114 ) PERIOD 3 Develop Regional and Transregional Interactions (c. 600-c. 1450)

4. The Abbasid dynasty(A) created a social rift between Arabs and new

converts(B) was more interested in strengthening Arab

power than in gaining converts(C) healed the rift between Sunnis and Shi'ites(0) discouraged commercial activity in an effort

to focus on missionary endeavor(E) proved the high point of Muslim cultural

achievement

5. Which of the following qualifies as a primarysource on the teachings of Muhammad?(A) The Quran(B) The Hadith(C) The Five Pillars(0) The umma(E) The Arabian Nights

6. Muhammad(A) made provisions for the future leadership of

Islam(B) established clear class distinctions for

Islamic society(C) built on the religious traditions of the Ara-

bian peninsula(0) went against established gender distinctions

in the practice of his faith(E) spoke out against military conquest as a

vehicle for the extension of Islam

> Answers and Explanations

7. The Five Pillars(A) are inattentive to distinctions in social class(B) are included in the Quran(C) require religious instruction as an entrance

to the Islamic faith(0) provide unity within Islam(E) address both religious and secular matters

8. As a new faith, Islam gained strength(A) within portions of the former Roman Empire(B) when adherence to Arabic ethniciry was

emphasized over adherence to Islam(C) first in Mecca, then throughout the Ara-

bian peninsula(0) because of rules of succession established by

the first caliphs(E) in East Asia

1. C-Although the general population in Indiatended to cling to Hinduism, the lower castesand the untouchables often embraced Islambecause it offered them the equality that the castesystem did not. Monotheism (A) had alreadybeen introduced to the Arabian Peninsula byJewish traders and Arab Christians. Islam wasmore popular among African rulers (B) thanamong the general population. In both CentralAsia and Southeast Asia (0), Islam competedwith Buddhism for followers. Although theSufis (E) were active in missionary work duringthe Abbasid era, the main avenues of Islamicexpansion were through military conquest andcommercial contacts.

2. E-The role of women changed significantlyfrom the early days of Islam; contacts withother peoples introduced the veiling of womenand their seclusion from society, both customsabsent in the early Islamic culture. The posi-tion of the caliph (A) as both spiritual andsecular leader remained fairly constant through-out the caliphate. Throughout the period ofthe caliphate, the People of the Book (B) wererespected by Muslim leaders. The precepts ofthe shariah remained consistent throughoutthe period (C). The status of slaves (0) as anonhereditary class did not change during thecaliphate.

C-Failure to resolve questions of successionled to the continued split between Sunnis andShi'ites (E). Early Muslim empires toleratedboth the legal systems (A) and the culturaltraditions (B) of non-Muslim peoples withinthe empire, and non-Islamic peoples were notrequiredto convert (D).

4. E-With its preservation of Greco-Roman andPersiancultures and its own dissemination ofknowledgeand promotion of urbanization, theAbbasiddynasty proved the golden age ofIslamicculture. The Abbasids accepted new convertson an equal basis with Arabs (A). Conversionwasa primary goal of the Abbasids (B). TheSunni/Shi'ite split continues to the present (C).Missionaryzeal did not diminish the commer-cialinterests (D) of the Abbasids, especially inthe Mediterranean world and Indian Oceantrade.

5. B-The Hadith was a written compilation ofthesayings of Muhammad, qualifying them asa primary source. The Quran (A) is a compila-tionof the revelations said to have been givento Muhammad by the archangel Gabriel. TheFivePillars (C) evolved as regulations exactedofeveryMuslim. The umma (D) is the term forthecommunity of the faithful, and The ArabianNights (E) is a literary work of the Abbasidperiod.

6. C- The god Allah was already among the godsin theArabic pantheon. Monotheism was prac-ticed by the Jewish and Christian minoritieslivingon the Arabian peninsula. In failing tonamea successor, Muhammad did not make

The Rise and Spread of Islam < 115

provisions for the future leadership of Islam (A).Muhammad came from a modest backgroundbut married into a family of wealthy merchants,indicating a disregard for social distinctions, apolicy that was carried out in the requirement ofMuslims to give alms to the poor (B). Womenof the Arabian peninsula were allowed to engagein commerce, a tradition that was carried onin early Islam (D). The umma established byMuhammad included programs for campaignsof military defense (E).

7. D-The first pillar requires only a simplestatement of faith, a requirement that serves tounify Islam. No formal religious instruction isrequired by this statement (C). The Five Pillarsmake provisions for the welfare of the poor inIslamic society (A). The Quran was writtendown after the Five Pillars were established (B).The Five Pillars are concerned with religiousmatters only, whereas the shariah includes mat-ters of everyday life (E).

8. A-In the eighth century, Islam had extendedto Spain, which had been a part of the RomanEmpire. Islam became more unified after itchanged the policy of the Umayyads to reflectan emphasis on acceptance of the faith overArabic erhnicity (B). The people of Meccaaccepted Islam only after Muhammad's recon-quest of the city (C). The first caliphs conflictedover the choice of a successor to Muhammadbecause of the prophet's failure to appoint a suc-cessor (D). Early Islam did not spread to EastAsia (E).

122 ) PERIOD 3 Develop Regional and Transregional Interactions (c. 600-c. 1450)

6. Compared to Korean attitudes toward theChinese, the Japanese(A) more greatly appreciated the centralization

of the Chinese government(B) were more devoted to Confucianism(C) were more favorable to the civil service

examination(D) demonstrated a desire to show respect to

the Chinese emperor(E) were similar in their desire to become part

of the Chinese trading system

7. The position of the Chinese scholar-gentry(A) was mimicked by the Japanese(B) was admired by the Vietnamese(C) weakened efforts to curb nomadic invasions(D) declined during the Song dynasty(E) was not supported by Confucian

philosophy

> Answers and Explanations

8. Buddhism became more popular among China'sneighbors than in China itself because(A) Buddhism reinforced Confucian gender

roles(B) Buddhism weakened the power of the Chi-

nese emperor(C) Buddhism reinforced a stratified society(D) Buddhism did not originate in China(E) Buddhism emphasized centralized

government

1. C-The Confucian civil service exam wasadopted by the Koreans and Confucian classicswere studied by Korean scholars. Also, Buddhistthought gained popularity among Koreans.Confucian thought was accepted more readilyin Korea than in Vietnam, which strongly pre-ferred Buddhism (A). Buddhism gained accept-ance among the Japanese (B), blending withtraditional Japanese Shinto beliefs to influ-ence Japanese gardens and tea ceremonies (E).Among the distinct differences between theVietnamese and Chinese were the restrictionsplaced on Chinese women (D).

2. A-The Tang were unable to permanentlyresolve the problem of nomadic peoples alongtheir northern borders. Tea and fast-growing ricewere adopted from Vietnam (B). Long-distancetrade increased contacts with other peoplesin the East (C). China became increasinglyurbanized under the Tang (D). Tang inventionsincluded gunpowder (E).

3. C-Confucianism strengthened the con-cept of the patriarchal family, which placedwomen in a position subordinate to men. Neo-

Confucianism, which applied Confucian prin-ciples to everyday life, did nothing to elevatethe status of women (A). Although Chinesewomen enjoyed a few opportunities to partici-pate in business ventures during Tang rule (Dl,the basic position of women as inferior to menchanged little over the centuries in this patriar-chal society (B). Buddhism tended to elevatetheposition of women in society (E).

4. D-Efforts of the daimyo in the later yearsoffeudalism to adopt a common currency andfund public works led to the beginnings ofacentralized Japanese state. Internal conflictsbetween warlords and also between peasantsandwarlords (E) marked Japanese feudalism (Al.

5. D-Especially by the Song era, urbanizationbecame a trademark of Chinese civilization.The Viets lived almost entirely in villages.Although agriculture was common to bothsocieties, Chinese urban life made its cultureless agrarian than that of the Viets (A). TheVietnamese custom of intermarrying with thepeoples of other societies in Southeast Asia madetheir society more ethnically diverse than tha

ofthe Chinese (B). Both societies traded widely,oftenwith each other (C). Both also were intentonpreserving their own culture (E).

E-Both Japan and Korea benefited by par-ticipation in the Chinese trading system. TheJapanese rejected the centralization of theChinese government as unsuitable for theirsociety(A). Of the two belief systems borrowedfromChina, Buddhism became more acceptedin Japan (B). The Chinese civil service examwas used in Korea rather than in Japan (C).The Koreans, not the Japanese, performed thekowtowto the Chinese emperor (D).

C-Under the Song, the relative importanceplaced on the scholar-gentry over that of themilitaryweakened efforts to curb the threat of

The Expansion of China < 123

nomads along China's northern border. Neitherthe Japanese (A) nor the Vietnamese (B) devel-oped a class of scholar-gentry. The position ofthe scholar-gentry strengthened under the Song(D), which capitalized on Confucian philosophyof effective education to support the scholar-gentry (E).

8. D-Originating in India, Buddhism was notso strongly associated with Chinese culture asConfucianism. Buddhism was more acceptingof women than Confucianism with its definedgender roles (A). Buddhism favored a more egali-tarian society (C). Buddhist belief did not striveto undermine the power of the emperor (B) andsupported the political system of the country,whether centralized or decentralized (E).

6. Trade during the medieval period(A) weakened in the Baltic regions as continen-

tal routes broadened(B) placed the power of the merchant classes in

competition with monarchical power(C) shifted away from the Mediterranean basin

after the fall of Rome(D) placed Europe within the Muslim commer-

cial network(E) was balanced between Eastern and Western

markets

7. The fifteenth century was characterized by(A) the beginnings of nation-states in Italy and

Germany(B) the strengthening of nation-states in Eng-

land and France(C) decentralization of political power in Spain(D) the establishment of Western European

political tradition in the Middle East(E) the establishment of parliamentary tradi-

tion in England and France

) Answers and Explanations

Changes in European Institutions < 129

8. Medieval Europe(A) extended local schools found on the manor(B) developed new banking institutions from

multicultural contacts(C) saw the rise of universities after the conclu-

sion of the Hundred Years' War(D) produced urban areas that rivaled those of

Eastern empires(E) produced uniquely Christian architectural

forms

1. B-Feudalism in Western Europe was based ona reciprocal, or mutual relationship of responsi-bility between lord and vassal, whereas Japanesefeudalism exacted obedience from the samurairegardless of the responsibility of the daimyo.European chivalry was binding to the knightsonly, whereas Japanese bushido applied to bothmen and women of the samurai class (A). TheEuropean relationship between lord and vassalwas based on a contract, whereas the Japanesebushido was based on samurai honor (C).Although Japanese feudalism did not lead to theestablishment of regional governments, Europesaw the prominence of centralized regionalgovernments in France, England, and the HolyRoman Empire (D). Japanese feudalism lastedfar longer (into the nineteenth century) than didWestern European feudalism, which ended bythe mid-fifteenth century (E).

2. D- The Holy Roman Empire brought a measureof unity to central Europe, essentially embracingthe city-states of northern Italy and the princi-palities of Germany. The Papal States consisted

of a small territory in the central Italian penin-sula (A), whereas Spain remained under Islamiccontrol until the late fifteenth century (E). BothEngland (B) and France (C) saw the beginningsof regional governments that did not compare insize with that' of the Holy Roman Empire.

3. B-European population declined drasticallyduring the fourteenth century because of thedevastation of the bubonic plague. This declinewas reversed during the fifteenth century (D).European population saw a steady rise betweenthe tenth to the thirteenth centuries as a resultof the introduction of new crops and farmingmethods (A). Although European populationdeclined somewhat after the fall of Rome inthe fifth century (C), this decline was not asdramatic as that of the fourteenth century.Population growth was fairly steady in theeighth century (E).

4. C-England witnessed the signing of the MagnaCarta in 1215 and the first parliament in 1265,both placing limits on the power of the monar-chy. France remained under the "control of mon-

130 ) PERIOD 3 Develop Regional and Transregional Interactions (c. 600-c. 1450)

archs (A), whereas Spain remained under theinfluence of the Muslim caliphate; the gradualreconquest of Spain left the country undermonarchical control (E). Germany (B) and Italy(D), not yet united as nation-states, were part ofthe Holy Roman Empire.

5. E-From 711 to 1492, portions of Spain weredominated by the empire of Islam. Silk Roadstrade continued to forge contacts between Eastand West, and contact with the Eastern worldescalated as a result of the Crusades (D). Germanprovinces were not united into a single Germanstate (A). The Vikings moved into Europe, notforming settled communities on a large scaleuntil about the year 1000 (B). By the ninthcentury, palace schools had arisen in WesternEurope, and by the eleventh century severaluniversities were in operation (C).

6. D-During the Muslim occupation of Spain,al-Andalus became part of the Muslim tradenetwork. During the European Middle Ages,trade increased in the Baltic regions (A) and con-tinued in the Mediterranean basin, even thoughit weakened after the fall of Rome (C). Merchantclasses tended to prefer the stability that mon-archs could bring to the commercial world (B).Trade was not balanced between Eastern andWestern markets. Although the West favored

the luxury goods of the East, the West producedlittle of interest to Eastern merchants (E).

7. B-The end of the Hundred Years' War in1453 saw the strengthening of the concept ofthe nation-state in both France and England.Italy and Germany were not organized intonation-states until the late nineteenth century(A). Power in Spain was centralized under bothMuslim rule and under Christian rulers as theybegan the reconquest (C). The Middle East wasuninterested in the establishment of Westernpolitical traditions (D). Parliamentary govern-ment was introduced to England before thefifteenth century, but was not a feature of Franceat that time period (E).

8. B-Letters of credit used in the Chinese andMuslim worlds became forerunners of theWestern European banking institution in theMiddle Ages. Medieval European manors didnot usually provide schools for manor children(A). Universities had already begun to appearin various parts of Europe by the twelfth cen-tury (C). Eastern urban areas, especially thosein China, tended to be much larger than thosein Western Europe (D). Christian churchesadapted arches and decorative designs from theMuslim world (E).

138 ) PERIOD 3 Develop Regional and Transregionallnteractions (c. 600-c. 1450)

2. Historians studying linguistic syncretism wouldbe most interested in(A) the voyages of the Malay sailors(B) the writings of Renaissance philosophers(C) the Polynesian migrations(D) the Bantu migrations(E) the Yuan dynasty

3. The Black Death(A) was most devastating in North Africa(B) originated in Europe(C) changed the course of political institutions(D) spread solely along routes of Mongol

conquest(E) produced large loss of life in India

4. The Yuan dynasty was brought down by all ofthe following EXCEPT(A) foreign resistance ro the Mongol Peace(B) bubonic plague(C) economic distress(D) inefficient administration(E) a breakdown in internal security

5. The Renaissance(A) was a movement of uniquely Western

ongms(B) began in the Eastern Roman Empire(C) was a result of the Crusades(D) represented a complete break from medi-

eval traditions(E) was a period of classical tradition rather

than independent innovation

> Answers and Explanations

6. European exploration through the mid-fifteenthcentury(A) produced intense rivalries with East Asian

civilizations(B) placed merchants in conflict with monarchs(C) suffered from a lack of technological

expertise(D) depended upon the knowledge of the East-

ern world(E) created trade connections that increased

Europe's gold supply

7. Under Mongol rule in China(A) Japan and Vietnam were brought under

Mongol control(B) Chinese women were placed in a more sub-

ordinate position(C) Chinese educational traditions were

maintained(D) Chinese regional rulers were allowed to

govern(E) in contrast to Chinese tradition, scholars

were despised

8. The influence of nomadic peoples in Eurasia(A) created a reciprocal relationship between

nomads and settled peoples(B) ended with the Mongols(C) delayed the interaction of global commer-

cial networks(D) brought efficient administration to Eurasia(E) brought increased religious intolerance to

Eurasia

1. C-The Mongols were more involved in prof-iting from Russian tribute and trade than inadministering the Russian people; in China, theMongols established the Yuan dynasty to ruletheir subjects. In China, the Mongols encour-aged the use of foreign advisers (A). China waspart of Eurasian trade routes protected by theMongols, whereas the Mongols kept Russia iso-lated from Western European routes (B). TheMongols controlled both Chinese and Russiantrade (D). Russia became more culturally andeconomically backward under Mongol rule,whereas China continued to thrive (E).

2. D-The Bantu migrations resulted in thenew language of Swahili, which representedsyncretism between Bantu' languages andArabic. Although the Malay sailors spreadtheir Austronesian tongue from Malaysiato Madagascar, the resulting language ofMadagascar was not a linguistic blend (A). Thewritings of the Renaissance philosophers werenot particularly useful in studying languagetransmission (B). The Polynesian migrationswere not noted for creating linguistic blends(C). The Yuan dynasty actively preventedlinguistic syncretism by enacting laws that

forbade the Chinese from learning the Mongollanguage (E).

3. C- The Black Death helped bring down theYuan dynasty and also was a factor in the endof Western European feudalism. The BlackDeath was more devastating in China, Europe,and the Middle East than in North Africa (A).It also did not drastically affect India, whichwas to the south of the most traveled tradetoutes in the fourteenth century (E). The BlackDeath originated in Central Asia, spreadingfirst to China (B). Although the Mongols werethe initial transmitters of the bubonic plague,the disease also spread along Mediterraneanroutes not reached by the Mongols (D).

4. A-The Mongol Peace of the mid-thirteenthto the mid-fourteenth centuries promoted tradeconnections rather than foreign resistance. TheYuan dynasty fell because of the distress andpopulation losses of the bubonic plague (B) andinefficient administration (D), which resultedin economic problems (C) and highway ban-ditry (E) in China.

5. C-Among the results of the Crusades wasrenewed Western interest in the splendid citiesof the East. Also, the wealth obtained by Italiancity-states resulted from acting as suppliers ofprovisions and transportation for Crusaders.Beginning in the northern Italian city-states(B), the Renaissance was a revival of the Greco-Roman culture that had been preserved by theMuslims in Spain and in the eastern portionsof the former Roman Empire (A). Although itdwelled on subjects in this world, the Renai-ssance continued some medieval traditionsby featuring some art of a religious nature(D). Whereas the Renaissance represented areturn to the Greco-Roman classics, the use

Interregional Trade and Exchange < 139

of perspective and new varieties of color inRenaissance painting represented independentinnovation (E).

6. D-The technological improvements that pro-pelled Europe into the Age of Explorationwere borrowed and adapted from the Arabsand Chinese (C). In the mid-fifteenth century,Europe and East Asia had not yet developedintense rivalries (A). Merchants tended to sup-port monarchs because of the political andeconomic stability they brought to Europe(B). Trade imbalances between East and Westcaused Europeans to pay for many of theirgoods in gold, which drained the continent ofmuch of its supply of gold (E).

7. D-The Mongols relied on China's regionalrulers to help provide an efficient administra-tion. Twice the Mongols failed in their attemptto invade Japan, while Vietnam came underMongol domination only briefly (A). Mongolculture placed women in a more dominant rolethan did the Chinese (B). The Chinese civilservice exam was not reinstated under Mongolrule (C). Scholars from other societies, how-ever, were brought into China and their workswere admired (E).

8. A-Nomadic peoples frequently supplementedtheir diet by trading for the agricultural prod-ucts of settled peoples. Nomads also some-times provided horses and camels for trading

, along established routes. Nomadic influenceended with the invasion of Tamerlane (B). Thenomadic Mongols increased the volume ofEurasian trade (C), but they were not noted fortheir administrative skills (D). The Mongolsand other nomadic peoples tended to toleratereligious differences in Eurasia (E).

144 > PERIOD 3 Develop Regional and Transregional Interactions (c. 600-c. 1450)

> Answers and Explanations

1. D-The Aztecs built on a number ofMesoamerican traditions, including polytheism,architectural patterns, the use of a calendar, andthe legend of Quetzalc6atl. The Incas continuedthe use of irrigation systems used by the Chimor,practiced polytheism, and organized their societyinto ayl/us. Although Aztec and Incan womenwere valued as bearers of children and weaversand both could will property to their heirs, publiclife was male-dominated in both civilizations (A).Whereas the Aztecs were nomads, the Incas werea settled people (B). Both had a stratified socialstructure (C). Only the Incas integrated con-quered peoples into their empire (E).

2. E-T wo of the chief gods in the Aztec pantheonwere the gods of the sun and of rain; Incan wor-ship centered around the sun. Neither the Aztecsnor the Incas resisted the religious beliefs ofsubject peoples (A). Their religions were basedon the appeasement of the gods, not upon apersonal relationship with them (B). Aztec andIncan religions did not place women in a subor-dinate position. Aztec women were respected fortheir childbearing roles and Inca women receivedrecognition for their skill in weaving cloth forreligious use (C). Whereas the Incas occasionallypracticed human sacrifice, only the Aztecs sacri-ficed human beings routinely (D).

3. D-The pyramid-shaped mounds of theMississippian culture were similar to the trun-cated pyramids of Mesoamerican and Andeansocieties. This observation has led some historiansto suggest contact between the Mississippian cul-ture and those of Mesoamerica and the Andes (B).The natives of North America did not establishtribute empires (C). While they sometimes builtup regional confederations, they did not establishempires like those of Mesoamerica (A). Althoughsome southwestern tribes used irrigation, theMississippian culture, found in humid climatesand located along river valleys, did not (E).

4. A-The Aztecs extensively altered the environ-ment of the central valley of Mexico by buildingTenochtitlan on an island in the center of a lakeand by constructing causeways to link the city to

the mainland. They also constructed chinampasto increase the amount of agricultural land. Themounds of the Mississippians (B), the pyramidsof the Toltecs (C), the roads of the Incas (D),and the irrigation systems of the Chimor (E),although noteworthy adaptations, did not involvethe extensive environmental modifications as didthe building of Tenochtitlan.

5. C-Although the Aztecs had a system of picturewriting, the Incas, who did not develop a writ-ing system, used quip us to record information.Both civilizations were polytheistic, worship-ping gods of nature (A). Technological skill wasdemonstrated by the Aztecs' construction ofTenochtitlan and by their pyramids, while theIncas also constructed pyramids in addition totheir dual system of roads (B). Both had stratifiedsocieties (D) and an economy based largely onagriculture (E).

6. B-Both the Aztecs and Toltecs participated inlong-distance trade. Rather than trade with theChimor, the Incas conquered their society (A).The rugged Andes hindered trade among Andeansocieties (C). Although the Incan governmenrdid not sponsor long-distance trade (D), bothregional and long-distance trade were common inMesoamerica (E).

7. E-Like the Persians, the Incas were adept atintegrating subject peoples into their empire aslong as their subjects refrained from rebellion.Both the Incas and the Persians also constructedroads to serve as communication links to the vari-ous parts of their empires. The Aztecs were notedfor their exceptionally harsh treatment of con-quered peoples (C). The Toltecs (D) and Mayas(A) did not demonstrate the imperial organiza-tional skills of the Incas, while the Mississippiansdid not establish an empire (B).

8. E-Both collected tribute from subject peo·ples, Only the Incas entered into marriage alli·ances for political reasons (A). The Aztecs weredespised by subject peoples (B). Both developedurban centers, most notably their capital citiesof Tenochrirlan and Cuzco (C). Only the Incslacked a merchant class (D).