110829 lecture impacts

Impacts of Global Pressure on Vulnerable Landscapes and Societieslecture 290811 - Gisle Løkken - Emerging Arctic Landscapes - BAS


Impacts of Global Pressure on Vulnerable Landscapes and Societies

… the essence of the deserted island is imaginary and not actual, mythological and not geo-graphical. At the same time, its destiny is subjet to those human conditions that make mythol-ogy possible. Mythology is not simply willed into existence, and the people of the earth quickly ensured they would no longer understand their own myths. (…) What must be recovered is the mythological life of the deserted island (…) The deserted island is not the origin, but a second origin. From it everything begins anew. The island is the necessary minimum for this re-beginning, the material that survives the fi rst origin...

(Gilles Deleuze, Deserted Islands and other texts, 1953-1974)

The WhiteTondo atelier

HONORABLE MENTION - EUROPAN 10

‘The Myth is dying. It is about to be defeated. There is a war between two worlds: Rationality and Myth.’

Adorno

Myths have defi ned the Arctic since Pytheas in Antiquity launched the idea of Thule – a land behind and north of all known land – so unreachable and unknown that it had to be full of precious assets – gold and treasures in a mixture of divine elevation and earthly drama, of storm, ice and cold. The myth holds a vital expectation, but also respect for the unknown and what is potentially dangerous. In this world of desolation and infi nity behind the myth a complex interplay of people, animals, birds and plants have taken form – that has worked together for several thousands of years. These are ecological systems that resist large parts of both frost and drama - in an environment that is ruthlessly lethal to it or those who cannot adapt – ecologi-cal systems, that in their subtle balance have proven extremely vulnerable when facing the global forces that in our time invade the Arctic with an increasing strength. Biologists describe the changes taking place in the Arctic today as a series of changes or “tipping points” that in their extreme consequence are “points of no return”. This entails a permanent extinction of species – and a permanent loss of known ecological systems.

Fossil fuel resources and oil and gas production in the Arctic - 2007

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345°0

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75°90°

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Graphics: 70°N arkitektur as

Sources: United States Geologocal Survey (USGS); AMAP 1997, 1998 and 2002; CAFF, 2001; UNEP/World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC); United States ENergy Information Administration (IEA); Barents Euro-Arctic Council (BEAC); Comité professionnel du pétrole (CPDP), Paris; Institut français du pétrole (IFP), Paris; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); The World Bank; Alaska Department of Environmental conservation, Division of Spill Prevention and Response; United States Coast Guard (USCG).

Oil productionGas productionMining SiteArea for exploration drillingProspective areas for oil and gas, and known reserves

While rationality and myth historically existed side by side – not least in cartography and descriptions of dis-tant countries and oceans – the conception of divine mysticism is now gone. In our satellite age one has on the contrary created modern stories about earth-bound wealth, hidden inside the mountain, in the earth, in the ocean and in the sea bed – developed through large-scale investigations and prospects, and carried out by large multi-national economical interests. The Arctic is not only the territory of possibilities created by his-torical expectations and myths, but is today referred to by modern mining companies as ’one of the world’s last natural resource frontiers’ - open for exploitation in a positivistic spirit that has characterized the faith in science and progress since the Enlightenment. In this infi nite landscape we fi nd the largest and the most deserted island of them all, Greenland. Greenland is one of the world’s last approximately genuine natural landscapes – without large technical encroachments. This situation should have given Greenland’s nature a status equal to the rain forests of the Amazon, as a global natural park with an attention and signifi cance for the entire world. With the constantly increasing attention on global climatic change and global heating, the inland ice and Greenland itself have additionally become a global icon for climatic change.





In a global context Greenland has very distinct challenges due to the low number of inhabitants – approxi-mately 68 000 – scattered on an extremely large area. (Greenland has 410 500km2 of ice-free land - ap-proximately the same size as Sweden – but with a density of 0,14 p/km2 - compared to Sweden’s 20p/km2 – which is 150 times the density of Greenland). The fact that all settlements and towns are separate, without road connections (or as Social Anthropologist and Greenlander Sara Olsvig describes: an absence of democratic infrastructure), stamps the identity of the country – this also provides evident economical and social challenges. To a large extent the same ideological challenges concerns Greenland’s histori-cal relation to Denmark – as a colony under the Danish crown, and the processes for independence now taking place. Our encounter with Greenland was during a voyage from the inland ice - to the west coast, from the dry and icy cold, to the wet and windy exterior – from a landscape of ice, mountains, water, and broad rivers, to a landscape of islands and cragged rocks – without tall vegetation, but inhabited by fi rm and brave people. In many ways this voyage was a confrontation with our own conceptions and myths – a confrontation of a voluntary, “naïve” comprehension of Greenland as nature, confronted with Greenland’s fundamental desire for modernization and independence based on exploitation of the country’s large wealth of natural resources.

sisimiut 66°56′12″N 53°42′15″V maniitsoq 65°25′0′′ N 52°54′0′′V

tromsø 70°Nkangerlussuaq

maniitsoqsisimiut

angalaneq 1: 6.-13 oktober 2009 reise 2: 1.-8. mars 2010 reise 1: 6.-13 oktober 2009 reise 2: 1.-8. mars 2010

kangerlussuaq 67°0′43′′ N 50°43′11′′V

AngalaneritReisene

sisimiut 66°56′12″N 53°42′15″V

The goal of our journey was Maniitsoq – a small town, on a little island, by the Arctic Circle, chosen as the future base for Alcoas’ planned aluminium smelter in Greenland – run by energy from melted water from the inland ice. Maniitsoq is a middle-size Greenlandic town with nearly 2800 inhabitants – where approximately 90 % are Inuits. The town has a compact centre and a port, which may resemble small coastal towns along the Norwegian west coast, but without the traditional package houses related to the fi shing industry. From a fl owering fi shing industry in the -80s and -90s, the town is now in decline, and has suffered a 15% decline in population during the last decade.

Graphics and photo: 70°N arkitektur as




A large ideological battle is today taking place in Greenland concerning which economy the country should build its independence on. Greenland has a relatively low educational level, and has few cultural and politi-cal institutions that may function as a counter power against multi-national corporations and global capital. The inhabitants of Maniitsoq are generally positive to the aluminium plant, and see their future dependent on it – even the future existence of Maniitsoq as a town – but they have perhaps to a lesser degree man-aged to envision the large social and cultural challenges accompanying the plant. Nearly all the competency and work force needed to establish the aluminium plant – and not least the large dam and water reservoir developments needed to serve the plant with electricity, will come from outside. It is probable that at the most as many as 3000 guest workers will arrive at Maniitsoq, the major part being foreign men.

© Asiaq, © KMS Sisimiut

NORTH HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT

SOUTH HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT

SMELTER & HARBOUR

Nuuk

Maniitsoq

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High voltage transmission lines

Reservoir/

Reservoir/

Graphics 70°NSource: Greenland Bureau of Minerals and Petroleum Greenland - Map of current exploration and exploitation licences

- 2010

Application for renewalApplication for new licenceMineral exploitation licenceMineral exploration licenceHydrocarbon explorationand exploitation licence

Graphics: 70°N arkitektur as

Sources: Greenland Bureau of Minerals and Petrolium

There are large, well known, but unexploited natural resources at Greenland (Southern-Greenland has for example one of the world’s largest known occurrences of rare earth-minerals outside China). If the process with industrialization, mining, and oil- and gas exploitation were opened, this would mean a paradigmatic change for the landscapes of Greenland – a transition from a natural landscape to an industrial landscape. This change is absolute and irreversible. This means that the decisions now taken in Greenland will change forever the inhabitant’s possibilities to run traditional natural households and hunting – which is considered an important cultural heritage.

www.mosaic-region.com

In this context our offi ce was invited to Maniitsoq by Qeqqata kommunia – as an independent and neutral part – to analyse and discuss the latent changes in Maniitsoq. The municipality’s Head of Urban Planning and the administration issued the invitation based on the processes and competitions we have carried through in the Øresund-region in Denmark and Sweden, and in Northern Norway. Our intention when plan-ning is always to search in layers of hidden knowledge – and to penetrate behind the seeming truth. We wish to always accept and to work with the existing complexities – rather than to simplify. In the meeting with the place and its people – we seek to develop a common language to understand, and to describe a condition, and to develop ideas to encounter an unknown and unresolved future. The plan may thus never be made as a fi xed image, but must be made operable and adaptable, and always as a work in progress. When distorting the immediate perception of what we see, we are given the ability to go beyond the obvi-ous reading of a place (or a city) - an open approach in the process and to; what we let ‘inform the plan’, opens for unexpected new knowledge to enrich the complexity of the plan. Already prior to our fi rst visit to Greenland, we initiated an exchange of ideas and talks with the municipality – about relevant strategies and methods of planning. One of our fundaments for planning – which was also discussed with the Head of Urban Development – is inspired by Gregory Bateson’s ideas of planning and ecology: …the ecological ideas implicit in our plans are more important than the plans them selves… (from: Steps to an ecology of mind, 1972) - a philosophy that presupposes an accept of, and an ability to address just the complexity inherent in nature and society.




Stan Allen expresses this attitude in the following manner (from Natural Metaphor, 2007): Bateson talks about survival not in resisting change, but in terms of accommodating change. It means that your thinking has to be every bit as fl uent and adaptive as the kind of systems you are talking about. In other words, you can not apply rigid or dogmatic principals to systems that are themselves fl uent, adaptable, changing and always incorporating feedback. (…) It is a way of thinking that mirrors the dynamism of ecological systems themselves. (Stan Allen in dialog with Florian Sauters, ‘Theory, practice and landscape in Natural metaphor’, architectural papers III, 2007) But Bateson also discusses a fl exibility, which is necessary in order for a civilization to survive – he warns strongly against exhausting this fl exibility: The new invention gives elbow room or fl exibility, but the using up for that fl exibility is death (from: Steps to an ecology of mind, 1972). In our global, modern society it is possible to understand oil as such fl exibility, where we already sense the contours of a near future without hydro-carbons. It is easy to see other, non-renewable resources as presenting equal fl exibility – that make it pos-sible to construct a society, but that – if it not in due time may be replaced by something new - will lead to extinction. In Maniitsoq the fi sheries have constituted such fl exibility during the past decades – until the fi sh disappeared, and now the inhabitants hope that the aluminium production will give the community a new playing fi eld. By constructing a new, apparent fl exibility of this type, an economical vulnerability based on an economical monoculture is established – run by conjunctures far outside Greenland. Fundamentally, the nation’s choice consists between the development of a complex, sustainable, naturally based economy, or the transformation to a unilateral industry based mono-economy.

Maniitsoq has a rough topography divided by mountainous rocks – where the houses to a large degree are placed on top of the rocks, and most roads and connections run between these – very similar to many other towns in Greenland. Maniitsoq has a natural topographical separation against the taller mountains behind, and is characterized by its sea connection, though some former sea areas are fi lled out for extension of the town centre. The town on the whole gives a compact impression, with walking distance between the resi-dential areas and the public service and commerce areas, something that could be seen as a clear quality.




Maniitsoq has an arctic coastal climate, with potentially large amounts of snow in the winter. There is little natural soil, but climatically it should be possible to experiment with certain types of tall vegetation. The town has a moderate density of traffi c, and there are a limited extent of separate sidewalks and paths – the exception is a central axis from the school and the town centre, past the Town Hall and towards an area with large apartment buildings. So far the town has had a limited need for new housing, but has started to develope a new fi eld near the airport. Maniitsoq may be read with the same tendency of architectural de-velopment and preferences as other towns in Greenland - and by far follow typical modern tendencies in Scandinavian housing.

Maniitsoq has average developed public services, but lack a cultural centre/cinema and a swimming pool. The largest harbour building housed a fi shing plant, but is today largely empty. The same goes for a large harbour storeroom and several service buildings.

pinngortitami illerngit / Illerngit qaammaqqutaat naturløype / lysløype

illoqarfik qorsooqqissoq grønn by

tunisassiorneq produksjon

imermut kissartumut pumpivarmepumpe

seqerngup nukinga solenergi

illoqarfik maniitsoq lokalt maniitsoq

alcoa alcoa

nuna tamakkerlugu nasjonalt

nunarsuaq tamaat isigalugu globalt

alcoa takkutilersoq alcoa kommer

innuttaasut amerlineri befolkningsvekst

inuutissarsiut nutaaq ny næring

pinngortitamut akulerunneq naturinngrep

qallunaat nunaanniit isumalluuteqannginneq uavhengig av danmark

aningaasaqarnerup ineriartornera økonomisk vekst

CO2-mik aniatitsinerup annertussusia 90 % CO2 utslipp 90% høyere

uulia/naturgassi olje/naturgass

“inuilaarsuaq kingulleq” “den siste villmark”

allanut nutserneq fraflytting

inisiat inoqanngitsut tomme bygg

allanngortiterineq omdanning

alcoaqanngitsoq uten alcoa

isikkivik utsikt

tunoqqusaaq - c+7tunoqqusaaq - c+7

pinngortitami misigisassat naturopplevelse

timersorneq mosjon

arsaattarfik fotballbane

timersortarfik qulisaq ovetrykkshallivigaasat

kunstgress

aqqutissat gangvei

GM GM

issiaarfiit benker

illut qaliaata isuini eqqumiitsuliat gavlkunst

qaamaneq lys

inissisimmavik beleggning

uqquartaq le

atortulersuutit infrastruktur

silaannaap allanngorneranut ilisarnaat ikon på klimaforandringer

ataatsimoorneq sosialt

sanaartukkat nutaat nye bygg

eqikkaaneq: illoqarfiup pioreersup nutaaliornikkut inerisarnissaa fortetting: vekst innover-eksisterende by

siammartiterineq: illoqarfiup ilaa nutaaq spredning: ny bydel

iliuusissat strategier

inissiat portusuut punkthus

illut aneersuartarfillit terrassehus

ataatsimut san-aat illut sammenbygdeboliger

inissiarsuit blokk

Ilutsit/ilusilersukkat typologier

suna tamarmi naleqarpoq alt har verdi

illut bolig

ilusitoqqat iluarsaanneri rehab, gamle struktureresbjeg-ip aqq.

esbjerg-ip

pitsaassuseq kvalitet

”kalaallit illuat” “det grønlandske hus”

atortussat materialer

oqorsaatit pitsaasut høyeffektiv isolasjon

tamarmik tikisinneqassapput: assartuineq ataatsimoortunngorlugillu aaqqinneqarsinnaaneri eqqarsaatigineqassapput alt importeres: tenk transport og kompakte løsninger

tikinneqarsinnaasut tigjengelighet

isikkivik utsikt

umiarsualerivik havn

pisortat inissiaataat offentlige rom

illoqannginnersat tuniniaaviusartut torg

PoD’s PoD’s

sanaartorfiitbyggeområder

ujaqqerivik stenbrudd

mittarfitoqaq heliport

meeqqerivik barnehage

innuttaasut ataatimiinnerat borgermøter

naluttarfik svømmehall

akunnittarfik hotell

kulturikkut illorsuaq kulturhus

Inuutissarsiorfiusut næringsarealer

café café

umiarsualivik nutaaq ny havn

siku aattoq smeltende is

nutarterineq sanering

qaqqat qaavi fjelltopp

naggorissaatit kompost

nuna sullulinnik kuuffilersugaq drenert jord

naasoqarnersaq vegetasjon orpiit

trær

illup iluani - silami inside-out

qalipaatigissut fargerikt

Illu naatitsivik drivhus

mikroklima mikroklima

illup iluani aneerasaarfiit innebygd terrasse

ukiuunerani naatsiiviit vinterhage

inuussutissat mat

pisortat inissiaataatoffentlige bygg

annertuneq igalaatstørre vindusflater

putorsuaq tunnel

Illngerit qaammaqqusersorneri lysløype

pisuinnarnut aqqutissiaq fortau

pisuinnaat aqqutaat / cykelertut gang/sykkel

misiliummik naatsiiviliaq forsøkshagen

innuttaasut gruppiat borgergrupper

ilaqutariinneq sunngiffillufamilie og fritid

kulturi takornariaqarnerlu kultur og turisme

iliniartitaaneq suliffeqarnerlu uddannelse og arbejdsmarked

atortulersuineq ineqarfiilluinfrastruktur og boliger

pisortatigut oqartussat offentlige myndigheter

qeqqata kommunia qeqqata kommunia

gruppi ataseq én gruppe

suligasuartitaq suleqatigiit ad hocprosjektgrupper

takorluukkanut nalunaarusiaq visjonsrapport

kuuffiit kloakk

majuartarfiit trapper

nuna suliffissuaqarfik industriland

namminersornerullutik oqartussat selvstyret

alumiiniu aluminium

naleqqussarsinnaassuseq/eqaassuseq elastisitet

uumassusillit biomasse

nukik energi

sallianartaq plateau

Ataatsimoorfiusoq _ Maniitsoq komplekst felt _ Maniitsoq


Reyðarfjörður aluminium smelter

After having worked with the site and the inhabitants of Maniitsoq for a period of nearly a year, it has become evident that ideas, plans and evaluations must be made that will benefi t the town’s development whether an aluminium plant is established or not. In the introductory phases of the planning of the aluminium plant there have been created expectations of growth and affl uence that in all likelihood will not take place. As a reference plant and case, Alcoas’ newly constructed smelter in Reydarfjördur on the east coast of Island is used as example, but nothing in this process indicated that the development would be as extensive and prosperous as many seems to hope for.

When we arrived at Maniitsoq we were shown plans of a new satellite town outside the existing centre – ap-proximately the size of today’s settlement. Though the town is small, or rather because of this, a relatively uncontrolled growth might create major problems in view of the long distances between the scarce public services, and a fragmentation of the evident qualities inherent in the site’s compactness – rather, the town may use the coming development to strengthen the functions of the centre and the public services, and in addition create a better foundation for the activity already existent in several of the town’s buildings.




0 5 15

81m2 69m2109m2 81m2 81m2

57m2

70m2 57m257m2 57m2

57m2

32m2 32m2

45m257m2

pioreersup kujammut kangimut sammernga eksiterende sørøst fasade

kujammut kangimut sammernga sørøst fasade

Esbjerg-ip – iluarsartuunneqarnissaanut taarsiullugu allanngortiterneqarnissaa. Uani assersuutitut atorparputEsbergip-aqquta, kalaallit Nunaanili arlalinnut ajornartorsiut attuumassuteqarpoq. Assersuut nalinginnaasuuvoq, takutinne-qarlunilu qanoq illuliap allanngorlugu inissialiarineqarsinnaanera, qanorlu isikkiviup silaannalersorneqarnerata pitsanngorsarneqarsinnaanera.

Esbjerg ip – omdanning som alternativ til sanering. Vi har brukt Esbjerg-ip som eksempel her, men problemstillingen er relevant for flere steder i Grønland. Eksempelet er generelt, og viser hvordan bygningen kan omdannes til andre typer boliger, og hvordan både utsiktsforhold og klimatilpasning kan optimaliseres.

pilersaarut 1plan 1

pilersaarut 6plan 6

pilersaarut 4plan 4

pilersaarut 3plan 3

pilersaarut2plan 2

pilersaarut 5plan 5

pilersaarut 7 plan 7

pilersaarutaareersut 5 + 6 eksiterende plan 5 + 6

takineranit isigalugu lengdesnitt

saneraaniit isigalugu tverrsnitt

inissiat ilusaat: leilighetstyper:

+ ++

+

+ +

++

+ +

+

48m2 48m2 52m2 57m2

65m2 67m2 70m2 77m2

82m2 91m2 92m2

93m2 94m2 95m2 99m2

100m2 104m2 115m2

117m2 142m2

pioreersup saneraaniit isigalugu tverrsnitt eksisterende

0 5 150 5 15


The ambition in Maniitsoq is an urban development and a future architecture, which may refl ect the quali-ties of Greenlandic tradition, and provide attention internationally. Much of what has been constructed in Greenland has a relatively low technical standard – not least much of the housing. In the process, one has thus initiated a discussion about urban development, and an increase in the housing standard in Greenland in general. Our vision is that this engagement will lead to an increased focus on the technical and architec-tural standard of future architecture, not least on urban space and landscape. Our work was concluded in August last year – with a report and an exhibition in Maniitsoq. The material does not provide conclusive answers to the choice of future solutions, but we have wished to show the town’s potential, and discuss pro- and counter arguments for the different solutions presented. We are quite sure that the town ought not open up for a new citadel of this type, on short terms – for economical reasons related to a complex infra-structure – but fi rst and foremost to strengthen the town’s compact character, and thereby to further develop a sustainable urban community.

We believe in, and recommend to improve and prepare some of the easiest accessible areas in Maniitsoq for development, since these present a low investment threshold and a development may be initiated fast if necessary – that is, they might soon meet a housing need from the aluminium plant – if the decision of development is made. Moreover this will provide a better integration between the existing housing, and the new services and new institutions needed to serve the aluminium plant and an increased population.

Graphics and photo: 70°N arkitektur as Graphics and photo: 70°N arkitektur as

I will not discuss all the elements of the report, but briefl y show some selected examples of analysis and strategies suggested to Maniitsoq. Several of the initiatives we have suggested depart from civic meet-ings and conversations with the town’s very committed inhabitants. It has been instructive to approach and analyse Maniitsoq through several different meetings and urban walks – and transfer this to relevant knowledge. It is of fundamental importance that the inhabitants understand the town’s potential, and desire a development guided by certain overall strategic principles.




Lektekledning

Lektekledning, finér

Lektekledning, finérplater

Lektekledning, finérLektekledning, finérplater Lektekledning

Tømmermannskledning 5

Profilert stålplate 2

Profilert stålplate 2 Grunnmur: naturstein 7

Teglsten i løperforbandtStående kledning

Stående låvekledning Tømmermannskledning 5 Lektekledning, plater

Lektekledning Stående dobbelfalset kledning Platekledning: finér

Lektekledning, plater Tømmermannskledning 5 Stående låvekledning

Platekledning Tømmermannskledning 5 Profilert stålplate 7

Enkel liggende kledning 1 Trefliser 3

Åpen liggende låvekledning

Tømmermannskledning 5In situ betong 4

Stående platekledning: finér

LektekledningLiggende platekledning: finér



Profilert transparent plastplate

Plastikk 6

Asfaltplate

Profilert transparent plastplate Lektekledning, platerLektekledning

Åpen dobbelfalset kledning

Lektekledning



Tømmermannskledning 5

Platekledning: finér

Åpen dobbelfalset kledning


Enkel liggende kledning 1


Our approaches have been centred on several levels – from the purely observing and visual – such as the registration of typologies, architectural characteristics, relations between houses and landscape, and not least materials and infrastructure – to a cognitive knowledge of living in Maniitsoq, and the transferral of this knowledge to the discussion of potentially new typologies for Greenland.

05 06 07 08

0102

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

01 02 03 04

iniss

isim

aneq

bele

gnin

gIllu

p qa

liata

isua

ni_e

qqum

iitsul

iaq

gavl_

kuns

tul

lum

ikkut

i d

ag


0 500 1000

1500

2000

2500

Pisuffi ssaq siamm

arlugu

ganglinje brettet ut

A

qqusineeraq

sinerl

ugu i

llut

inissisim

asut qaliaata isui: ‘marrarmik’ eqqumiitsulialersukkat

g

avler la

ngs gangforløp: ‘lerret’ for kunstverk

Aqqusineeqqat ataqatigiissunik qallersukkat / aqquserngit paarlaaffi i tassuunakkut erseqqissisinneqa

ssapput

sammenhengende belegning på gangvei / dette vil også understreke forløpet over kryssende veier

isumassarsiffik: tyskit ‘strandkorbe’-iliaatinspirasjon: tyske ‘strandkorbe’

benker som gir le, og kan dreies mot solauqquartaasumi issiaarfi it, seqerngup tungaanut sangutissinnaasut eksisterende lyktestolper

Qullersuit pioreersut

Ungaluliaq qaammaqqusersugaqlysende rekkverk


We have gone far when discussing the consequences of doubling the town’s number of inhabitants – and have by far implemented a new point of view to the quality of the existing town. After several years of eco-nomic depression and more recently after some years of planning and discussions of new investments – we may note a certain fatigue and scepticism to whether changes will occur at all. To create a belief that this is not mere talk, it is central for the town to see that efforts and assessments are already made that provide signals for the future. We have borrowed the concept premature gratifi cation from the London-based MUF – and we have our self-introduced points of departure - as a method to validate the landscape and the plan.

We have further-developed points of departure from our winning proposal in the competition about The North Harbour in Copenhagen – a concept, which defi nes where planning starts, or what initiates a plan. In our discussion of the concept of POD, lays an analysis of the last decade’s opposition between good wishes for urban development, and what often is the factual result. PODs come into being as elements of inherent information or added knowledge of a different type than the urban fabrics that are normally rolled out in new urban developments. These PODs become incidents of opposition that the new (or old) town must relate to. These may be natural elements, social structures, cultural heritage, or other elements of nearly any type one may allow to disturb the image of a perfect urban development.




Naluttarfik

qulisaanngitsoq

udendørsbassin

oqaluffitoqaq

gl. kirk

e

Akunnittarfimmut alliliissut tilbyg. hotel

INUUSSUTISSARSIUTIT

ERHVERV

inuussutissarsiutit/ inissiat erhverv/bolig

NALUTT

ARFIK

SVØMMEhal

INUUSSUTISSARSIUTIT

ERHVERV

INUUSSUTISSARSIUTIT

ERHVERV

Kulturikkut

ineriartortitsinermi

illorsuaq

VÆKSTkulturhus

INU

USS

UTI

SSA

RSI

UTI

T / I

NIS

SIAT

ER

HVE

RV/B

OLI

G

CAFÉ

3

4

7

89

2

15

6INUUSSUTISSARSIUTIT

ERHVERV

INUUSSUTIS-

SARSIUTIT

ERHVERV

CAFÉ

NERISASSAARNIARFIK

mad-BUTIK

akunnitta

rfik

hotel

oqaluffik

kirke

inuusuttut illuat

ungdoms-hus

INISSIAT BOLIG

inissiat bolig

timersortarfik idrætshal

inuussutissarsiutit/ inissiat erhverv/bolig

INUUSSUTISSARSIUTIT/INISSIAT

ERHVERV/BOLIG

atuarfik skole

BRUGSEN nutaaq

ny BRUGSEN

peqqissaavik

sygehus

Kommunip allaffissua

rådhus

Peqqissaavimmut

allissut tilbygning

til sygehus

illoqarfiup qeqqata pitsanngorsarnera annertuumik allanngortillugu: akulikillisillugu - allanngortillugu – nutaaliorfigalugu - nutaamik umiarsualiviup tungaanut suliaralugu

oppgradering av eksisterende sentrum med betydelig forandring: fortetting - omdanning – nybygg - ny havnefront

Pisussamut pilersaarut 1:2000 situationsplan 1:2000_illoqarfiup qeqqa _sentrumsområder

akunnittarfik hotel


A profound acknowledgement of the ideological fundament of the PODs is that the city needs dynamism and disturbance in order to be experienced as interesting. The possible tension and dynamism exist in the meeting between, or in the folds between different structures and cultures; - too homogenous structures and societies become uninteresting and rarely sustainable – just as natural structures and circuits are manifold.

12

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Naggorissaaneq-naggorissaatiliuut-immikkoortiterinerup kingorna-naggorissaammik tunisassiorneq-najoqqutassiorneq uppernarsaasersuineq Kompostering-komposteringsanlegg-ettersortering-produksjon av gjødsel-utarbeidelse av forskrift og sertifisering

Qorsooqqissoqarfiit -peqqissarfik

Grønne områder-rekreasjon

2Kialaartitat / assiaqutit-pissusissamisoortut-assassukkatLune soner / skjerming-naturlig-håndlaget

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nunamut naleqqussaaneq Terrengtilpasning

Illut atuinikitsut/Nukimmik atuinikitsut Passivhus/Lavenergistandard

Anori/aputVind/snø

Seqineq Sol

Isikkivik Utsikt

Nuna Terreng

Sanaartornermi atortussatAvatangiisit pillugit nalunaarut<CO2-mik aniatitsineq

ByggematerialerMiljødeklarasjon<CO2 utslipp

avinngarusimaneq Isolasjon

Silap pissusaanut naleqqussaaneq Klimatilpasning

Inissiap pitsaassusia Boligkvalitet

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Assartuineq -Cykelerfissaq/ pisuinnaat aqqutaat-tamanut ilaasartaatit-biilinut angallaffiulluartoq

Transport-sykkelsti/ gangveg-offentlig transport-bilkollektiv

Atortulersuutit Infrastruktur

Maniitsoq aqagu -akulikitsut-inooqataaneq-qanittumiittut-inissiat pitsaassusii-Pinngortitaq

Maniitsoq i morgen-tett-sosialt-korte avstander-boligstandard-natur

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kuuffissuit patajaallisarneri sorujuujarnerilu Stabilisering og steriliseringav avløpsslam

Immikkoortumi piginneqqaartussaanermut atortussanik ilisimatusarneq Forskning på regionalt opphavsmateriale

Naatsiivimmi naatsitsisarneq/ naggorissaaneq/ naatsiiviliaq-nuna naggorissaammik naggorissuutitaq hagebruk/ jordbruk/ park-frodig jord ved gjødsling

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4


In Maniitsoq the largest potential for such dynamism clearly lies in the encounter between the existing town – new investments and the landscape. Even in the densest developed urban areas in Maniitsoq the maximum exploitation degree is of 50%, and the scattered small house areas have a density of 10-15%. It is fully possible to increase the amount of houses within existing structures with a minimum of 50%, even if one should wish to maintain the characteristic open and scattered townscape of today. It is also possible to strengthen the central structures that exist today both regarding public service and culture, and with re-spect to trade and commercial activity, something that also will strengthen the site’s visual appearance. An elasticity with respect to planning and area development may just as well be made and discovered within the urban structure, as outwards into virgin landscapes.

n u t a a r t e r i n e q o p p g r a d e r i n g


As a fundament for the plan’s ecology, we have emphasized several features to be discussed further by the inhabitants, among politicians and within the municipality, addressing the development of the city. The plan’s shape and density, infrastructure, pedestrian- and bicycle paths are of course fundamental – but we have also launched ideas about a future deep ecology related to energy, water, composting and waste treatment, vegetation, and the possibility for the production of food in green houses (today, except hunting and fi shing, nearly all food comes from Denmark by ship). We are discussing the possibility to restructure and renovate existing apartment structures as an alternative to redevelopment or demolition, and we have illustrated new architectural typologies connected to existing infrastructure – an architectonical ambition, which in discussion with the municipality is seen as a redefi nition of Greenlandic architecture.




In order for a town or a nation to be transformed, an outer or inner force that motivates such a change is required. For Maniitsoq a potentially large motivating force resides in the establishment of an aluminium plant, both economically and by means of a population increase. Should the plant not be developed, one must fi nd other moments that may maintain dynamism, and stimulate the development of a more complex economy.

In order for a town or a nation to be transformed, an outer or inner force that motivates such a change is required. For Maniitsoq a potentially large motivating force resides in the establishment of an aluminium plant, both economically and by means of a population increase. Should the plant not be developed, one must fi nd other moments that may maintain dynamism, and stimulate the development of a more complex economy. When engaging with Greenland it becomes pressingly evident that any clear division between the local and the global is no longer valid. The global forces of infl uence are at work in Maniitsoq – one of the most remote urban settlements that exists – and the small or large decisions made about the Greenlan-dic landscape are spread across the globe like a butterfl y-effect. The decisions made by the Greenlandic government for its country, must be made based on the acknowledgement of Greenland’s importance as a global icon, and the vulnerability inherent in Greenlandic nature and landscape. Greenland should prepare the landscape and the society for what may come, and develop strategies for change through an offensive Points of departure-thinking.

Back to the Myth – PostscriptRationality kills the myth, and we are past the point where rationality has substituted the defi nition of reality in a desire for political hegemony and economical profi t. The colonization of the Arctic coincides with the fall of the myths – and a decline in the conception of nature as holy. Like Odysseus who tied his body to the mast and blocked out the effect of the seductive song of the Sirens, we have blocked out our ability to be infl uenced by songs that may break down our rationality and our modern conception of reality. Without myth all becomes trivial, and without respect and attentiveness the wonder of everything that cannot instantly be translated into numbers disappears. It is a challenge for the future to dare to open for a dimension of mysticism and wonder – to open up for literature and poetry that narrate stories about reality, which are to-tally different from the rationality, we today are familiar with. If a turning point for new ideas about the Arctic were to surface, the rational and the mythical must once again meet and intertwine into a hitherto unknown story – a tipping point for a new way to appreciate and observe the country beyond.

110829 lecture impacts

Business

global context greenland

global heating

global icon

global forcesthat

impacts of global pressure

global climatic change

density of greenland

global natural park