110706 nose intl hisitorical ling osaka2

Grammaticalization of temporal expressions in Amele: a diachronic account

Masahiko, NOSE [email protected]

Reitaku University, Japan

20th International Historical Linguistics Conference (Osaka) 25-30, Jul. 2011

Overview of this talk

1. Previous studies

2. This study

3. Data sources

4. Amele language

5. Data

6. Discussion

7. Conclusion

2 20110725 Nose Osaka

1: Previous studies: Time, temporal in grammar

Haspelmath 1997, Hage’ge 2010, etc.

Typology of Temporal Adverbials

Locative to Temporal (inessive, pre-/post-essive, perlative)

Svorou 1991, Heine et al. 1991, Lakoff & Johnson 1980

Space and Time can be considered together.


2: This study

Descriptions of Temporal expressions in Amele, such as “5 years ago, until tomorrow, in June”

In terms of Grammaticalization

Semantic extension from [Space] to [Time]

Borrowed temporal,

such as “Mande, wan kilok, wan aua”

Contact-induced language change


3: Data sources

Data from my fieldwork

Since 2006, every year

Sein village, Madang Province, PNG

Descriptive grammars

Parallel-text research

New Testament


4: Amele language: Roberts (1987)

Trans-New Guinea language, spoken in Madang Province

SOV, no case marking, postpositional, Noun-Adj, Noun-Demonstrative

Ca. 5000 speakers, Amele/Tok Pisin Bilingual


Noun-based/ Verb-based temporal expressions

”Yesterday’s past” tense in Amele (Roberts 1987:224-228)

Ija hu-g-an

1sg come-1sg-yesterday’s past “I came yesterday”

Clause-based temporal in Usan (Reesink 1987:70-71)

Ai gâb-gâb (earth see.SS-REDUP)：”in the afternoon”

Urigerma (it becomes light.DS)：”at dawn”

Worom is-a (sun go.down3s.DS)：”at sunset”

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Noun-based/ Verb-based Temporal in Amele

Noun-based temporal

1: temporal adverbs/adverbials: casac (first), qila (now, today)

2: noun + postposition: qasil-na (morning-in)

3: others: loanword from Tok Pisin, Mande (Monday)

Classical time and new time (calendar-based):

cabi gel (year, literally "garden fence"): Roberts (1987:195)

Now spoken "Yaar<Year" and geel

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Noun-based Temporal in Amele

Questions

• Is postposition "na" extended from [Space] to [Time]?

• Can grammaticalization explain borrowed temporal forms from Tok Pisin?

Research in this study

• Three temporal meanings (inessive, pre-/post-essive, and perlative)

• Analog-/Digital-based time forms

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Temporal expressions in this study

Inessive Pre/post-essive Perlative

on, in, at before/after, ago/later for

Digital/Calendar-based

At five o’clock

A week ago for 3 minutes

Analog/Abstract In morning 3 days later until dawn


Data 1: Results in Amele a. In-essive: postposition “na” b. pre-/post-essive: adverbial “hedocob” c. perlative: postposition “na” and verb-based





5 kilok-na Week osol hedocob

3 minut-na

Analog/Abstract Qasil Qasil-na

Deel ied hedocob Gurric an beya (until sun rises)

Data 1: Results in Amele a. Digital-based: borrowing from Tok Pisin, together with postposition “na” b. Analog based: traditionally Amele





5 kilok-na Week osol hedocob

3 minut-na

Analog/Abstract Qasil Qasil-na

Deel ied hedocob Gurric an beya (until sun rises)

Observations: traditional versus. loanwords

Traditional usages:

• ahine (noon), deel (day), wesu (afternoon), cuha (Sunday)

Borrowed from Tok Pisin: by necessity

• wik (week), Ogus (August), 1 aua (1 hour), Mande (Monday)

Complex forms and others:

• 1 minut-na (for/in one minute, with postposition), two kilok esaue (half past two), ahinec saab (midday food: loan translation from Tok Pisin "belo kaikai")


Loanword typology (Haspelmath & Tadmor 2009:30-31)

Time: sain

Now: qila

Day: deel

Night: witi

Morning: qasil

Afternoon: wesu

Today: qila

Tomorrow: uqadec


Hour: aua

Clock: kilok

Week: wiik

Sunday: cuha

Monday: Mande

Month: muun

Year: yaar, geel

Season: sain

Discussion 1

Is it applicable that there is [space] to [time] grammaticalization? The postposition “na” can express both location and time

meanings, but the form “na” is muti-functional, and it is still doubtful to clarify its process.

Classifying temporal expressions into two different groups; classical (yesterday, morning) and artificial (at 12 o’clock, on Monday) Is there any difference between classical and artificial ones?


Functions of postposition “na”

Roberts (1987:160): at, in, on, with, of

Ija na jo (my house): of

187: Uba jo dunuh (inside) na teia (He went up into the house): at

188: Mala jo igoc (peak) na bilia (The chicken sat on top of the house): on

168: Ija man sonon-ec sigin (knife) na quga (I killed the snake with knife): with (instrumental)

We cannot identify a typical function


Grammaticalization 1 a. Postposition “na” has too many functions b. “Hedocob” means originally “to finish”, but it means both [before] and [after/later].

World Lexicon of Grammaticalization

Allative > Temporal >>> postposition “na”

Comitative > Temporal >>> postposition “na”

Finish > After, Already >>> hedocob (“to finish”)

Front > Before, later >>> hedocob?

In (Spatial) > Temporal >>> postposition “na”

Locative > Temporal >>> postposition “na”

Time > Temporal >>> sain (“time”> when-clause)


Grammaticalizaton 2: “na” became a linker

Grammaticalization process of postp. “na”

No form: qasil (in morning)

Analog time: qasil-na, deel eu-na (from that day)

Digital time: 1 kilok-na, 2 minut-na, Ogus-na

“na” is used first in analog time, and then in digital time, meaning “for, in, from, around, etc.”

PERSON> OBJECT> ACTIVITY> SPACE> TIME> QUALITY


• Grammaticalization 3: digital-based time 1. Not existed temporal expression like “5 o’clock”, “June” 2. Contact with Tok Pisin 3. Borrowing temporal words and gap filling

Thomason & Kaufman (1988:21): borrowing to refer only to the incorporation of foreign elements into the speakers’ native language

Haspelmath & Tadmor (2009): loanwords by necessity

Heine & Kuteva (2005:124): Contact-induced grammaticalization on the replica languages Gap filling: There is now a new category for which previously there was no equivalent category.

We will refer to this situation for want of a better term as gap filling.


Conclusion: Amele has the traditional and borrowed

time systems (gap filling).

• Borrowing from Tok Pisin: year > ya’r, minute> minut (later using with postp “na”, 2 minut-na)

1. Originally non-existing temporal expressions

• Speakers are bilingual in Amele and Tok Pisin

• not heavy structural borrowing (Thomason & Kaufman 1988:50)

• few grammaticalization from [locative] to [temporal]

2. Contact-induced, partly grammaticalized


References (selected):The slides are available from: http://www.scribd.com/doc/

Anderson, S. R. & E. Keenan. 1985. Deixis. Shopen, T.(ed.). Language typology and syntactic description, III, Cambridge: CUP: 259-308.

Hagège, Claude. 2010. Adpositions. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Hapelmath, Martin. 1997. From Space to Time: temporal adverbials in the World’s Languages. Munich: Lincom Europa.

Heine, Bernd, Ulrike Claudi, & Friederike Hünnemeyer. 1991. Grammaticalization: a conceptual framework. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Heine, B. & T. Kuteva. 2002. World Lexicon of Grammaticalization. Cambridge: CUP.

Heine, B. & T. Kuteva. 2005. Language contact and grammatical change. Cambridge: CUP.

Kurzon, Dennis. 2002. ‘Preposition’ as functor: the case of long in Bislama. In: Feigenbaum, Susanne, & Dennis Kurzon(eds.). Prepositions in their syntactic, semantic and pragmatic context. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins: 231-248.

McWhorter, John C. 2001. The World’s simplest grammar are creole grammars. Linguistic Typology 5:125-166.

Mihalic, Francis. 1986. The Jacaranda Dictionary and Grammar of Melanesian Pidgin. Milton: The Jacaranda Press/Web Books.

Muysken, P. Functional categories. Cambridge: CUP.

Roberts, John R. 1987. Amele. London/New York/Sydney: Croom Helm.

Thomason, S.G. & T. Kaufman. 1988. Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley/Los Angeles/Oxford: University of California Press.

Thank you for your attention.

Acknowledgments:

CASIO Science Promotion Foundation, 2011-2012

Grant-in-aid for Young Scientists (B), Japan Society for Promotion of Science, 2011-2013

Amele & Tok Pisin: Villagers in Sein, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea

110706 nose intl hisitorical ling osaka2

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