Republic

.gd Grenada

.gp Guadeloupe (French)

.ht Haiti

.jm Jamaica

.mq Martinique (French)

.pr Puerto Rico (U.S.)

.lc Saint Luciatc. Turks, Caicos Islands

.tt Trinidad and Tobago

.vg Virgin Islands (British)

.vi Virgin Islands (U.S.)

Miscellaneous

.aq Antarctica

.nt Neutral Zone

Eastern Europe, Middle Asia

.af Afghanistan

.al Albania

.am Armenia

.az Azerbaidjan

.bg Bulgaria.by Bielorussia

.hr Croatia

.ee Estonia

.kz Kazakhstan

.kg Kirgistan

.lv Latvia

.lt Lithuania

.md Moldavia

.pl Poland

.ro Romania

.ru Russian Federation

.rw Rwanda

.sk Slovakia

.si Slovenia

.tj Tadjikistan

.tm Turkmenistan

.ua Ukraine

.us Union of Soviet Social-ist Republics

.uz Uzbekistan

Mediterranean, Caribbean

.an Antilles (Netherlands)

.aw Aruba

.cy Cypress.mt Malta

.lc Saint Lucia

Africa

.dz Algeria

.ao Angola

.bj Benin

.bw Botswana

.bv Bouvet Island

.bf Burkina Faso

.bi Burundi

.cm Cameroon

.cw Cape Verde

.cf Central African Repub-lic

.td Chad

.km Comoros

.cd Congo

.cg Congo Republic

.ci Cote DIvoire

.dj Djibouti

.eg Egypt, Arab Republic of

.gq Equatorial Guinea

.er Eritrea

.et Ethiopia.ga Gabon

.gm Gambia

.gh Ghana

.gn Guinea

.gw Guinea Bissau

.ci Ivory Coast

.ke Kenya

.ls Lesotho

.lr Liberia

.ly Libya

.mg Madagascar

.mr Mauritania

.mw Malawi

.ml Mali

.mu Mauritius

.yt Mayotte

.ma Morocco

.mz Mozambique

.na Namibia

.ne Niger

.ng Nigeria

.re Reunion.sn Senegal

.sc Seychelles

.sl Sierra Leone

.so Somalia

.za South Africa

.sh St. Helena

.sd Sudan

.sz Swaziland

.tz Tanzania

.tg Togo

.tn Tunisia

.ug Uganda

.eh Western Sahara.zr Zaire

.zm Zambia

.zw Zimbabwe

Asia, South Pacific,Antarctic

.bd Bangladesh

.io British Indian OceanTerritories

.in India

.bt Bhutan

.kh Cambodia

.hk Hong Kong(Xianggang)

.jp Japan

.kp Korea (North)

.kr Korea (South)

.la Laos

.mo Macau

.my Malaysia

.mn Mongolia

.np Nepal

.pk Pakistan

.cn Peoples Republic of

China.sg Singapore.kr South Korea.Ik Sri Lanka

Internet Domain Name Extensions, cont.

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Request for Comments (RFC) DocumentsRequest for Comments (RFC) documents are an essential resource for understanding the implementation,structure, format, and evolution of the Internet. There are over 3,000 of these documents and, unfortunately,not sufficient space here to list abstracts or even the titles of all the RFCs. Nevertheless, the following quicklookup summarizes some of the most important aspects and is a useful reference even if it only hits the high-lights.The reader is encouraged to consult the many excellent RFC repositories on the Internet archived in various

formats including ASCII, editable PostScript, Adobe PDF, and HTML. The RFCs themselves include refer-ences to related documents of interest.In addition towww.w3c.org, (for Web info) and www.rfc.net, some good Net archives of interest include

http://www.armware.dk/RFC Searchable, nicely formatted, forward and back-ward references

http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/ Searchable and shows authors, dates, and refer-ences in search results

http://www.nexor.com/index-rfc.htm Searchable from a selection of archives, includesPerl 5 expressions and Title/Author/Keywordsearching

http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/cs/Services/rfc/index.html Categorizations and lists and links to RFCs ofparticular interest

General

RFC 1358 Charter of the Internet Architecture Board (IAB)RFC 1796 Not all RFCs are StandardsRFC 1920 INTERNET OFFICIAL PROTOCOL STANDARDSRFC 1925 The Twelve Networking TruthsRFC 1935 What is the Internet, Anyway?RFC 1941 Frequently Asked Questions for Schools

RFC 1958 Architectural Principles of the InternetRFC 1999 Request for Comments Summary RFC Numbers 1900-1999RFC 2000 INTERNET OFFICIAL PROTOCOL STANDARDSRFC 2014 IRTF Research Group Guidelines and ProceduresRFC 2026 The Internet Standards Process - Revision 3RFC 2028 The Organizations Involved in the IETF Standards ProcessRFC 2031 IETF-ISOC RelationshipRFC 2125 A Primer on Internet and TCP/IP Tools and UtilitiesRFC 2223 Instructions to RFC AuthorsRFC 2360 Guide for Internet Standards Writers

RFC 2799 Request for Comments Summary RFC Numbers 2700-2799RFC 3000 INTERNET OFFICIAL PROTOCOL STANDARDSRFC 3160 The Tao of IETF - A Novices Guide to the Internet Engineering Task Force

Domain Name System (DNS)

RFC 1995 Incremental Zone Transfer in DNSRFC 1996 A Mechanism for Prompt Notification of Zone Changes (DNS)RFC 2219 Use of DNS Aliases for Network ServicesRFC 2230 Key Exchange Delegation Record for the DNSRFC 2845 Secret Key Transaction Authentication for DNS (TSIG)

RFC 2874 DNS Extensions to Support IPv6 Address Aggregation and RenumberingRFC 2929 Domain Name System (DNS) IANA ConsiderationsRFC 2930 Secret Key Establishment for DNS (TKEY RR)RFC 2964 DNS Extensions to Network Address Translators (DNS_ALG)

2002 by CRC Press LLC

http://www.w3c.org/http://www.w3c.org/http://www.w3c.org/http://www.armware.dk/RFChttp://www.faqs.org/rfcs/http://www.nexor.com/http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/cs/Services/rfc/index.htmlhttp://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/cs/Services/rfc/index.htmlhttp://www.nexor.com/http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/http://www.armware.dk/RFChttp://www.w3c.org/

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Domain Names, Routing, Mail Routing, and Miscellaneous

RFC 896 Congestion Control in IP/TCP InternetworksRFC 974 Mail Routing and the Domain SystemRFC 1032 Domain Administrators GuideRFC 1033 Domain Administrators Operations GuideRFC 1034 Domain Names - Concepts and Facilities

RFC 1035 Domain Names - Implementation and SpecificationRFC 1072 TCP Extensions for Long-Delay PathsRFC 1112 Host Extensions for IP MulticastingRFC 1122 Requirements for Internet Hosts - Communication LayersRFC 1123 Requirements for Internet Hosts - Application and SupportRFC 1144 Compressing TCP/IP Headers for Low-Speed Serial LinksRFC 1155 Structure and Identification of Management Information for TCP/IP-Based InternetsRFC 1212 Concise MIB DefinitionsRFC 1213 Management Information Base for Network Management of TCP/IP-Based Internets: MIB-IIRFC 1451 Manager to Manager Management Information Base

RFC 1850 OSPF Version 2 Management Information BaseRFC 1321 The MD5 Message-Digest AlgorithmRFC 1323 TCP Extensions for High PerformanceRFC 1386 The U.S. DomainRFC 1441 Introduction to Version 2 of the Internet-Standard Network Management FrameworkRFC 1452 Coexistence between Version 1 and Version 2 of the Internet-Standard Network Management

FrameworkRFC 1519 Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR): An Address Assignment and Aggregation StrategyRFC 1583 OSPF Version 2RFC 1591 Domain Name System Structure and DelegationRFC 1630 Universal Resource Identifiers in WWW: A Unifying Syntax for the Expression of Names and

Addresses of Objects on the Network as used in the World-Wide WebRFC 1700 Assigned NumbersRFC 1737 Functional Requirements for Uniform Resource NamesRFC 1738 Uniform Resource Locators (URL)RFC 1808 Relative Uniform Resource LocatorsRFC 1876 A Means for Expressing Location Information in the Domain Name SystemRFC 1900 Renumbering Needs WorkRFC 1940 Source Demand Routing: Packet Format and Forwarding Specification (Version 1)RFC 1956 Registration in the MIL DomainRFC 1812 Requirements for IP Version 4 Routers

RFC 1911 Voice Profile for Internet MailRFC 1917 An Appeal to the Internet Community to Return Unused IP Networks (Prefixes) to the IANARFC 1918 Address Allocation for Private InternetsRFC 1919 Classical versus Transparent IP ProxiesRFC 1985 SMTP Service Extension for Remote Message Queue StartingRFC 2065 Domain Name System Security ExtensionsRFC 2136 Dynamic Updates in the DOmain Name System (DNS UPDATE)RFC 2240 A Legal Basis for Domain Name AllocationRFC 2538 Storing Certificates in the Domain Name System (DNS)RFC 2540 Detached Domain Name System (DNS) InformationRFC 2673 Binary Labels in the Domain Name System

RFC 2874 DNS Extensons to Support IPv6 Address Aggregation and RenumberingRFC 2929 Domain Name System (DNS) IANA ConsiderationsRFC 3007 Secure Domain Name System (DNS) Dynamic Update

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Sampling of Various Protocols

RFC 793 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)RFC 768 User Datagram Protocol (UDP)RFC 791 Internet Protocol (IP)RFC 792 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)RFC 793 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)RFC 821 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)RFC 826 Ethernet Address Resolution ProtocolRFC 896 ISO Transport ProtocolRFC 903 Reverse Address Resolution ProtocolRFC 916 Reliable Asynchronous Transfer Protocol (RATP)RFC 951 Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP)RFC 959 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)RFC 977 Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP)RFC 1058 Routing Information ProtocolRFC 1301 Multicast Transport Protocol

RFC 1350 The TFTP Protocol (Revision 2)RFC 1661 The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)RFC 1813 NFS Version 3 Protocol SpecificationRFC 1831 RPC: Remote Procedure Call Protocol Specification Version 2RFC 1934 Ascends Multilink Protocol Plus (MP+)RFC 1987 Ipsilons General Switch Management Protocol Specification Version 1.1RFC 1986 Experiments with a Simple File Transfer Protocol for Radio Links using Enhanced Trivial File

Transfer Protocol (ETFTP)RFC 2165 Service Location ProtocolRFC 2167 Referral Whois (RWhois Protocol V1.5)RFC 2246 The TLS Protocol Version 1.0RFC 2251 Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (V3)RFC 2326 Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP)RFC 2371 Transaction Internet Protocol Version 3.0RFC 2408 Internet Security Assoication and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP)RFC 2463 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMPv6) for IPv6RFC 2543 SIP: Session Initiation ProtocolRFC 2565 Internet Printing Protocol/1.0: Encoding and TransportRFC 2566 Internet Printing Protocol/1.0: Model and SemanticsRFC 2616 HyperText Transfer Protocol - HTTP 1.1RFC 2637 Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol

RFC 2642 Cabletrons VLS Protocol SpecificationRFC 2705 Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP) Version 1.0RFC 2812 Internet Relay Chat: Client ProtocolRFC 2813 Internet Relay Chat: Server ProtocolRFC 2821 Simple Mail Transfer ProtocolRFC 2878 PPP Bridging Control Protocol (BCP)RFC 2960 Stream Control Transmission ProtocolRFC 3010 NFS Version 4 ProtocolRFC 3015 Megaco Protocol Version 1.0RFC 3018 Unified Memory Space Protocol Specification

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Compression Protocols

RFC 1950 ZLIB Compressed Data Format Specification Version 3.3RFC 1951 DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification Version 1.3RFC 1952 GZIP File Format Specification Version 4.3RFC 1962 The PPP Compression Control Protocol (CCP)RFC 1967 PPP LZS-DCP Compression Protocol (LZS-DCP)RFC 1974 PPP Stac LZS Compression ProtocolRFC 1977 PPP BSD Compression ProtocolRFC 1978 PPP Predictor Compression ProtocolRFC 1993 PPP Gandalf FZA Compression ProtocolRFC 2118 Microsoft Point-to-Point Compression (MPPC) ProtocolRFC 3173 IP Payload Compression Protocol (IPComp) [Obsoletes 2393]RFC 2395 IP Payload Compression Using LZSRFC 3173 IP Payload Compression Protocol (IPComp)

Telnet

RFC 854 Telnet Protocol SpecificationRFC 855 Telnet Option SpecificationsRFC 856 Telnet Binary TransmissionRFC 857 Telnet Echo OptionRFC 858 Telnet Suppress Go Ahead optionRFC 859 Telnet Status OptionRFC 860 Telnet Timing Mark OptionRFC 861 Telnet Extended Options: List OptionRFC 1053 Telnet X.3 PAD Option

RFC 1184 Telnet Linemode OptionRFC 2217 Telnet Com Port Control OptionRFC 2840 Telnet KERMIT OptionRFC 2877 5250 Telnet EnhancementsRFC 2941 Telnet Authentication Option

SNMP

RFC 1157 A Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)RFC 1351 SNMP Administrative Model

RFC 1445 Administrative Model for Version 2 of the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMPv2)RFC 1446 Security Protocols for Version 2 of the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMPv2)RFC 1447 Party MIB for Version 2 of the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMPv2)RFC 1901 Introduction to Community-Based SNMPv2RFC 1902 Structure of Management Information for Version 2 of the SNMPv2 Working GroupRFC 1903 Textual Conventions for Version 2 of the Simple Network Management ProtocolRFC 1904 Conformance Statements for Version 2 of the Simple Network Management ProtocolRFC 1905 Protocol Operations for Version 2 of the Simple Network Management ProtocolRFC 1906 Transport Mappings for Version 2 of the Simple Network Management ProtocolRFC 1907 Management Information Base for Version 2 of the Simple Network Management ProtocolRFC 2263 SNMPv3 Applications

RFC 2271 An Architecture for Describing SNMP Management FrameworksRFC 2573 SNMP Applications

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PPP

RFC 1172 Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) initial configuration optionsRFC 1332 The PPP Internet Protocol Control Protocol (IPCP)RFC 1334 PPP Authentication ProtocolsRFC 1661 The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)RFC 1841 PPP Network Control Protocol for LAN ExtensionRFC 1877 PPP Internet Protocol Control Protocol Extensions for Name Server AddressesRFC 1915 Variance for The PPP Connection Control Protocol and The PPP Encryption Control ProtocolRFC 1962 The PPP Compression Control Protocol (CCP)RFC 1963 PPP Serial Data Transport Protocol (SDTP)RFC 1967 PPP LZS-DCP Compression Protocol (LZS-DCP)RFC 1968 The PPP Encryption Control Protocol (ECP)RFC 1969 The PPP DES Encryption Protocol (DESE)RFC 1973 PPP in Frame RelayRFC 1975 PPP Magnalink Variable Resource CompressionRFC 1976 PPP for Data Compression in Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment (DCE)

RFC 1979 PPP Deflate ProtocolRFC 1989 PPP Link Quality MonitoringRFC 1990 The PPP Multilink Protocol [Obsoletes RFC 1717]RFC 1993 PPP Gandalf FZA Compression ProtocolRFC 1994 PPP Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP)RFC 2363 PPP over FUNIRFC 2364 PPP over AAL5RFC 2716 PPP EAP TLS Authentication ProtocolRFC 2823 PPP over Simple Data Link (SDL) Using SONET/SDH with ATM-Like FramingRFC 2878 PPP Bridging Control Protocol (BCP)

BGP, BGP-4

RFC 1163 Border Gateway ProtocolRFC 1657 Definitions of Managed Objects for the Fourth Version of the Border Gateway Protocol

(BGP-4) Using SMIv2RFC 1771 A Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4)RFC 1772 Application of the Border Gateway Protocol in the InternetRFC 1773 Experience with the BGP-4 ProtocolRFC 1774 BGP-4 Protocol AnalysisRFC 1965 Autonomous System Confederations for BGP

RFC 1966 BGP Route Reflection - An Alternative to Full Mesh IBGPRFC 1997 BGP Communities AttributeRFC 1998 An Application of the BGP Community Attribute in Multi-home RoutingRFC 2283 Multiprotocol Extensions for BGP-4RFC 2439 BGTP Route Flap DampingRFC 2545 Use of BGP-4 Multiprotocol Extensions for IPv6 Inter-Domain RoutingRFC 2796 BGP Route Reflection - An Alternative to Full Mesh IBGP [Updates 1966]RFC 2842 Capabilities Advertisement with BGP-4RFC 2918 Route Refresh Capability for BGP-4RFC 3065 Autonomous System Confederations for BGP

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POP

RFC 1725 Post Office Protocol Version 3RFC 1939 Post Office Protocol Version 3RFC 1957 Some Observations on Implementations of the Post Office Protocol (POP3)RFC 1833 Binding Protocols for ONC RPC Version 2RFC 2384 POP URL SchemeRFC 2449 POP3 Extension Mechanism

Whois

RFC 1835 Architecture of the Whois++ ServiceRFC 1913 Architecture of the Whois++ Index ServiceRFC 1914 How to Interact with a Whois++ MeshRFC 2167 Referral Whois (RWhois) Protocol V1.5

Format and Transmission Standards

RFC 822 Standard for the Format of ARPA Internet Text MessagesRFC 850 Standard for Interchange of USENET MessagesRFC 894 Standard for the Transmission of IP Datagrams over Ethernet NetworksRFC 1042 Standard for the Transmission of IP Datagrams over IEEE 802 NetworksRFC 1832 XDR: External Data Representation StandardRFC 1922 Chinese Character Encoding for Internet MessagesRFC 1947 Greek Character Encoding for Electronic Mail Messages

MIME

RFC 1521 MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) Part One: Mechanisms for Specifying andDescribing the Format of Internet Message BodiesRFC 1522 MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) Part Two: Message Header Extensions for

Non-ASCII TextRFC 1927 Suggested Additional MIME Types for Associating Documents

IPv6 (IPNG)

RFC 1902 Structure of Management Information for Version 2 of the Simple Network Management Pro-tocol

RFC 1903 Textual Conventions for Version 2 of the Simple Network Management ProtocolRFC 1904 Conformance Statements for Version 2 of the Simple Network Management ProtocolRFC 1905 Protocol Operations for Version 2 of the Simple Network Management ProtocolRFC 1906 Transport Mappings for Version 2 of the Simple Network Management ProtocolRFC 1907 Management Information Base for Version 2 of the Simple Network Management ProtocolRFC 1924 A Compact Representation of IPv6 AddressesRFC 1933 Transition Mechanisms for IPv6 Hosts and RoutersRFC 1955 New Scheme for Internet Routing and Addressing (ENCAPS) for IPNGRFC 1970 Neighbor Discovery for IP Version 6 (IPv6)RFC 1971 IPv6 Stateless Address AutoconfigurationRFC 1972 A Method for the Transmission of IPv6 Packets over Ethernet Networks

RFC 1981 Path MTU Discovery for IP version 6SNMPv2

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IP General

RFC 1919 Classical versus Transparent IP ProxiesRFC 1932 IP over ATM: A Framework DocumentRFC 1954 Transmission of Flow Labeled IPv4 on ATM Data Links Ipsilon Version 1.0RFC 2002 IP Mobility SupportRFC 2764 A Framework for IP-Based Virtual Private NetworksRFC 3168 The Addition of Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) to IP

HTTP/HTML

RFC 1866 HyperText Markup Language - 2.0RFC 1942 HTML TablesRFC 1945 Hypertext Transfer ProtocolHTTP/1.0RFC 1980 A Proposed Extension to HTML: Client-Side Image MapsRFC 2145 Use and Interpretation of HTTP Version NumbersRFC 2227 Simple Hit-Metering and Usage-Limiting for HTTPRFC 2295 Transparent Content Negotiation in HTTP

RFC 2557 MIME Encapsulation of Aggregate Documents, such as HTML (MHTML)RFC 2616 Hypertext Transfer Protocol - HTTP/1.1RFC 2617 HTTP Authentication: Basic and Digest Access AuthenticationRFC 2660 The Secure HyperText Transfer ProtocolRFC 2770 An HTTP Extension FrameworkRFC 2818 HTTP over TLSRFC 2965 HTTP State Management Mechanism

ATM

RFC 1483 Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM Adaptation Layer 5

RFC 1680 IPng Support for ATM ServicesRFC 1755 ATM Signaling Support for IP over ATMRFC 1932 IP over ATM: A Framework DocumentRFC 1946 Native ATM Support for ST2+RFC 2022 Support for Multicast over UNI 3.0/3.1-based ATM NetworksRFC 2098 Toshibas Router Architecture Extensions for ATM: OverviewRFC 2225 Classical IP and ARP over ATMRFC 2226 IP Broadcast over ATM NetworksRFC 2331 ATM Signaling Support for IP over ATM - UNI Signaling 4.0 UpdateRFC 2364 PPP over AAL5

RFC 2379 RSVP over ATM Implementation GuidelinesRFC 2380 RSVP over ATM Implementation RequirementsRFC 2492 IPv6 over ATM NetworksRFC 2512 Accounting Information for ATM NetworksRFC 2514 Definitions of Textual Conventions and OBJECT-IDENTITIES for ATM ManagementRFC 2515 Definitions of Managed Objects for ATM ManagementRFC 2684 Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM Adaptation Layer 5RFC 2761 Terminology for ATM BenchmarkingRFC 2844 OSPF over ATM and Proxy-PAR

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Security, Encryption, Authentication

RFC 1421 Privacy Enhancement for Internet Electronic Mail: Part I: Message Encryption andAuthentication Procedures

RFC 1422 Privacy Enhancement for Internet Electronic Mail: Part II: Certificate-Based KeyManagement

RFC 1423 Privacy Enhancement for Internet Electronic Mail: Part III: Algorithms, Modes, andIdentifiers

RFC 1424 Privacy Enhancement for Internet Electronic Mail: Part IV: Key Certification and RelatedServicesRFC 1455 Physical Link Security Type of ServiceRFC 1507 DASS - Distributed Authentication Security ServiceRFC 1510 The Kerberos Network Authentication Service (V5)RFC 1511 Common Authentication Technology OverviewRFC 1675 Security Concerns for IPngRFC 1750 Randomness Recommendations for SecurityRFC 1826 IP Authentication HeaderRFC 1847 Security Multiparts for MIME: Multipart/Signed and Multipart/EncryptedRFC 1848 MIME Object Security Services

RFC 1858 Security Considerations for IP Fragment FilteringRFC 1929 Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5RFC 1938 A One-Time Password SystemRFC 1948 Defending Against Sequence Number AttacksRFC 1961 GSS-API Authentication Method for SOCKS Version 5RFC 1964 The Kerberos Version 5 GSS-API MechanismRFC 1968 The PPP Encryption Control Protocol (ECP)RFC 1969 The PPP DES Encryption Protocol (DESE)RFC 1984 IAB and IESG Statement on Cryptographic Technology and the InternetRFC 1991 PGP Message Exchange FormatsRFC 2015 MIME Security with Pretty Good Privacy (PGP)RFC 2058 Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS)RFC 2082 RIP-2 MD5 AuthenticationRFC 2084 Considerations for Web Transaction SecurityRFC 2246 The TLS Protocol Version 1.0RFC 2323 IETF Identification and Security GuidelinesRFC 2406 IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)RFC 2411 IP Security Document RoadmapRFC 2437 PKCS #1: RSA Cryptography Specifications Version 2.0RFC 2480 Gateways and MIME Security MultipartsRFC 2539 Storage of Diffie-Hellman Keys in the Domain Name System (DNS)

RFC 2541 DNS Security Operational ConsiderationsRFC 2554 SMTP Service Extension for AuthenticationRFC 2577 FTP Security ConsiderationsRFC 2617 HTTP Authentication: Basic and Digest Access AuthenticationRFC 2627 Key Management for Multicast: Issues and ArchitecturesRFC 2659 Security Extensions for HTMLRFC 2660 The Secure HyperText Transfer ProtocolRFC 2695 Authentication Mechanisms for ONC RPCRFC 2709 Security Model with Tunnel-Mode IPsec for NAT DomainsRFC 2712 Addition of Kerberos Cipher Suites to Transport Layer Security (TLS)RFC 2755 Security Negotiation for WebNFSRFC 2773 Encryption using KEA and SKIPJACKRFC 2876 Use of the KEA and SKIPJACK Algorithms in CMS

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RFC 2898 PKCS #5: Password-Based Cryptography Specification Version 2.0RFC 2951 TELNET Authentication Using KEA and SKIPJACKRFC 3008 Domain Name System Security (DNSSEC) Signing AuthorityRFC 3039 Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Qualified Certificates ProfileRFC 3156 MIME Security with OpenPGP

Frame Relay

RFC 1586 Guidelines for Running OSPF over Frame Relay NetworksRFC 1973 PPP in Frame RelayRFC 2115 Management Information Base for Frame Relay DTEs Using SMIv2RFC 2427 Multiprotocol Interconnect over Frame RelayRFC 2590 Transmission of IPv6 Packets over Frame Relay Networks SpecificationRFC 2954 Definitions of Managed Objects for Frame Relay ServiceRFC 3034 Use of Label Switching on Frame Relay Networks Specification

Datagrams and Subnets

RFC 919 Broadcasting Internet DatagramsRFC 922 Broadcasting Internet Datagrams in the Presence of SubnetsRFC 948 Two Methods for the Transmission of IP Datagrams over IEEE 802.3 NetworksRFC 950 Internet Standard Subnetting ProcedureRFC 1103 Proposed Standard for the Transmission of IP Datagrams over FDDI NetworksRFC 1134 Point-to-Point Protocol: A Proposal for Multi-Protocol Transmission of Datagrams over Point-

to-Point

LDAP

RFC 1823 The LDAP Application Program InterfaceRFC 1959 An LDAP URL FormatRFC 1960 A String Representation of LDAP Search FiltersRFC 2251 Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (v3)RFC 2255 The LDAP URL FormatRFC 2829 Authentication Methods for LDAPRFC 2849 The LDAP Data Interchange Format (LDIF) - Technical SpecificationRFC 2927 MIME Directory Profile for LDAP Schema

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Bibliography

Authors Note: Much of the content of this reference is derived from my own educational and consultingactivities and daily (and frequently nightly) use of telecommunications technologies since the late 1970s,but it should be noted that I also consulted many historic texts, inventors notebooks, and hundreds of pre-1900s journals, searching out credible and original sources on the evolution of the telecommunications in-dustry. I am indebted to radio pioneers who recorded not only their knowledge, but their excitement and

wonder at the birth of a new era and I would like to thank historians who search tirelessly for the truth aboutthe origins of the early discoveries for I found, in the course of my research, that the threads of invention arenot so clear and clean as they are depicted by most writers.I strove in this reference, wherever possible, to give the originators of the new technologies credit where itwas due. Morse was far from the first to invent telegraphic technology (see telegraph history) and Bell mayhave popularized the telephone, but there were many previously uncredited and brilliant forerunners, mostnotably Antonio Meucci and some Rhode Island scientists associated with Stone Bank whose story is stillnot fully known. Meucci is finally given the attention he deserves in this reference and the author is trying tofind out more about the Rhode Island group who apparently developed technology for Bell that was neverfully credited.

Books of Historical and General Interest

Asimov, Isaac;Asimovs Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, Doubleday& Company, Inc., 1964.

Baylin, Frank; Gale, B.; Long, R.;Home Satellite TV Installation and TroubleshootingManual, Baylin Publications, 1997.

Berkeley, Edmund C., Giant Brains or Machines That Think, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,1949.

Coe, Lewis; The Telegraph: A History of Morses Invention and Its Predecessors in theUnited States, McFarland & Company, Inc., 1993.

Crocker, Francis B.; Esty, William; Cyclopedia of Applied Electricity: Volume II, AmericanSchool of Correspondence, 1908.

Crocker, Francis B.; Esty, William; Cyclopedia of Applied Electricity: Volume IV, AmericanSchool of Correspondence, 1908.

Dibner, Bern; The Atlantic Cable, Blaisdell Publishing Company, 1964.

Dyson, George B.;Darwin Among the Machines: Evolution of Global Intelligence,Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc, 1997.

Evans, Alvis J.;Antennas: Selection and Installation, Tandy Corporation, 1989.

Everitt, W. L., Editor; Fundamentals of Radio, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1943.

Fike, John L.; Friend, George E.; Understanding Telephone Electronics, Tandy Corporation,1983.

Fisher, David E.; Fisher, Marshall Jon; Tube: The Invention of Television, Counterpoint,1996.

Foley; van Dam; Feiner; Hughes; Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1996.

Graham, Frank D.;Audels Radiomans Guide [sic], Theo. Audel & Co., 1935.

Heyn, Ernest V.; Fire of Genius: Inventors of the Past Century, Anchor Press/Doubleday,1976.

Hodge, Winston William;Interactive Television: A Comprehensive Guide for MultimediaTechnologists, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1995.

Horowitz, Paul; Hill, Winnfield; The Art of Electronics, Cambridge University Press, 1994.

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Jordan, Nelson, Osterbrock, Pumphrey, Smeby, Everitt; Fundamentals of RADIO, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1943.

Kloeffler, Royce G.; Sitz, Earl L.;Basic Theory in Electrical Engineering, The MacmillanCompany, 1955.

Laughter, Victor H.; Operators Wireless Telegraph and Telephone Hand-Book, Frederick J.Drake & Co., 1909.

Long, Mark; The Down to Earth Guide to Satellite TV, Quantum Publishing, Inc., 1985.Mabon, Prescott C.;Mission Communications: The Story of Bell Laboratories, BellTelephone Laboratories, Inc., 1975.

Meadowcroft, William H.,A-B-C of Electricity, Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1915.

Miller, Kempster B; Patterson, George W., et al.; Cyclopedia of Telephony and Telegraphy,Volume II: Manual Switchboards, Automatic Systems, Power Plants, American TechnicalSociety, 1912.

Miller, Kempster B; Patterson, George W., et al.; Cyclopedia of Telephony and Telegraphy,Volume IV: Telegraphy, Transmission, Electricity, American Technical Society, 1914.

Myers & Crosby, Supervisors; Principles of Electricity Applied to Telephone and TelegraphWork, American Telephone and Telegraph Company, 1953.

Petersen, Julie K.; Understanding Surveillance Technologies: Spy Devices, Their Origins &Applications, CRC Press, 2000.

Pierce, John R.; Signals, The Telephone and Beyond, W. H. Freeman and Company, 1981.

Roller, Duane; Roller, Duane H. D.; The Development of the Concept of Electric Charge,Harvard Case Histories in Experimental Science, Harvard University Press, 1954.

Terman, Frederick Emmons;Radio Engineering, Second Edition, McGraw-Hill BookCompany, Inc., 1937.

Thompson, J. Arthur, Editor; The Outline of Science, First Volume, G. P. Putnams Sons, TheKnickerbocker Press, 1922.

Weaver, Jefferson Hane; The World of Physics: A Small Library of the Literature of Physicsfrom Antiquity to the Present, Simon & Shuster, 1987.

Wellman, William R.,Elementary Electricity, D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., 1959.

Historical Computing and Technology Journals

Walker, J. B., Editor; The Cosmopolitan: A Monthly Illustrated Magazine, Vol. XVI.November, 1893-April, 1894, The Cosmopolitan Press, 1894.Numerous Amiga and Macintosh journals From 1986 to mid-1990s

Byte Magazine, The Small Systems Journal Numerous issues from 1980 to 1987

Century Magazine Numerous issues up to about 1900

Computer Numerous issues from 1970 to 1980

Microcomputing, Wayne Green Publisher June 1982

Popular Electronics Numerous issues from 1974 to 1976

Popular Mechanics Numerous issues from 1909 to 1924

Scientific American Numerous issues from 1896 to 1921

As for current references, you can look them up on the Net. :-)

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Acronyms & Abbreviations

AA/D analog/digital, analog to digitalAA Automated AttendantAAA authentication, authorization, and accountingAAAC all aluminum alloy cableAAAI American Association for Artificial IntelligenceAAAS American Association for the Advancement of Sci-

enceAABS Automated Attendant Billing SystemAAC 1. abbreviated address calling 2. Aeronautical Ad-

ministrative CommunicationsAACS attitude and articulation control subsystemAAL ATM adaptation layer.AAMOF as a matter of factAAP Applications Access PointAAPI Audio Applications Programming InterfaceAAPT American Association of Physics TeachersAAR automatic alternate routingAARP AppleTalk Address Resolution ProtocolAAS authorized application specialistABC 1. arbitration bus controller 2. Atanasoff-Berry

Computer 3. automatic bass compensationABEC alternate billing entity codesABF air-blown fiberABIST autonomous built-in self testABM asynchronous balanced modeABME asynchronous balanced mode extendedABR 1. available bit rate, cell rate 2. autobaud rateabs absolute valueABS Alternate Billing ServicesABT Advanced Broadcast Television.ABX Advanced Branch Exchange.AC 1. Authentication Center 2. alternating currentAC/WPBX Advanced Cordless/Wireless Private Branch Ex-

changeACA 1. American Communications Association 2. Aus-

tralian Communications Authority 3. Automatic Cir-cuit Assurance

ACAR aluminum conductor alloy-reinforcedACARD 1. Advisory Council for Applied Research and De-

velopment 2. Acquisition Card ProgramACATS Advisory Committee on Advanced Television Ser-

viceACB 1. Annoyance Call Bureau 2. Architecture Control

Board 3. ATM Cell Bus 4. automatic callbackACCS Automatic Calling Card Service.ACD Automatic Call DistributionACET Advisory Committee for Electronics and Telecom-

municationsACF Advanced Communication FunctionACIA asynchronous communications interface adapterACK acknowledge.ACL 1. access control list 2. Applications Connectivity

Link 3. Association for Computational LinguisticsACM 1. Association for Computing Machinery 2. Auto-

matic Call Manager 3. Address Complete MessageACO 1. Additional Call Offering 2. alarm cutoffACOnet Austrian Academic Computer NetworkACOST Advisory Council on Science and TechnologyACP activity concentration pointACR 1. abandon call and retry 2. allowed cell rate 3. at-

tenuation to crosstalk ratio

ACS 1. Advanced Communication System 2. automaticcall sequencerACSE Association Control Service ElementACTS 1. Advanced Communications Technologies and

Services 2. Advanced Communications TechnologySatellite 3. Association of Competitive Telecommu-nications Suppliers 4. Automatic Coin TelephoneService

ACUTA The Association of College and University Tele-communications Administrators

AD administrative domainADACC Automatic Directory Assistance Call CompletionADAS Automated Directory Assistance ServiceADB Apple Desktop busADC, A/DC 1. analog-to-digital converter 2. automated

data collection, automatic data collectionADCA Automatic Data Collection AssociationADCCP Advanced Data Communication Control ProceduresADCIS Association for the Development of Computer-

based InstructionADCU Association of Data Communications UsersADF 1. automatic direction finder 2. automatic document

feederADIO analog/digital input/outputADK application-definable keysADM 1. adaptive-delta modulation 2. add/drop multi-

plexerADN Advanced Digital NetworkADNT Advanced Digital Network TrunkingADONIS Article Delivery Over Network Information Sys-

temsADP automated data processingADPCM adaptive differential pulse code modulationADQ Average Delay in QueueADR 1. achievable data rate 2. aggregate data rate 3. ana-

log to digital recording 4. ASTRA Digital RadioADRMP autodialing recorded message playerADRT approximate discrete Radon transformADS 1. advanced digital system 2. AudioGram Delivery

Services 3. automated data systemsADSL asymmetric digital subscriber lineADSP AppleTalk Data Stream ProtocolADSTAR Automated Document Storage And Retrieval

ADSU ATM Data Service UnitADT abstract data typeADTV Advanced Definition TelevisionADU asynchronous data unitAE 1. acoustic emission 2. Application Entity.ae Internet domain name extension for the United Arab

EmiratesAEA 1. American Electronics Association 2. American

Engineering AssociationAEC acoustic echo cancellerAECS Plan Aeronautical Emergency Communications System

PlanAECT Association for Educational Communications and

Technology

AEEM Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechan-icsAEGIS Advanced Electronic Guidance and Instrumentation

SystemAEP AppleTalk Echo ProtocolAES 1. Application Environment Standard, Application

Environment Service 2. atomic emission spectros-copy 3. Audio Engineering Society

AESS Aerospace and Electronics Systems SocietyAEW 1. aircraft early warning 2. airborne early warningAF audio frequencyAFAIK as far as I knowAFAST Advanced Flyaway Satellite TerminalAFC 1. Advanced Fibre Communications 2. automatic

frequency controlAFCEA Armed Forces Communications and Electronics As-sociation

AFE 1. analog front end 2. antiferroelectricAFI Authority and Format IdentifierAFIPS American Federation of Information Processing So-

cietiesAFK away from keyboardAFM 1. Adobe Font Manager. 2. Adobe Font Metrics

3. antiferromagnetism

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AFMR antiferromagnetic resonanceAFNOR Association Franais NormalAFOSR Air Force Office of Scientific ResearchAFP AppleTalk Filing ProtocolAFS Andrew File SystemAFT Automatic Fine TuningAFTRA American Federation of Television and Radio Art-

istsAFV audio-follow-videoAGC 1. AudioGraphic Conferencing 2. automatic gain

controlAGP Accelerated Graphics PortAGT AudioGraphics TerminalAGU 1. address-generation unit 2. Automatic Ground

UnitAh ampere-hourAHT Average Handle TimeAI 1. Airborne Interception radar 2. artificial intelli-

genceAIA 1. Aerospace Industries Association 2. Application

Interface AdapterAIDA Accessible Information on Development ActivitiesAIEE American Institute of Electrical EngineersAIFF Audio Interchange File Format

AIIM Association for Information and Image Manage-mentAIM 1. amplitude intensity modulation 2. Ascend Inverse

Multiplexing protocol 3. Association for InteractiveMedia 4. ATM inverse multiplexer

AIN Advanced Intelligent NetworkAIOD Automatic Identified Outward DialingAIP ATM Interface ProcessorAIR 1. additive increase rate 2. Airborne Imaging Ra-

dar 3. All India RadioAIS 1. alarm indication signal 2. Automatic Intercept

System 3. Association for Information Systems 4.Automated Information System

AIST Agency of Industrial Science and Technology

AISTEL Associazione Italiana Sviluppo delle TelcomunicazioniAIT 1. assembly, integration, and testing 2. Atomic In-ternational Time (more correctly known as TIA)International Atomic Time 3. Automatic Identifica-tion Technology

AITS Australian Information Technology SocietyAIX Advanced Interactive ExecutiveAJ anti-jamAJP American Journal of PhysicsAKA also known asAl aluminumAL Adaptation LayerALA American Library AssociationALAP AppleTalk Link Access Protocol

ALBO automatic line buildoutALC 1. automatic level control 2. automatic light controlALDC adaptive lossless data compressionALE 1. Application Logic Element 2. Atlanta Linux En-

thusiasts 3. Automatic Link EstablishmentALI 1. ATM Line Interface 2. automatic location identi-

fication, automatic location informationALIT Automatic Line Insulation TestingALLC Association for Literary and Linguistic ComputingALM 1. airline miles 2. AppWare loadable module 3. au-

tomated loan machineALPS automatic loop protection switchingALT automated loop testALU arithmetic and logic unit

AM 1. access module 2. active messages 3. active moni-tor 4. amplitude modulationAM/VSB amplitude modulated vestigial sidebandAMDM ATM multiplexer/demultiplexerAmeslan American Sign LanguageAMHS Automated Message-Handling SystemAMI 1. alternate mark inversion 2. analog microwave linkAMIS Audio Messaging Interchange SpecificationAML 1. Actual Measured Loss 2. ARC Macro LanguageAMLCD active matrix liquid crystal display

AMN Abstract Machine NotationAMPAS Academy of Motion Picture Arts and ScienceAMPS Analog/Advanced Mobile Phone ServiceAMR anisotropic magneto-resistanceAMS 1. Account Management System 2. American Me-

teorological Society 3. Attendant Management Sys-tem

AMSAT Amateur Satellite programAMSC American Mobile Satellite CorporationAMSS Aeronautical Mobile Satellite Service

AMTOR amateur teleprinting over radioAMTS Automated Maritime Telecommunications SystemAN access networkanamux analog multiplexerANC All Number CallingANI Automatic Number IdentificationANT Access Network TerminationAO acousto-opticAOCS attitude and orbit control systemAOL America OnLineAOM acousto-optic modulatorAOR Atlantic Ocean RegionAOS 1. Alternate Operator Services 2. Area of ServiceAOSSVR Auxiliary Operator Services System Voice Re-

sponseAOTF acousto-optic tunable filterAP 1. action potential 2. aiming point 3. application pro-

gram 4. Applications Processor 5. array processor6. Associated Press

APAD asynchronous packet assembler/disassemblerAPAN Asia-Pacific Advanced Network ConsortiumAPaRT Automated Packet Recognition/TranslationAPC 1. adaptive-predictive coding 2. advanced process

control 3. Association for Progressive Communica-tions

APCC The American Public Communications CouncilAPD avalanche photodiodeAPDU Application Protocol Data UnitAPI application programming interfaceAPIC advanced programmable interrupt controllerAPL A Programming Languageapp applicationAPP Ascend Password ProtocolAPPA American Public Power AssociationAPPC advanced program-to-program communicationsAPPN Advanced Peer-to-Peer NetworkingAPRN Alaska Public Radio NetworkAPS 1. Advanced Photo System 2. Automatic Protection

SwitchingAPTS Association of Television StationsAQL acceptable quality levelAr argonAR Automatic RecallARA AppleTalk Remote AccessARB all-routes broadcastARC Ames Research CenterARD 1. advanced research and development 2. Automatic

Ring DownARE All Routes ExplorerARES Amateur Radio Emergency ServiceARF Alternative Regulatory FrameworkARI Automatic Room IdentificationARIB Association of Radio Industries and BusinessesARIES Angle-Resolved Ion and Electron SpectroscopyARINC Aeronautical Radio, Inc.ARISE Advanced Radio Interferometry between Space and

EarthARISTOTELESApplications and Research Involving Space Tech-nologies/Techniques Observing the Earths Fields

from Low Earth-Orbiting SatellitesARL Association for Research LibrariesARM American Radio MuseumAROS Amateur Radio Observation ServiceARP Address Resolution ProtocolARPA Advanced Research Projects AgencyARQ automatic retransmit requestARRL American Relay Radio League

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ARRN Amateur Radio Repeater NetworkAS autonomous systemAS&C Alarm Surveillance and ControlASA Acoustical Society of AmericaASAI Adjunct Switch Application InterfaceASAPI Advanced Speech APIASCA Advanced Satellite for Cosmology & AstrophysicsASCII (as-kee) American Standard Code for Information

InterchangeASDSP application-specific digital signal processor

ASE Application Service ElementASH Ardire-Stratigakis-HaydukASI 1. Adaptive Speed Leveling 2. Advanced Study In-

stitute 3. artificial sensing instrument 4. Astronomi-cal Society of India

ASIC application-specific integrated circuitASK amplitude-shift keying, modulationASN 1. Abstract Syntax Notation 2. Autonomous System

NumberASN.1 Abstract Syntax Notation 1ASP 1. Abstract Service Primitive 2. Adjunct Service

Point 3. administrative service provider 4. analogsignal processing. 5. AppleTalk Session Protocol 6.ATM switch processor 7. Attached Support Proces-

sor 8. Association of Shareware ProfessionalsASPI Advanced SCSI Programming InterfaceASQ Automated Status QueryASR 1. Access Service Request 2. Airport Surveillance

Radar 3. Automatic Send/Receive 4. AutomaticSpeech Recognition

ASSP 1. acoustics speech and signal processing 2. appli-cation-specific standard product

ASSTA Australian Speech Science and Technology Asso-ciation

ASTC Australian Science and Technology CouncilASTER Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission Reflec-

tance RadiometerASTRAL Alliance for Strategic Token-Ring Advancement

and LeadershipASU application-specific unitASV Air-to-Surface-Vessel radarAT 1. Access Tandem 2. AudioTexAT, PC/AT Advanced TechnologyATB all trunks busyATC air traffic controlATCP AppleTalk Control ProtocolATCRBS air traffic control radar beacon systemATD 1. asynchronous time division 2. Attention Dial 3.

advanced technology demonstrationATDRSS Advanced Tracking and Data Relay Satellite Sys-

temATG address translation gateway

ATIS Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solu-tionsATM 1. asynchronous transfer mode 2. Automated Teller

MachineATMP Ascend Tunnel Management ProtocolATS Applications Technology Satellite programATT Automatic Toll TicketingATV 1. advanced TV 2. amateur televisionAUI Attachment Unit InterfaceAUP Acceptable Use PolicyAUU ATM User-to-UserAUUG Australian Unix User GroupAUXBC auxiliary broadcastingAVC automatic volume control

AVD alternate voice dataAVHRR advanced very high resolution radiometerAVIOS American Voice Input/Output SocietyAVRS automated voice response systemAVSSCS Audio/Visual Service Specific Convergence Sub-

layerAWA Antique Wireless AssociationAWC Association for Women in ComputingAWG American Wire Gauge

BB8ZS binary/bipolar eight-zero substitutionB-CDMA Broadband Code Division Multiple AccessB-DCS broadband digital cross-connect systemB-ICI B-ISDN InterCarrier InterfaceB-ICI SAAL B-ICI Signaling ATM Adaptation LayerB-ISDN Broadband ISDNB-LT broadband line terminationB-MAC Broadcast Master Antenna ControlB-NT broadband network termination

B-TE broadband terminal equipmentBABT British Approvals Board for TelecommunicationsBACP Bandwidth Allocation Control ProtocolBAFTA British Academy of Film and Television ArtsBAN 1. base area network 2. Billing Account NumberBB 1. baseband 2. broadbandBBC 1. Broadband Bearer Capability 2. British Broad-

casting CorporationBBG Basic Business GroupBBN 1. Bolt, Beranek, and Newman, Inc. 2. BBN PlanetBBS bulletin board systemBBT broadband technologyBc Committed Burst SizeBC 1. backward compatible 2. beam coupling 3. binary

code 4. broadcastBCC 1. Bellcore Client Company 2. block check charac-ter

BCD binary coded decimalBCNU be seein youBCOB Broadband Connection Oriented BearerBCP best current practiceBCRS Bell Canada Relay ServiceBCS 1. basic control system 2. Batch Change Supplement

3. Boston Computer Society 4. British ComputerSociety

BDCS Broadband Digital Cross-Connect SystemBDF block data formatBDT Telecommunications Development Bureau

Be 1. Excess Burst Size 2. Be, Inc.BE 1. base embossed 2. Bose-EinsteinBEC Bose-Einstein condensationBECN Backward Explicit Congestion NotificationBEP Back End ProcessorBER 1. Basic Encoding Rules 2. bit error rateBETRS Basic Exchange Telecommunications Radio ServiceBFI Bad Frame IndicatorBFO beat frequency oscillatorBFOC bayonet fiber optic connectorBFT binary file transferBG, BGND backgroundBGP Border Gateway ProtocolBHLI Broadband High Layer Information

BIB Backward Indicator BitBIBO bounded input, bounded outputB-ICI Broadband Inter-Carrier InterfaceB-ICI SAAL Broadband Inter-Carrier Interface Signaling ATM

Adaptation LayerBICEP bit-interleaved parityBIDDS base information digital distribution systemBIG broadband integrated gatewayBIND Berkeley Internet Name DomainBIS border immediate systemBISDN B-ISDNBISSI Broadband Inter-Switching System InterfaceBIST built-in self-testBITS Base Information Transport System

BIU basic information unitBL bit lineBLSR Bidirectional Line Switched RingBLU basic link unitBM burst modemBMEWS Ballistic Missile Early Warning SystemBNC bayonet nut connection, bayonet navy connectorBNCC base network control centerBO branch office

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board printed circuit boardBOC Bell Operating CompanyBOF 1. Birds of a Feather 2. Business Operations Frame-

workBOM 1. Beginning of Message 2. bill of materialsBOP Bit Oriented ProtocolBP 1. bandpass 2. base pointer 3. bypassBPAD Bisynchronous Packet Assembler/DisassemblerBPDU Bridge Protocol Data UnitBPI bytes per inch

BPM Beam Position MonitorBPON Broadband Passive Optical NetworkBPS bits per secondBPSK binary phase shift keyingBR 1. beacon receiver 2. Radiocommunications BureauBRB be right backBRCS Business and Residence Customer ServicesBRI Basic Rate InterfaceBS 1. back scatter 2. band signaling 3. base station 4.

beam splitterBSAM Basic Sequential Access MethodBSCC BellSouth Cellular CorporationBSD Berkeley Software DistributionBSE 1. back-scattered electrons 2. Basic Service Element

3. Basic Switching ElementBSF bit scan forwardBSI British Standards InstitutionBSL British Sign LanguageBSMS Broadcast Short Message ServiceBSMTP Batch Simple Message Transfer ProtocolBSP 1. Bell System Practice 2. Byte Stream ProtocolBSR 1. bit scan rate 2. bit scan reverseBSS 1. Base Station System 2. broadcasting satellite ser-

vice 3. Business Support SystemBSVC Broadcast Switched Virtual ConnectionsBT 1. British Telecom 2. Burst ToleranceBTA 1. Basic Trading Area 2. Broadband Telecommuni-

cations Architecture 3. broadband terminal adaptorBTag Beginning TagBTBT band-to-band tunnelingBTE 1. Boltzmann Transport Equation 2. broadband ter-

minal equipmentBTI British Telecom InternationalBTL Bell Telephone LaboratoriesBTM Broadband Transport ManagerBTN Billing Telephone Number, Billed Telephone Num-

berBTRL British Telecom Research LaboratoriesBTS 1. Base Transceiver Station 2. bit test and setBTU 1. basic transmission unit 2. British Thermal UnitBTW by the wayBW bandwidthBZT Bundesamt fr Zulassungen in der

Teleommunikation

CC/A Code civilian code, S-codeC64 Commodore 64CA Call AppearanceCAB Canadian Association of BroadcastersCACM Communications of the Association for Computing

MachineryCAD 1. computer-aided dispatch 2. computer-aided de-

sign/draftingCADS Code Abuse Detection SystemCAE 1. Common Applications Environment 2. computer-

aided engineeringCAFA computer-aided financial analysisCAI 1. computer assisted instruction 2. common air in-

terfaceCAL computer-aided learning, computer-assisted learn-

ingCALC customer access line chargeCALS Continuous Acquisition and Life-Cycle SupportCAM 1. carrier module 2. Call Accounting Manager 3.

Call Applications Manager 4. computer-aidedmanufacturing 5. computer-assisted makeup, com-position and makeup

CAMA Centralized Automatic Message AccountingCAN Control Area NetworkCAP 1. carrierless amplitude and phase modulation 2.

Cellular Array Processor 3. Competitive AccessProvider

CAR computer-assisted retrievalCARAB Canadian Amateur Radio Advisory Board

CAS 1. Centralized Attendant Service 2. channel associ-ated signaling 3. Communications ApplicationsSpecification

CASE computer-aided software engineering, computer-as-sisted software engineering

CAST computer-aided software testing, computer-assistedsoftware testing

CATNIP Common Architecture for Next Generation InternetProtocol

CATS Consortium for Audiographics TeleconferencingStandards

CATV 1. Cable Television 2. Community Antenna Televi-sion

CAU controlled access unitCAV Constant Angular VelocityCB citizens band (radio)CBC Canadian Broadcasting CorporationCBDS Connectionless Broadband Data ServiceCBM Commodore Business MachinesCBR constant bit rateCBS Columbia Broadcasting SystemCBSC Canadian Broadcast Standards CouncilCBT 1. Canadian Business Telecommunications Alliance

2. Computer-Based TrainingCBTA Canadian Business Telecommunications AllianceCBX Computerized Branch ExchangeCC carbon copyCCB Common Carrier Bureau.CCC 1. clear channel capability 2. Communications

Competition CoalitionCCD charge coupled deviceCCIA Computer and Communications Industry Associa-

tionCCIR Comit Consultatif International des Radiocom-

municationsCCIRN Coordinating Committee for Intercontinental Re-

search NetworksCCIS Common Channel Interoffice SignalingCCITT Comit Consultatif Internationale de Tlgraphique

et TlphoniqueCCP Compression Control ProtocolCCR current cell rateCCS Common Channel Signaling

CCS/SS7 Common Channel Signal/Signaling System 7CCT 1. Calling Card Table 2. Consultative CommitteeTelecommunications

CCTA Central Computer and Telecommunications AgencyCCTV Closed Circuit TVCCU 1. camera control unit 2. communications control

unitCD 1. carrier detect 2. compact disc 3. count downCD-V compact disc videoCD-WO compact disc write onceCDA Communications Decency ActCDCS Continuous Dynamic Channel SelectionCDDI Copper Distributed Data InterfaceCDE Common Desktop Environment

CDLC Cellular Data Link ControlCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCDMP Cellular Digital Messaging ProtocolCDO community dial officeCDP 1. Cisco Discovery Protocol 2. Customized Dial

PlanCDPD Cellular Digital Packet DataCDR Call Detail RecordCDT credit allocation

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CDTAC Consumer/Disabilities Telecommunications Advi-sory Committee

CDV 1. cell delay variation 2. Compressed Digital VideoCDVT cell delay variation toleranceCE Connection endpointCEO Chief Executive OfficerCEPT Confrence Europenne des Administrations des

Postes et TlcommunicationsCER cell error ratioCERB Centralized Emergency Reporting Bureau

CERFnet California Education and Research Federation Net-workCERN Centre European des Recherche NucleaireCERT Computer Emergency Response TeamCEST Centre for the Exploitation of Science and Technol-

ogyCEV controlled environmental vaultCFB Call Forward BusyCFDA Call Forward Dont AnswerCFGDA Call Forward Group Dont AnswerCFP Channel Frame ProcessorCFR Confirmation to ReceiveCFUC Call Forwarding UnConditionalCFV Call for VotesCFW Call ForwardCGA 1. Carrier Group Alarm 2. Color Graphics AdapterCGI Common Gateway InterfaceCGISS Commercial Government and Industrial Solutions

SectorCGM Computer Graphics MetafileCGSA Cellular Geographic Service AreaCI 1. congestion indicator 2. Certified IntegratorCIAJ Communications Industry Association of JapanCIC Carrier Identification CodeCIDR Classless Inter-Domain RoutingCIE The Commission Internationale de LEclairage (In-

ternal Commission of Illumination)CIF 1. cells in flight 2. Cells in Frames 3. Common In-

termediate Format 4. cost, insurance, freightCIID Card Issuer Identifier CodeCIIG Canadian ISDN Interest GroupCIP Carrier Identification ParameterCIR Committed Information RateCISC Complex Instruction Set ComputingCISCC Collocation Interconnection Service Cross Connec-

tionCITEL Inter-American Telecommunications CommissionCITR Canadian Institute for Telecommunications Re-

searchCIV cell interarrival variationCIVDL Collaboration for Interactive Visual Distance Learn-

ingCIX Commercial Internet ExchangeCJC Canadian Journal of CommunicationCLDC connected limited device configurationCLEC Competitive Local Exchange CarrierCLP 1. Cell Loss Priority 2. Connectionless Transport

ProtocolCLR Cell Loss RatioCLTS Connectionless Transport ServiceCMC connection management controllerCMDS Centralized Message Distribution SystemCMOS Complementary Metal Oxide SemiconductorCMR cell misinsertion rateCMRS Commercial Mobile Radio ServiceCMTS Cellular Mobile Telephone SystemCMY cyan, magenta, yellowCN Complementary networkCNA 1. Centralized Network Administration 2. Coopera-

tive Network ArchitectureCND 1. Calling Number Delivery 2. Calling Number Dis-

playCNET Ce