113579168 negotiable instruments reviewer

7/28/2019 113579168 Negotiable Instruments Reviewer

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Negotiable Instruments Law

NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTWritten contract for the payment of money, by its form intended as substitute for moneyand intended to pass from hand to hand to give the holder in due course the right to holdthe same and collect the sum due

PROMISSORY NOTE

unconditional promise in writing made by one person to another signed by the makerengaging to pay on demand, or at a fixed or determinable future time a sum certain inmoney to order or to bearerwhere a note is drawn to the makers own order, it is not complete until indorsed by him

Parties:1. Makerone who makes a promise and signs the instrument2. Payeeparty to whom the promise is made or the instrument is payable

BILL OF EXCHANGEunconditional order in writing addressed by one person to another signed by the persongiving itrequiring the person to whom its addressed to pay on demand or at a fixed or

determinable future time a sum certain in money to order or to bearerParties:1. Drawerone who gives the order to pay money to a 3 rdparty2. Draweeperson to whom the bill is addressed and who is ordered to pay3. Payeeparty in whose favor the bill is drawn or is payable

TYPES OF BILL OF EXCHANGE:1. Draft a common term for all bills of exchange and they are used

synonymously.N.B. In bank drafts, DRAWER and DRAWEE are liable to purchaser of

draft for not complying with his instructions.2. Trade Acceptance a bill of exchange payable to order and at a certain

maturity, drawn by a seller against the purchaser of goods as drawee, for afixed sum of money, showing on its face the acceptance of the purchaser ofthe goods and that it has arisen out of a purchase by goods by the acceptor.

3. Bankers Acceptance a draft or a bill of exchange of which the acceptor isa bank or banker engaged generally in the business of granting bankersacceptance credit. It is similar to a trade acceptance, the fundamentaldifference being that the bankers acceptance is drawn against a bankinstead of the buyer.

4. Trust Receipt the written or printed document signed by the entrustee infavor of the entruster containing terms and conditions substantially complyingwith the provisions of PD 115 (Trust Receipt Law, which took effect onJanuary 21, 1973). No further formality of execution or authentication shall be

necessary to the validity of the trust receipt.

Note: It is the ENTRUSTEE NOT the ENTRUSTER is the real owner of thetrust receipt.

The liability of the entrustee to the entruster is EX CONTRACTU not exdelicto.

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5. Treasury Warrants a treasury warrant bearing on its face the wordspayable from the appropriation for food administration is actually anorder for payment out of a particular fund and is NOT UNCONDITIONAL, anddoes not fulfill the one of the essential requirements of a negotiableinstrument. (Abubakar v. Auditor General)

6. Money Order a species of draft drawn by the post-office upon another for

an amount of money deposited at the first post office by the personpurchasing the money order and payable at the second office to a payeenamed in the order.

Note: Money order is NOT negotiable.7. Clean and Documentary Bills of Exchange Clean bill of exchangeis

one to which are not attached to documents of title to be delivered to theperson against whom the bill is drawn when he either accepts or pays the bill.

Documentary Bill of Exchange is one to which are attached documentsof title to be delivered and surrendered to the drawee when he accepts orpays the bill.

8. D/A and D/P Bills of Exchange -Documents Against Payment Bill D/P Bill is a sight or time bill to whichare attached documents to be delivered and surrendered to the drawee when hehas paid the corresponding bill.Documents Against Acceptance Bill D/A Bill is a time bill to which areattached documents to be delivered and surrendered to the drawee when heaccepts the bill.9. Sight billsare bills which are payable upon presentation or at sight or on

demand.10. Time or usance bills are bills which are payable at a fixed future time or

at a determinable future time.

Inland Bill of Exchange is a bill which is or on its face purports to be BOTH drawnand payable within the Philippine Islands.

Foreign Bill of Exchange- is a bill which is, or on its face purports to be, drawn orpayable outside the Philippine Islands.

a. to be drawn in the Philippines but payable outside thereof; orb. to be payable in the Philippines but drawn outside thereof.

Importance of the distinction:

The distinction is important in:

1. That foreign bills are required to be protested. Failure to protest foreign bills willdischarge persons secondarily liable thereon.

2. The distinction is also important for the determination of the law applicable.

When bill may be treated as promissory note.1. Where the drawer and the drawee are the person such as, in a draft drawn by an

agent on his principal by authority of the principal.2. Where the drawee is a fictitious person.3. Where the drawee has no capacity to contract.

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Referee in case of need is the person whose name was inserted by the drawer of thebill and any indorser to whom the holder may resort in case of need that is in case thebill is dishonored by non-acceptance or by non-payment.

Note: It is the option of the holder to resort to the referee in case of need or not as he

may see fit.

BEARERPerson in possession of a bill/note payable to bearer

HOLDERPayee or indorsee of a bill or note who is in possession of it, or the bearer thereof.

THE LIFE OF A NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENT: (INPAD-PD-N-PD)1. issue2. negotiation3. presentment for acceptance in certain bills

4. acceptance5. dishonor by on acceptance6. presentment for payment7. dishonor by nonpayment8. notice of dishonor9. protest in certain cases10. discharge

NEGOTIABILITY

REQUISITES (SUDOC)

1. in writing and signed by maker or drawer

no person liable on the instrument whose signature does not appear thereonExceptions:

* A person signing in a trade or assumed name* Principal is liable if a duly authorized agent signs in his own behalf(Agent must be duly authorized; He adds words indicating that he

signs as an agent; He must disclosed his principal)(Signature by procuration-operates as notice that the agent has

limited authority to sign and principal is bound if agent actedbeyond the limits of his authority)

* In case of forgery, the forger is liable even if his signature does notappear on the instrument

* Where the acceptor makes his acceptance of a bill on a separate paper

* Where a person makes a written promise to accept a bill before it isdrawn

one who signs in a trade or assumed name liable to the same extent as if he had

signed in his own name

signature of any party may be made by a duly authorized agent, no particular form of

appt. necessary

2. unconditional promise or order to pay

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unqualified order or promise to pay is unconditional though coupled with

a. an indication of a particular fund out of which reimbursement to be made, or aparticular account to be debited with amount, or

b. a statement of the transaction which gives rise to the instrument

an order or promise to pay out of a particular fund is not unconditional

a sum certain in money

even if stipulated to be paid---

a. with interest, orb. by stated installments, orc. by stated installments with a provision that upon default in payment of any

installment/interest, the whole shall become due, ord. with exchange, whether at a fixed rate or at the current rate, ore. with costs of collection or an attorneys fee, in case payment not made at

maturity

3. payable on demand,

when expressed to be payable on demand, or at sight, or on presentation; when no time for payment expressed, or

where an instrument is issued, accepted or indorsed when overdue, it is, as regards

the person so issuing, accepting, or indorsing it, payable on demand

or at a fixed or determinable future time

when its expressed to be payable at a fixed period after date or sight, or

on or before a fixed or determinable future time fixed therein, or

on or at a fixed period after the occurrence of a specified event which is certain to

happen, though the time of happening be uncertain

an instrument payable upon a contingency not negotiable, and happening of event

doesnt cure it

4. payable to order

where it is drawn payable to the order of a specified person or to him or his order.

May be drawn payable to order of ---a. a payee not the maker/drawer/drawee, orb. drawer or maker, orc. drawee, ord. two or more payees jointly, ore. holder of an office for time being

when the instrument is payable to order the payee must be named or otherwise

indicated therein with reasonable certainty

or bearer,

when expressed to be so payable

when payable to person named therein or bearer

when payable to order or fictitious/non-existent person, and such fact known to the

person making it so payable, or

when name of payee doesnt purport to be the name of any person, or

when the only/last indorsement is in blank

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5. where addressed to drawee: such drawee named/ indicated therein withreasonable certainty

bill may be addressed to two or more drawees jointly, whether partners or not, but

not to two or more drawees in the alternative or in succession

bill may be treated as a PN, at option of holder, where

a. drawer and drawee are same personb. drawee is fictitious/incapacitated

CONTINUATION OF NEGOTIABLE CHARACTERUntil:1. restrictively indorsed2. discharged by payment or otherwise

EFFECT OF ADDITIONAL PROVISIONS

(Sec.5) Gen. Rule: order/promise to do any act in addition to the payment of moneyrenders instrument non-negotiable.Exception: negotiability not affected by provisions w/c1. authorize sale of collateral security if instrument not paid at maturity2. authorize confession of judgment3. waives benefit of any law intended for advantage/protection of obligor4. give holder election to require something to be done in lieu of money

Other Instances when negotiability not affected(Sec. 6) a. Not dated

b. Does not specify the value given or that any value has been given thereforec. Does not specify the place where it is drawn or the place where it is payabled. Bears a seale. Designates a particular kind of current money in w/c payment is to be made

Sec. 17. Construction where instrument is ambiguous.(a) Where the sum payable is expressed in words and also in figures and there is adiscrepancy between the two, the sum denoted by the words is the sum payable; but ifthe words are ambiguous or uncertain, reference may be had to the figures to fix theamount;(b) Where the instrument provides for the payment of interest, without specifying thedate from which interest is to run, the interest runs from the date of the instrument,and if the instrument is undated, from the issue thereof;(c) Where the instrument is not dated, it will be considered to be dated as of the time itwas issued;

(d) Where there is a conflict between the written and printed provisions of theinstrument, the written provisions prevail;(e) Where the instrument is so ambiguous that there is doubt whether it is a bill ornote, the holder may treat it as either at his election;(f) Where a signature is so placed upon the instrument that it is not clear in whatcapacity the person making the same intended to sign, he is to be deemed anindorser;

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(g) Where an instrument containing the word "I promise to pay" is signed by two ormore persons, they are deemed to be jointly and severally liable thereon.

DATE IN AN INSTRUMENT

Presumption as to date: Said date is the date when it was made by the maker, drawn

by the drawer, accepted by the drawee or indorsed by the payee. (Sec. 11)

Effect of ante-dating or Post-dating: Instrument is not invalid, provided not done foran illegal or fraudulent purpose. (Sec. 12)

* Ante-dating: Giving an instrument a date that is earlier than the date it was issued* Post-dating: Giving an instrument a date that is later than the date it was issued

When date may be inserted?a. Where an instrument is payable at a fixed period after date but is issued undatedb. Where an instrument is payable at a fixed period after sight but the acceptance isundated

DELIVERY (Sec. 16)

Issuance-the first delivery of the instrument complete in form to a person who takes it asa holder.

Steps:1. Mechanical Act of writing, complying with requirements of Sec. 12. Delivery with intention to give effect thereto.

NI incomplete and revocable until delivery for the purpose of giving effect thereto. Asbetween:a. immediate parties

b. a remote party other than holder in due coursedelivery, to be effectual, must be made by or under the authority of the partymaking/drawing/accepting/indorsing in such case delivery may be shown to have been conditional, or for a special purposeonly, and not for the purpose of transferring the property in the instrument

PRESUMPTION OF DELIVERYWhere the instrument is no longer in the possession of a party whose signature appearsthereon, a valid and intentional delivery by him is presumed until the contrary is proved(*if in the hands of a HDC, presumption conclusive)

NEGOTIATION

When an instrument is transferred from one person to another as to constitute thetransferee the holder thereof. If payable to BEARER, negotiated by delivery; if payable to ORDER, negotiated byindorsement of holder + delivery

INDORSEMENT

It is the writing of the name of the indorser on the instrument with the intent either totransfer the title to the same, or to strengthen the security of the holder by assuming acontingent liability for its future payment.

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The indorsement must be written on the instrument itself or upon a paper attachedthereto. The signature of the indorser is sufficient. (Sec. 31)

Indorsement must be of entire instrument. (cant be indorsement of only part ofamount payable, nor can it be to two or more indorsees severally. But may be indorsedas to the residue of partially paid instrument) [Sec. 32]

KINDS OF INDORSEMENTA. As to manner of future method of negotiation1. Special specifies the person to whom/to whose order the instrument is to bepayable; indorsement of such indorsee is necessary to further negotiation.2. Blank specifies no indorsee, instrument so indorsed is payable to bearer, and maybe negotiated by delivery

The holder may convert a blank indorsement into a special indorsement by writingover the signature of the indorser in blank any contract consistent with the character ofthe indorsement (Sec. 35)

B. As to kind of title transferred1. restrictive prohibits further negotiation of instrument, constitutes indorsee as agent of indorser, or vests title in indorsee in trust for another

Rights of indorsee in restrictive indorsement: receive payment of instrument Bring any action thereon that indorser could bring Transfer his rights as such indorsee, but all subsequent indorsees acquire only title offirst indorsee under restrictive indorsement

2. non-restrictive

C. As to kind of liability assumed by indorser1. qualified- constitutes indorser as mere assignor of title (eg. without recourse)2. unqualified

D. As to presence/absence of express limitations put by indorser upon primaryobligors privileges of paying the holder1. conditional additional condition annexed to indorsers liability. Where an indorsement is conditional, a party required to pay the instrument maydisregard the condition, and make payment to the indorsee or his transferee, whether

condition has been fulfilled or not Any person to whom an instrument so indorsed is negotiated will hold thesame/proceeds subject to rights of person indorsing conditionally

2. unconditional

INDORSEMENT OF BEARER INSTRUMENT (Sec. 40) Where an instrument payable to bearer is indorsed specially, it may nevertheless befurther negotiated by delivery

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Person indorsing specially liable as indorser to only such holders as make title throughhis indorsement

INDORSEMENT WHERE INSTRUMENT PAYABLE TO TWO OR MORE PERSONSWHO ARE NOT PARTNERS (Sec.41)

All must indorse unless the one indorsing has authority to indorse for others

INSTRUMENT DRAWN OR INDORSED TO A PERSON AS CASHIER (Sec.42)

Presumed to be payable to the bank or corporation

INDORSEMENT WHERE NAME MISSPELLED (Sec. 43)

May continue indorsing through the misspelled name, or he may add his propersignature

Presumption as to time of Indorsementbefore instrument is overdue, except whereindorsement bears date which is after maturity.

Presumption as to place of IndorsementAt the place where instrument dated

Striking Out Indorsements, Effect:* The indorser whose indorsement is struck out and all indorsers subsequent to him

relieved from liability.

UNINDORSED INSTRUMENTS (Sec. 49)1. transfer vests in transferee such title as transferor had therein2. right of transferee to have indorsement of transferor for purposes of determiningHDC negotiation effective upon actual indorsement

PRIOR PARTY WHO NEGOTIATES INSTRUMENT, effects (Sec. 50)Not entitled to enforce payment against any intervening party to whom he is personally

liable

HOLDER IN DUE COURSE

REQUISITIES1. complete and regular upon its face sec. 124 (effect of material alterationnot defense against HDC)

Material Alteration: any change in the instrument which affects or changes theliability of the parties.Spoliation-A material alteration made by a stranger

sec. 125 what constitute material alterations:

a. Dateb. Sum Payable, either for principal or interestc. Time or place of paymentd. Number or relations of the partiese. Medium of currency or which adds a place of payment

2. holder became such before it was overdue, without notice of any previousdishonor

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sec. 53 (instrument payable on demand negotiated after unreasonable length oftime: holder is not HDC) sec. 12 (effect antedating/postdating)

3. taken in good faith and for value sec. 24 (presumption of consideration)

sec 25 (Value: is any consideration sufficient to support a simple contract) sec. 26 (Holder for value: one who has given a valuable consideration for theinstrument issued or negotiated to him ) sec. 27 (When a holder has lien on the instrument, by contract or implication he isdeemed a holder for value to the extent of the lien )

4. at time negotiated to him, he had no notice of --a.infirmity in instrumentb.defect in title of person negotiating:

What defect constitutes (Sec.55)1. instrument/signature obtained through fraud, etc., illegal consideration/means, or2. instrument negotiated in breach of faith, or fraudulent circumstances

NoticeSec. 54-notice before full amt. paid: deemed HDC only to the extent of theamount paid by himSec. 56-notice of defect:Actual knowledge necessary

RIGHTS OF HOLDER IN DUE COURSE1. sue thereon in his own name2. payment to him in due course discharges instrument3. holds the instrument free from any defect of title of prior parties and free from personaldefenses available to parties among themselves4. may enforce payment of the instrument for the full amount thereof against all parties

liable thereon

RIGHTS OF PURCHASER FROM HOLDER IN DUE COURSEGeneral Rule: in the hands of any holder other than a HDC, NI is subject to samedefenses as if it were non-negotiable. (Sec. 58)Exception: holder who derives title through HDC and who is not himself a party to anyfraud or illegality has all rights of such former holder in respect to all parties prior to thelatter.

WHO DEEMED HDC (Sec. 59) prima facie presumption in favor of holder but when shown that title of any person who has negotiated instrument was

defective, presumption is reversed, burden is now with holder to prove but no reversal if party being made liable became bound prior to acquisition ofdefective title

KINDS OF DEFENSES1. real defense attaches to instrument; on the principle that the right sought to beenforced never existed/there was no contract at all. Available to all parties bothimmediate and remote including HDC.

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2. personal defense growing out of agreement; renders it inequitable to be enforcedagainst defendant. Available to prior parties among themselves but w/c are not goodagainst a HDC.

DEFENSES

1. INCAPACITY: REAL: indorsement/assignment by corporation/infant passesproperty but corp/infant no liability2. FORGERY: Real:Definition: the counterfeit-making or fraudulent alteration of any writing, and may consistin the signing of anothers name or the alteration of an instrument in the name, amount,description of the person and the like, with intent thereby to defraud.

Bad Forgeryforgery which is apparent or naked to the eyeGood Forgeryrequires examination of signature if it was forged

Effect when Signature is forged or made without authority of person whose

signature it purports to be.General Rule:a. wholly inoperativeb. no right to retain instrument, or give discharge, or enforce payment vs. any party, canbe acquired through or under such signature (unless forged signature unnecessary toholders title)Exception:unless the party against whom it is sought to enforce such right is precluded from settingup forgery/want of authority

Precluded:a. parties who make certain warranties, like a general indorser or acceptor

b. estopped/negligent parties

3. MATERIAL ALTERATION Where NI materially altered w/o assent of all parties liable thereon, avoided, except asagainst1. party who has himself made, authorized or assented to alteration2. and subsequent indorsers

But when an instrument has been materially altered and is in the hands of a HDC not aparty to the alteration, HDC may enforce payment thereof according to orig. tenor

*material alteration a personal defense when used to deny liability according to org.

tenor of instrument, but real defense when relied on to deny liability according to alteredterms.

4. FRAUDa. fraud in execution: real defense(didnt know it was a Negotiable Instrument)b. fraud in inducement: personal defense (knows its Negotiable Instrument butdeceived as to value/terms)

5. COMPLETE, UNDELIVERED INSTRUMENT

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Personal defense (sec. 16) If instrument not in possession of party who signed, delivery prima facie presumed If holder is HDC, delivery conclusively presumed

6. INCOMPLETE, UNDELIVERED INSTRUMENT Real defense (sec. 15)

Instrument will not, if completed and negotiated without authority, be a valid contractin the hands of any holder, as against any person whose signature was placed thereonbefore delivery

7. INCOMPLETE, DELIVERED Personal defense (sec. 14) 2 Kinds of Writings:1. Where instrument is wanting in any material particular: person in possession hasprima facie authority to complete it by filing up blanks therein2. Signature on blank paper delivered by person making the signature in order that thepaper may be converted into a NI: prima facie authority to fill up as such for any amount

In order that any such instrument, when completed, may be enforced against anyperson who became a party thereto prior to its completion:1. must be filled up strictly in accordance w/ authority given2. within a reasonable time but if any such instrument after completion is negotiated to HDC, it's valid for allpurposes in his hands, he may enforce it as if it had been filled up properly

Real Defenses Personal Defenses

1. Material Alteration2. Want of delivery of incomplete instrument3. Duress amounting to forgery4. Fraud in factum or Fraud in esse

contractus5. Minority (available to the minor only)6. Marriage in the case of a wife7. Insanity where the insane person has a

guardian appointed by the court8. Ultra Vires acts of corporation9. Want of authority of agent10. Execution of instrument b/w public enemies11. Illegalityif declared void for any purpose12. Forgery

1. Absence or failure of consideration whetherpartial or total2. Want of delivery of complete instrument3. Insertion of wrong date in an instrument4. Filling up of blank contrary to authoritygiven or not w/in reasonable time5. Fraud in inducement6. Acquisition of instrument by force, duressor fear7. Acquisition of instrument by unlawfulmeans8. Acquisition of the instrument for an illegalconsideration9. Negotiation in breach of faith10. Negotiation under circumstances that amount to fraud11. Mistake12. Intoxication

13. Ultra Vires Acts of corporationswhere the corporation has the power to issuenegotiable paper but the issuance was notauthorized for the particular purpose for whichit was issued

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LIABILITIES OF PARTIES

A. PRIMARY PARTIES Person primarily liable: person who by the terms of the instrument is absolutelyrequired to pay the same.

1. Liability of Makera. Promises to pay it according to its tenorb. admits existence of payee and his then capacity to indorse

2. Status of drawee prior to acceptance or payment sec. 127 (bill not an assignment of funds in hands of drawee) sec. 189 (when check does not operate as assignment until bank certifies oraccepts it)

3. Liability of Acceptor Promises to pay instrument according to its tenor Admits the following:a. existence of drawerb. genuineness of his signaturec. his capacity and authority to draw the instrumentd. existence of payee and his then capacity to indorse

B. SECONDARY PARTIES1. Liability of Drawera. Admits existence of payee and his then capacity to endorse

b. Engages that on due presentment instrument will be accepted, or paid, or both,according to its tenor and thatc. If it be dishonored, and the necessary proceedings on dishonor be duly taken, hewill pay the amount thereof to the holder or to an subsequent indorser who may becompelled to pay it

drawer may insert in the instrument an express stipulation negativing / limiting hisown liability to holder

2. Liability of Indorsers:

Qualified Indorser and one Negotiating by Delivery (Sec 65)

a. Instrument genuine, in all respects what it purports to beb. He has good titlec. all prior parties had capacity to contractd. he had no knowledge of any fact w/c would impair validity of instrument or render itvalueless in case of negotiation by delivery only, warranty only extends in favor of immediatetransferee

Liability of a General or Unqualified Indorser

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a. instrument genuine, good title, capacity of prior partiesb. instrument is at time of indorsement valid and subsistingc. on due presentment, it shall be accepted or paid, or both, according to tenord. if it be dishonored, and necessary proceedings on dishonor be duly taken, he willpay the amt. To holder, or to any subsequent indorser who may be compelled to pay it

Order of Liability among Indorsers1. among themselves: liable prima facie in the order they indorse, but proof of anotheragreement admissible2. but holder may sue any of the indorsers, regardless of order of indorsement3. joint payees/indorsees deemed to indorse jointly and severally

Liability of Accomodation Party Definition: one who signed instrument as maker/drawer/acceptor/ indorser w/oreceiving value thereof, for the purpose of lending his name to some other person Accomodation Party liable on the instrument to holder for value even if holder, attime of taking instrument, knew he was only an Accomodation Party

Some Terms:

Accommodation Bill or Noteone to which the accommodation party hasput his name, w/o consideration, for the purpose of accommodating some otherparty who is to use it and is expected to pay it.

Accomodated Partyis one in whose favor a person, w/o receiving valuetherefore, signs an instrument for the purpose of lending his credit and enablingsaid party to raise money upon it.

Liability of Irregular Indorser Where a person not otherwise a party to an instrument, places thereon his signaturein blank before delivery, hes liable as an indorser, in accordance w/ these rules:

1. Instrument payable to order of 3rd person: liable to payee and to all subsequent

parties2. Instrument payable to the order of maker/drawer, or payable to bearer: liable to allparties subsequent to maker/drawer3. Signs for accommodation of payee, liable to all parties subsequent to payee

Liability of an Agent Signature of any party may be made by duly authorized agent, establish as in ordinaryagency Where instrument contains or a person adds to his signature words indicating that hesigns for or on behalf of a principal, he is not liable on the instrument if he was dulyauthorized, but the mere addition of words describing him as an agent without disclosing

his principal, does not exempt from personal liability. Signature per procuration operates as notice that the agent has but a limited authorityto sign, and the principal is bound only in case the agent in so signing acted within theactual limits of his authority Where a broker or agent negotiates an instrument without indorsement, he incurs allliabilities in Sec. 65, unless he discloses name of principal and fact that hes only actingas agent

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PRESENTMENTA. In Promissory NotesPurpose:

Not necessary to make the maker liable, but is necessary to make the secondary partiesliable.Requisites:For a valid presentment for payment of a promissory note, the following are necessary:

a. made within a reasonable time after issue;b. by the holder or his agent;c. to the party liable under it;d. at a reasonable hour on a business day; ande. at the proper place.***The holder must exhibit the instrument to the debtor and should deliver it to saiddebtor if the latter pays.

When NOT required/excusedPresentment is NOT required:

1. when after due diligence presentment cannot be made;2. when presentment is waived, and3. when the indorser is an accommodated party.

B. In Bills of Exchange

Acceptance is the signification by the drawee of his assent to the order of the drawer.

How made:- The acceptance may be on the bill, on a separate paper (allonge), and may even be inwriting before the bill is drawn.

- The drawee, if he wants to dishonor, must do so expressly within twenty-four(24) hours from presentment to him. If he refuses to act, tears the bill, or refusesto return the bill within said period of twenty-four hours, he is deemed to haveaccepted the bill implied acceptance.- A sight draft (usually accompanying a letter of credit in importations) is payableon demand and needs no acceptance by the drawee.

Classes of Acceptance1. General and Qualified

General Acceptance a general acceptance assents without qualification to the order ofthe drawer.Qualified Acceptance it varies the effect of the bill as drawn. The acceptance isqualified if it is:

a. Conditional;b. Partial;c. Local;d. Qualified as to time;e. Accepted by some or more of the drawees but not by all.

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2. Express and Constructive- Acceptance is express if written on the instrument by the drawee; and constructive, ifdrawee, within twenty four hours from presentment to him of the instrument, destroys the

same, or refuses or fails to return the bill accepted or unaccepted.

REQUISITES OF ACTUAL ACCEPTANCE:1. in writing, and2. signed by the drawee,3. it must not express that the drawee will perform his promise by another means

than the payment of money, and4. it must be communicated or delivered to the holder.

ACCEPTANCE, HOW MADE?- It is usually done by writing across the face of the bill the word ACCEPTED or words

of similar import, e.g. HONORED, I WILL PAY THE BILL, SEEN followed by thesignature of the drawee.

- The drawee must sign because without his signature he would not be bound SeeSection 18, NIL.

- Acceptance by telegram has been held sufficient.

N.B. Acceptance is NOT required for CHECKS for the same are payable on demand.

EFFECT OF ACCEPTANCE:Upon acceptance, the drawee becomes liable on the bill. The bill becomes in effect a

note, the acceptor standing in the place of the maker, and the drawer, in the place of thefirst indorser.

But should the drawee refuse to accept, the payee or the holder has no recourseagainst him but only against the drawer and indorsers, if any.

Is payment equivalent to acceptance? NO, - the payment of a check does not includeor imply its acceptance in the sense that this word is used in Section 62, NIL.

WHERE BILL MAY BE WRITTEN:- Acceptance may be made

1. on the bill itself, or

2. on a separate paper; and if on a separate papera. it may be acceptance as to an existing bill; orb. it may be acceptance as to a non-existing bill.

- If the bill is non-existent, the acceptance on a separate paper mustcomply with following requirements:

i. That the contemplated drawee shall describe the bill to be drawnand promise to accept it.

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ii. That the bill shall be drawn within a reasonable time after suchpromise is written; and

iii. That the holder shall take the bill upon the credit of the promise.

Section 136.- The drawee is allowed twenty-four hours after presentment in which to

decide whether or not he will accept the bill; the acceptance if given,dates as of the day of presentation.

- NOTE: The time allowed begins from the time of delivery and not afterdemand for a return of the bill and the time for returning the bill to theholder does not begin to run from the demand for its return but from thedate of its delivery.

- Drawee bank is NOT entitled to 24 hours to decide whether for paymentNOT acceptance. But, if the check is presented for certification, this ruling willnot apply, as certification is equivalent to acceptance.

Constructive Acceptance:- this class of acceptance is NOT in writing.1. Where the drawee to whom the bill is delivered for acceptance, destroys it; or2. Where the drawee refuses, within 24 hours after such delivery or within such

time as is given him, to return the bill accepted or not accepted.

- If the holder should demand its return before twenty-four hours, thedrawee would be required to comply on pain of being held as anacceptor; but return within twenty-four hours unaccepted would not be adishonor.

- In all the foregoing, the drawee will be deemed to have accepted the billeven if there is NO ACTUAL WRITTEN ACCEPTANCE by him.

Instances when a bill may be accepted:1. Before the bill has been signed by the drawer;2. Even when the bill is otherwise incomplete;3. Even when the bill is overdue;4. Even after it has been dishonored by non-acceptance or by non-payment.

- The holder of the bill has the right to require GENERAL ACCEPTANCE thus he may REFUSE to take qualified acceptance and if he DOESNOT obtain an unqualified acceptance he may treat the bill asdishonored.

- Effect of taking qualified acceptance: Where a qualified acceptance is

taken THE DRAWER and INDORSERS are discharged from liability onthe bill unless they have expressly or impliedly authorized the holder totake qualified acceptance or subsequently assents thereto.

- When the drawer or indorser receives notice of qualified acceptance hemust within a REASONABLE TIME express his dissent to the holderor he will be deemed to have assented thereto.

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Presentment for AcceptanceDefinition: It is the production or exhibition of a bill of exchange to the drawee for hisacceptance.

GENERAL RULE:Presentment for acceptance is NOT NECESSARY to render any party to the bill

liable.

EXCEPTIONS:1. Where the bill is payable after sight, or in any other case, where presentment for

acceptance is necessary in order to fix the maturity of the instrument; or2. Where the bill is expressly stipulates that it shall be presented for acceptance; or3. Where the bill is drawn payable elsewhere than at the residence or place of

business of the drawee.

NOTE: In those instances found in Section 143 it is NECESSARY inorder to charge persons secondarily liable (Section 144):

i. to make presentment for acceptance orii. to negotiate the bill within a reasonable time.

Presentment, how made:-Presentment MUST be made by or on behalf of the holder:

Requisites:1. It must be presented at a reasonable hour;2. It must be presented on a business day; and3. It must be presented before the bill is overdue.

To WHOM will it be presented?1. To the DRAWEE or some person authorized to ACCEPT or REFUSE

ACCEPTANCE on his BEHALF; and

2. Where a bill is addressed to two or more drawees who are not partners;presentment must be made to them all unless one has authority to acceptor refuse acceptance for all, in which case presentment may be made tohim only;

3. Where the drawee is dead presentment may be made to his personalrepresentative;

4. Where the drawee has been adjudged a bankrupt or an insolvent or hasmade an assignment for the benefit of creditors, presentment may bemade to him or to his trustee or assignee.

Days when presentment may be made:

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A bill may be presented for acceptance on ANY DAY on which negotiableinstruments may be presented for payment.

When SATURDAY is NOT OTHER WISE A HOLIDAY presentment forACCEPTANCE may be made before twelve oclock noon on that day.

Note: The only difference between Section 72 and 85 is that under Section 146there is no distinction between the instruments payable at a fixed or determinablefuture time and instruments payable on demand.

Where the holder of a bill drawn payable elsewhere other than the place ofbusiness or the residence of the drawee has no time, with the exercise ofreasonable diligence to present the bill for acceptance before presenting it forpayment on that day it falls due THE DELAY CAUSED BY PRESENTING THEBILL FOR ACCEPTANCE BEFORE PRESENTING IT FOR PAYMENT ISEXCUSED AND DOES NOT DISCHARGE THE DRAWERS AND INDORSERS.

Instances when PRESENTMENT FOR ACCEPTANCE IS EXCUSED and A BILL

MAY BE TREATED AS DISHONORED BY NON-ACCEPTANCE:1. Where the drawee is dead, or has absconded, or is a fictitious person or a

person not having capacity to contract by bill;2. Where, after the exercise of reasonable diligence, presentment can not be made;3. Where, although presentment has been irregular, acceptance has been refused

on some other ground.

Duty of the holder where bill is not accepted.Where a bill is duly presented for acceptance and is not accepted within the

prescribed time, the person presenting it must treat the bill as dishonored by non-acceptance or he loses the right of recourse against the drawer and indorsers.

HOW? By giving NOTICE OF DISHONOR or by making a PROTEST whenrequired.

Presentment For Payment Of Accepted Bill

Purpose: The purpose of presentment for payment of an accepted bill is to collect fromthe acceptor; and if refused, to collect from the secondary parties.

Requisites:1. The accepted bill must be presented for payment within a reasonable time from thelast negotiation by the holder or his agent2. to the acceptor or his agent

3. at a reasonable hour on a business day4. at the proper place as defined.

The bill must be exhibited to the acceptor and surrendered to him when he pays.

When Presentment for payment is excused;a. when after due diligence, it cannot be madeb. when the drawee is a fictitious personc. where there is a waiver of presentment.

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DISHONOR1 .In PROMISSORY NOTE- In a promissory note, dishonor by non-payment takes place when it is duly presentedfor payment and payment is refused or cannot be obtained; or if presentment is excused,the instrument is overdue and unpaid.

Effect: There is an immediate right of recourse by the holder against personssecondarily liable, which requires notice of dishonor (Sec. 84)

2. In BILLS OF EXCHANGE- In bills of exchange, where the bill is presented for acceptance and is returneddishonored, or within twenty four hours from presentment, is not returned accepted orunaccepted, or when presentment for acceptance is excused and the bill is not acceptedthere is a dishonor by non-acceptance.-There is a dishonor by non-payment if the bill, after it has been accepted is not paidwhen presented for payment, or presentment being excused, is not paid on the date of

maturity.

Effect of Dishonor by Non-acceptance: An immediate right of recourse against thedrawer and indorsers accrues to the holder and NO PRESENTMENT for payment isnecessary. (Sec. 151)

Note: Same effect in Dishonor by Non-payment is Promissory Note

NOTICE OF DISHONOR--bringing either verbally or by writing, to the knowledge of the drawer or indorser of

an instrument, the fact that a specified negotiable instrument, upon proper proceedingstaken, has not been accepted or has not been paid and that the party notified is

expected to pay it.

REQUISITES:1. Given by a holder or his agent(SPA necessary), or by any party who may becompelled by the holder to pay. (Sec. 90)2. Given to a secondarily liable party or his agentSec. 97)

-Notice to one partner is notice to all even though there has been dissolution-Notice to persons jointly liable who are not partners must be given to each of them

unless one of them has authority to receive such notice for others-Notice to bankrupt may be given to his trustee or assignee

3. Given as soon as the instrument is dishonored and within the periods provided by law.(Sec. 102)

4. Given at the proper place (Secs. 103 & 104)

TO WHOM GIVENa. Non-acceptance(bill)to persons secondarily liable, namely, the drawer andindorsers as the case may beb. Non-payment (bill and note)indorsers

BY whom Given

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a. The holderb. Another, on behalf of the holderc. Any party to the instrument who may be compelled to pay it to the holder, and whowould have a right of reimbursement from the party to whom notice is given

WHEN NOTICE OF DISHONOR IS DISPENSED WITH:1. When the party to be notified knows about the dishonor, actually or constructively2. If waived (either before the time of giving notice has arrived or after the omission togive due notice) (Sec. 109)

--If waiver embodied in instrument itself it binds all parties, but if written above thesignature of an indorser, the latter is only bound3. When after due diligence, it cannot be given (Sec. 112)

WHEN NOTICE OF DISHONOR NEED NOT BE GIVEN TO DRAWER1. Drawer and drawee are the same person

2. Drawee is a fictitious person or a person not having capacity to contract3. Drawer is the person to whom the instrument is presented for payment4. Drawer has no right to expect or require that the drawee or acceptor will honor theinstrument;5. Drawer has countermanded payment.

WHEN NOTICE OF DISHONOR NEED NOT BE GIVEN TO INDORSER(a) When the drawee is a fictitious person or person not having capacity to contract, andthe indorser was aware of that fact at the time he indorsed the instrument(b) Where the indorser is the person to whom the instrument is presented for payment(c) Where the instrument was made or accepted for his accommodation

MATURITY OF NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENT:1. Every negotiable instrument is payable at the time fixed therein without grace.2. When the day of maturity falls on a Sunday or a Holiday, the instrument is payable onthe next succeeding business day.3. Instruments falling due or payable on a Saturday are also to be presented for paymenton the next succeeding business day, except when the instrument is payable on demandwhere it may be the option of the holder to present the instrument for payment before12:00 noon on Saturday when the entire day is not a holiday. (Sec. 85)

REQUISITES OF PAYMENT IN DUE COURSE1. Made at of after maturity.2. Made to the holder.3. In good faith and without notice that the holders title is defective. (Sec. 88)

Good faith refers to the maker or acceptor and not to the holder.

DISCHARGE OF NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENT- A release of all the parties liable from obligations arising thereunder. It renders theinstrument without force and effect and, consequently, it can no longer be negotiated.

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WHEN A NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENT IS DISCHARGED1. By payment in due course by or on behalf of the principal debtor

Payment in Due Course. Requisitesa. Payment must be made at or after maturityb. Payment must be made to the holder

c. Payment must be made in good faith and w/o notice that the holders title isdefective

By Whom Made:a. By maker or acceptorb. Surety, if a primary party orc. By an agent on behalf of the principal

2. Payment by accommodated party

3. Intentional cancellation by the holder

4. By any act which will discharge a simple contract for the payment of money.

5. When the principal debtor becomes the holder of the instrument at or aftermaturity in his own right.

WHEN PERSONS SECONDARILY LIABLE DISCHARGED(a) By any act which discharges the instrument(b) By the intentional cancellation of his signature by the holder(c) By the discharge of a prior party(d) By a valid tender or payment made by a prior party(e) By a release of the principal debtor unless the holder's right of recourse against theparty secondarily liable is expressly reserved(f) By any agreement binding upon the holder to extend the time of payment or topostpone the holder's right to enforce the instrument unless made with the assent of theparty secondarily liable or unless the right of recourse against such party is expresslyreserved.

Cancellation: it includes the act of tearing, erasing, obliterating or burning. It is notlimited by writing the word cancelled or paid or drawing criss-cross lines acrossthe instrument. It may be made by any other means by w/c the intention to cancelthe instrument may be evident.

Renunciation (Sec. 122)-The act of surrendering a right or claim w/o recompense,but it can be applied w/ equal propriety to the relinquishing of a demand upon anagreement supported by a consideration

> Holder may expressly renounces his rights against any party to the instrument

before, at or after its maturity.> If renunciation is absolute and unconditional in favor of the principal debtor,

instrument is discharged> Notice is required to affect rights of HDC> Renunciation must be in writing unless instrument is delivered up to the

person primarily liable thereon.

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PROTESTIt is a formal statement in writing made by a notary under his seal of office at the

request of the holder of a bill or note, in which it is declared that the same was on acertain day presented for payment (or acceptance as the case may be), and suchpayment (or acceptance) was refused, whereupon the notary protests against all partiesto such instrument and declares that they will be held responsible for all loss or damage

arising from its dishonor. It means all the steps or acts accompanying the dishonor of abill or note necessary to charge an indorser,

Necessity of Protest: Protest is required only for FOREIGN BILLS, but not for inlandbills or notes. HOWEVER, they may also be protested if desired. OMISSION OFPROTEST, where protest is required, will DISCHARGE the DRAWER and theINDORSERS.

Instances when protest is required:

1. Where the foreign bill is dishonored by non-acceptance;2. Where the foreign bill is dishonored by non-payment, it not having been

dishonored by non-acceptance;3. Where the bill has been accepted for honor, it must be protested for non-

payment to the acceptor for honor; or4. Where the bill contains a referee in case of need, it must be protested for non-

payment before it is presented for payment to the referee in case of need.

Protest, how made:The protest must be annexed to the bill or must contain a copy thereof, and must be

under the HAND AND SEAL of the NOTARY making it and must specify:1. The time and place of presentment;2. The fact that presentment was made and the manner thereof;3. The cause or reason for protesting the bill;

4. The demand made and the manner given, it any, or the fact that the drawee oracceptor could not be found.

Reason for requiring protest:1. for uniformity in international transactions because most countries require it and2. in order to furnish authentic and satisfactory evidence of the dishonor to the

drawer who, from his residence abroad, may experience difficulty in verifying thematter and may be forced to rely on the representation of the holder.

Protest may be made by a. A notary public orb. By any respectable resident of the place where the bill is dishonored, in the

presence of two or more credible witnesses.

Protest, when made:* Protest MUST be made on the day of its dishonor UNLESS delay is excused.

* When a bill has been DULY NOTED the protest may be subsequently extendedas of the date of the noting.

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DULY NOTED means that a notary public jots down on a note on the bill or anpaper attached thereto, or in his registry book, consisting of his initials or signatureand those matters required to be stated in Section 153.

Protest where made:GENERALLY the protest must be made at the place where the instrument is

dishonored.

EXCEPTION: - where that when the bill drawn payable at the place of business orresidence of some person other than the drawee has been dishonored by non-acceptance IT MUST BE PROTESTED FOR NON-PAYMENT AT THE PLACEWHERE IT IS EXPRESSED TO BE PAYABLE, AND NO FURTHERPRESENTMENT FOR PAYMENT TO, OR DEMADNN ON, THE DRAWEE ISNECESSARY.

A bill MAY BE PROTESTED BEFORE MATURITY aka PROTEST FOR BETTERSECURITY

Requisites for Protest for better security:- A protest for better security must be made:

a. After acceptance;b. But before the date of maturity; andc. When the acceptor has been adjudged bankrupt and insolvent or has made an

assignment for the benefit of creditors.

NOTE: Protest is dispensed with by any circumstances which would dispense withnotice of dishonor.

When a - PROTEST MAY BE MADE ON A COPY OR WRITTEN PARTICULARS

THEREOF.1. bill is lost or destroyed ; or2. is wrongfully detained from the person entitled to hold it

ACCEPTANCE FOR HONORAcceptance of a bill made by a stranger to it before maturity, where the drawee of

the bill refused to accept it, and the bill has been protested for non-acceptance or wherethe bill has been protested for better security.

Purpose for acceptance for honor:An acceptance for honor is done to save the credit of the parties to the instrument

or some party to it, as the drawer, drawee, or indorser, or somebody else.

Requisites for acceptance for honor:1. The bill must have been previously protested (a) for non-acceptance or (b) for

better security;2. The bill is not overdue at the time of the acceptance for honor;3. The acceptor for honor must be a stranger to the bill.4. The holder must give his consent.

Acceptance for honor: - acceptance supra protest how made:

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1. It must be in writing;2. It must indicate that it is an acceptance for honor; and3. It must be signed by the acceptor for honor.

NOTE:It is necessary that the acceptor for honor MUST APPEAR before a notary

public and declare that he accepts the protested bill in honor of the drawer orindorser, as the case may be, and that he will pay it at the appointed time.

The LIABILITY OF THE ACCEPTOR FOR HONOR is SECONDARY NOT primaryor absolute.

ACCEPTOR FOR HONOR agrees to pay if:1. presentment for payment has been made;2. the drawee does not pay;3. the bill is protested for non-payment; and4. notice of dishonor is given to him.

MATURITY OF A BILL PAYABLE AFTER SIGHT which has been accepted forhonor: Maturity is calculated from the date of NOTING of the NON-ACCEPTANCE andNOT from the date of the acceptance for honor.

Bills which MUST BE PROTESTED FOR NON-PAYMENT before it will be presentedfor payment:

1. Where a dishonored bill has been accepted for honor supra protest; or2. Where a dishonored bill contains a referee in case of need.

Presentment for payment to acceptor for honor, how made:1. It must be presented in the place where the protest for non-payment was made

it must be presented NOT LATER than the day following its maturity;

2. If it is to be presented in some other place other than the place where it wasprotested, then it must be forwarded within the time specified in Section 104.

Note: Delay in making presentment is excused when the delay was caused by eventswhich are BEYOND HIS CONTROL and NOT IMPUTABLE TO DEFAULT,MISCONDUCT or NEGLIGENCE.

When a bill is DISHONORED by the ACCEPTOR FOR HONOR it must beprotested for non-payment by him.

Reason: In order to fix the liability of the indorsers.

PAYMENT FOR HONOR

Requisites for payment for honor:1. The bill has been protested for non-payment;2. ANY PERSON, even a party thereto may pay supra protest.

NOTE:As distinguished from acceptance for honor the acceptor for honor MUSTBE A STRANGER. In payment for honor the PAYOR SUPRA PROTEST may even be a PARTY to the instrument.

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Form for payment for honor:1. The payment must be attested by notarial act appended to the protest, or form an

extension to it; and2. The notarial act must be based in a declaration by the payer for honor.

Procedure for payment for honor:1. The payer or his agent goes to a notary public and declares his intention to pay the

bill and for whose honor he pays.2. The notary then records the declaration in the protest or in a separate paper

attached to it.3. The payor then notifies the person for whose honor he pays within reasonable

time.

Purpose of payment for honor:

Instead of simple negotiation to the person desiring to pay, payment for honormay be availed of when the holder does not want to indorse the bill and thereby incur theliabilities of an indorser or of one negotiating by mere delivery.

Preference of parties offering to pay for honor:- The person WHOSE PAYMENT will DISCHARGE MOST PARTIES to the bill is to begiven the preference.

Effects on subsequent parties where bill is paid for honor:1. All parties subsequent to the party for whose honor it is paid are discharged.2. The payer for honor is subrogated for and succeeds to both the rights and duties of

the holder as regards the party for whose honor he pays and all parties liable to the

latter.

Effect if the holder REFUSES to receive payment supra protest?He loses his right of recourse against any party who would have been discharged bysuch payment.

Rights of payer for honor:1. He acquires the rights of the holder under Section 175; and2. He has also the right to receive both the bill and the protest.

BILLS IN SET

Bills in set one composed of various parts, each part being numbered and containinga reference to the other parts, all of which parts constitute but one bill.

Purpose of bill in set:In order to increase the probability of the bill reaching its destination, and to avoid thedifficulties which would arise in case of loss or miscarriage on the way of the bill.

Right of holders where different parts are negotiated:

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Where two or more parts are negotiated to different HOLDERS IN DUE COURSE theHOLDER whose title FIRST ACCRUES AS BETWEEN SUCH HOLDERS is theTRUE OWNER of the bill.

Liability of holder who indorses two or more parts of a set to different persons:- He is liable on EVERY SUCH PART; and

-EVERY INDORSER SUBSEQUENT to him is LIABLE on the part he has himselfindorsed AS IF SUCH PARTS WERE SEPARATE BILLS.

Acceptance of bills in set:- The acceptance may be written on any part and it must be written on ONE PART

only.

Effect if the drawee accepts more than one part:- If the drawee ACCEPTS MORE THAN ONE PART and such accepted parts are

negotiated to different holders in due course he is liable on every part as if it were aseparate bill.

Payment by acceptor of bills drawn in sets:- When the acceptor of a bill drawn in a set pays it without requiring the part bearing

his acceptance to be delivered up to him, and the part at maturity is outstanding inthe hands of a holder in due course he is liable to the holder thereof.

Effect of discharging one of a set:- Where ONE PART OF A BILL DRAWN in a set is discharged by payment or

otherwise THE WHOLE BILL is DISCHARGED except as otherwise provided.

PROMISSORY NOTES AND CHECKS

Promissory Note is an unconditional promise in writing made by one person toanother, signed by the maker, engaging to pay on demand, or at a fixed or determinablefuture time, a sum certain in money to order or bearer.

NOTE:Where a note is drawn to the makers own order, it is NOT complete untilindorsed by him.

Special types of promissory notes:1. Certificate of deposit

- is a written acknowledgment by a bank of the receipt of money on deposit

which the bank promises to pay to the depositor, bearer, or to some otherperson or order.

- It is NOT ipso facto negotiable it must first comply with the requirementsprovided under Section 1, NIL.

2. Bonds- A promise, under seal, to pay money.- The bond certifies that the issuing company is indebted to the bondholder forthe amount specified on the face of the bond, and contains an agreement of thecompany to pay the sum at a specified time in the future, and meanwhile to pay a

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specified interest on the principal amount at regular intervals, generally sixmonths apart. They are negotiable if it the requisites in Section 1, NIL arecomplied with.

Classes of Bonds:1. Mortgage bonds

2. Equipment Bonds3. Collateral trust bonds4. Guaranteed bonds5. Debentures

6. Income bonds

7. Convertible bonds8. Redeemable Bonds9. Registered Bonds

10. Coupon Bonds those which are attached a sheet of dated, numbered andsimilarly printed coupons which the bondholder may cut off when due orthereafter. Such coupons may be served and deposited in a bank, negotiatedbefore the maturity of the interest they represent, and transferred just like anycommercial paper. They are negotiable if it the requisites in Section 1, NIL arecomplied with.

11. Bank Notes

- Are promissory notes of the issuing bank payable to bearer on demand andintended to circulate as money. They are regarded as cash and pass fromhand to hand without any evidence of titled in the holder than that whicharises form possession. However, they are not money.

12. Due Bills- is an instrument whereby one person acknowledges his indebtedness toanother.

CHECK is a bill of exchange drawn on a bank payable on demand. It is a writtenorder on a bank, purporting to be drawn against a deposit of funds for the payment ofall events, of a sum of money to a certain person therein named or to his order or to

cash and payable on demand.

NOTE:- Acceptance is NOT required for checks for the same are PAYABLE ONDEMAND.

Check is not Legal Tender, but produces the effect of payment when:a. The check was encashed. (Encashment is not limited to physical

encashment over the counter of the drawee bank. A check can be consideredencashed through the clearing house, or when the check had been credited to theaccount of the creditor)

b. When through the fault of the creditor the check is impairedc. In case of redemption

Kinds of checks:1. Ordinary CheckThe most common check issued by a bank to a client who

opens a checking account2. Cashiers check it is a check drawn by the cashier of a bank in the name of the

bank against the bank itself payable to a third person or order.

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3. Managers Check a drawn by the manager of a bank in the name of the bankagainst the bank itself payable to a third person. It is similar to the cashiers checkas to effect and use.

4. Gift Check-Similar to a cashiers or managers check and may be signed either bythe cashier or manager. It is indicated as a Gift Check, so as to be used as a giftfor birthdays, weddings, graduations and similar occasions.

5. Memorandum Checks a check on which is written the word memorandum,memo, and mem, signifying that the drawer engages to pay the bona fide holderabsolutely and not upon a condition to pay upon presentment and non-payment.

- If it bounces the drawer can be charged for violation of BP 22.6. Certified Checks a check on which the drawee bank has written an agreement

whereby it undertakes to pay the check at any future time when presented forpayment, such as, by stamping on the check the word certified or Good ForPayment and underneath it is written the signature of the cashier.

7. Travelers Check- one issued by a bank to a holder, usually a traveller, who mustput his signature upon purchase of the check and countersign with the samesignature on the space indicated on its face or back when using the check as amode of payment in his travel. When these checks are lost or stolen, the purchaser

can notify the agent of the seller anywhere in the world and prevent the use of thelost or stolen travellers check.

8. Crossed checkOne which has two parallel lines, usually on the upper left handcorner.

How is crossing of check done:-it is usually done by drawing two parallel lines transversally on the face ofthe check. A check may be crossed (1) specially or (2) generally.

Crossing specially a check is crossed specially when the name of a particular bankeror a company is written between the parallel lines drawn transversally on the face of thecheck. Here, the drawer is instructing the drawee bank not to honor the check unless thepayee is identified by another bank

Crossing generally a check is crossed generally when only the words and companyare written between the parallel lines, or when nothing is written at all between theparallel lines. Here, the drawer is instructing the drawee bank not to honor the checkunless the payee is identified by the particular bank named in between the two parallellines.

NOTES:1. Under crossed check the payee has the duty to ascertain the holders title to

checks.2. Drawee should not encash a crossed check but merely the same for deposit.

3. Where other than payee of crossed checks presented it for payment, there is noproper presentment and drawer is not liable thereon.

Effects of Crossing a check1. The check may not be encashed but only deposited in the bank2. The check may be negotiated only once to one who has an account with a bank3. The act of crossing the check serves as a warning to the holder that the check hasbeen issued for a definite purpose so that he must inquire if he has secured the checkpursuant to that purpose.

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Advantages of crossing check:- it is a good precaution when it is to be forwarded by mail or when it is entrusted to anagent and the drawer wants to be sure that it will be paid to the rightful owner.

Features of the CheckI. Face.

1. Date2. Payee3. Amount in figures4. Amount in words5. Drawer (Account Name)6. Drawee-Bank

7. Account Number8. Check Number9. Magnetic Ink Character Recognition Code (MICR)a code designed to facilitate

the clearing of checks among banks.10. Space for signature of the drawer

II. Dorsal Side/Back of the Check1. Space for indorsement (signature & address of the indorser)

Check when should it be presented for payment:A check MUST be presented for payment within a reasonable time after its issue orthe drawer will be discharged from liability thereon to the extent of the loss caused by

the delay.

must be presented within six (6) months otherwise it will become stale.

- a check under BP 22 must be presented for payment to the bank within 90 daysfrom date so that the holder will enjoy the benefit of theprima facie presumption thatthe maker, drawer, or issuer knows at the time of issue that he does not havesufficient funds in or credit with the drawee bank for payment of such check.

A check is a bill of exchange payable on demand is intended for immediate useand not to circulate as a promissory note.

Effect if the check was allowed to become stale? (Stale when not encashed w/in 6months)- the drawer is discharged but only to the extent of the loss caused by the delay. Hence,if no loss or injury is shown, the drawer is not discharged.

Certification of check is an agreement whereby the bank against whom a check isdrawn, undertakes to pay it at any future time when presented for payment. A bank isnot obliged to the depositor to certify checks.

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- The certification of a check is EQUIVALENT to an ACCEPTANCE.

Form of certification:- No particular form is required BUT IT MUST BE IN WRITING.

-The letters O.K., with the initials of the cashier of a bank do not constitute asufficient certification under modern banking practice.

Effect of Certification:1. It is equivalent to acceptance and is the operative act that makes the drawee

bank liable;2. It operates as an assignment of the funds of the drawer in the hands of the

drawee bank; and3. If obtained by the holder, it discharges persons secondarily liable thereon.

Effect where the holder of check procures it to be certified.

-Where the holder of a check procures it to be accepted or certified, the drawer andall indorsers are discharged from liability thereon.

- Indorsers subsequent to the certification are not discharged.

When check operates as an assignment.A check of itself does not operate as assignment of any part of the funds to the creditof the drawer with the bank, and the bank is not liable to the holder unless and until itaccepts or certifies the check.

Stop Payment Orderan instruction by the drawer addressed to the drawee bankdirecting the latter not to honor or pay the check. A drawer may stop payment of the

check before the same is accepted, certified or paid by the drawee bank.

Requisites for Stop Payment Order1. It must describe the check with reasonable accuracy2. It must be given to an authorized officer or employee of the drawee bank3. It must be positive and unqualified4. It must give the bank sufficient time prior to acceptance, certification or payment

to enable the bank, in the exercise of reasonable diligence to stop payment.

Iron-Clad Rule: Prohibits the countermanding of payment of certified checks.

Cases when Bank May Refuse Payment1. The bank is insolvent2. The drawers deposit is insufficient or he has no account with the bank or said accounthad been closed or garnished3. The drawer is insolvent and proper notice is received by the bank4. The drawer dies and proper notice is received by the bank5. The drawer has countermanded payment6. The holder refuses to identify himself7. The bank has reason to believe that the check is forgery.

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Negotiable Instruments Law 31