113 dda general anatomy & physiology course director: dr asmaa faden course contributors: dr...
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113 DDAGeneral Anatomy & Physiology
Course Director:
Dr Asmaa Faden
Course Contributors:
Dr Maysara AlShawafDr Sally El-Haddad
Anatomy & Physiology
Definitions:
•Human anatomy deals with the structure of the human body at the gross, cellular, and subcellular levels.
Anatomy & Physiology
Definitions:
•Human Physiology• Is the study of the functions of healthy livingorganisms and the changes which occur during activity. • It continues beyond the study of anatomy into:• Why???• What they do???• How parts work???
Anatomy & Physiology
- A healthy person is when all systems function well.
- It is impossible to understand the effect of diseases
and its clinical manifestation without an understanding
of healthy structure and function.
- It is convenient, when considering Functions to divide
the body into a number of closely interrelated systems.
Anatomy & PhysiologyAnatomic Reference Systems
1- Directions & Body planes
3- Structural units & Body systems
2- Body Cavities
Anatomy & Physiology• Are imaginary lines used to divide the body into sections.
• Used to describe the location of an organ or a problem.
Types:
1. Horizontal Plane.
2. Sagittal Plane (Midsagittal Plane).
3. Frontal Plane.
Body Planes
Anatomy & Physiology
Horizontal Plane• It means = transverse.• It divides the body into superior (upper) &
inferior (lower) portions.
Sagittal Plane
• Is any vertical plane that divides the body from top to bottom into right & left.
• Midsagittal plane=Midline=Median: Is the vertical plane that divides the body into equal parts right & left.
Frontal Plane
• Means= Coronal.• It is any vertical plane at right angles to
the sagittal plane that divides the body into anterior (front) & posterior (back) portions.
Anatomy & Physiology
Anatomy & PhysiologyAnatomic Reference Systems
1- Directions & Body planes
3- Structural units & Body systems
2- Body Cavities
Anatomy & Physiology- In the human body the organs lie within a specific places
called Body Cavities.
Anatomy & Physiology
Body Cavities
• Are the locations or spaces that “house” the organs of the body.
• The wall of a body cavity is called “Parietal”• There are 2 body cavities:• Dorsal body cavity: located in the back of the body• Ventral body cavity: located in the front of the body.
Anatomy & PhysiologyBody cavities are subdivided into :
(I) The dorsal body cavity which is divided into:
1- Cranial cavity contains the brain
2- Spinal cavity contains the spinal cord
Anatomy & Physiology
(II) The ventral body cavity and is subdivided into:
1- Thoracic cavity: contains the heart, lungs, esophagus and trachea.
2- Abdominopelvic cavity:
i- Abdominal cavity: contains stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen & intestines.
ii- Pelvic cavity contains portion of the small & large intestine, rectum, urinary bladder & reproductive organs.
Anatomy & Physiology
Anatomy & PhysiologyAnatomic Reference Systems
1- Directions & Body planes
3- Structural units & Body systems
2- Body Cavities
Anatomy & Physiology
Cell + Cell Cells + Cells Tissue + Tissues
Organ + Organs
System +
Systems
Human Body
Structural Units
Anatomy & Physiology They are the smallest living units of the body.
1.75 trillion cells = 1000,000,000,000 cells.
Cells have nucleus & cytoplasm.
Cells are able to:
• React to stimuli & transform nutrients into energy.
• Grow.
• Reproduce.
The Cell
Anatomy & Physiology
Anatomy & Physiology
Shapes of CellsColumns
Cubes
Spheres
Saucers
Threads
Paving stones
Anatomy & Physiology
Different types of cells have different functions, e.g.:
Brain Cells
Blood Cells
Lung Cells
The term for specialization of cells is called differentiation.
Anatomy & Physiology
Each type of cell has a specific age to live:
Intestinal cell (1 ½ day).
RBCs (120).
Nerve cell (100 days).
Anatomy & Physiology
Tissues • Are group of specialized cells
that joint together to perform a
particular function
Anatomy & Physiology
Types of tissues
Epithelial Connective Muscle Nerve
Anatomy & Physiology
Cell + Cell Cells + Cells Tissue + Tissues
Organ + Organs
System +
Systems
Human Body
Structural Units
Anatomy & Physiology
Organ
• Is a collection of related tissues that perform a definite function.
• Many organs function together within the body system, e.g., digestive system has tongue, stomach and colon.
• One organ may contain more than one type of tissues, e.g., heart has cardiac muscles, nerves and blood vessels.
Anatomy & Physiology
Cell + Cell Cells + Cells Tissue + Tissues
Organ + Organs
System +
Systems
Human Body
Structural Units
Anatomy & Physiology
Body systems
• Comprise of many organs which are interdependent & function as a team to keep the body healthy and functional.
• Example: the respiratory system needs the
circulatory system to distribute the blood & O2.
Anatomy & PhysiologyBody Systems
1- Skeletal2- Muscular3- Nervous
4- Cardiovascular5- Respiratory
6- Digestive7- Endocrine
8- Urinary + Reproductive9- Immune system
10- Integumentary (Skin)