1.1. ‘ ipa dialects’ from a universal perspective use of /y/ instead of /j/ in african studies
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永宁纳语 ( 纳西语东部方言 ) 的音位系统 :从听觉的记音到声学分析
Reflections about the phonemic analysis of Yongning Na (Tibeto-Burman):
perceptual transcription and acoustic data
Alexis Michaud* 米可 Jacqueline Vaissière** 雅科林 · 维西尔*Langues et Civilisations à Tradition Orale**Laboratoire de Phonétique et Phonologie
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/ Université Paris 3
Phonetics Conference of China, PCC 2008, Special Session:
“Sino-Tibetan Field Phonetics from a Universal Perspective”
1. 背景问题:如何选择国际音标符号? 1.1. 在不同国家、国际音标的用法稍有所不同。例如:赵元任先生的元音符号 ɿ 是否等于成音节的 /z/ ?( 至今这些符号未进入国际音标表 )
1. Background issue: How do we select IPA symbols for phonemes?
1.1. ‘IPA dialects’ from a universal perspective• use of /y/ instead of /j/ in African studies• in China: use of Chao’s symbols for fricative syllabics (E. Zee,
this conference)
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‘Dialectal’ uses of the IPA point to an issue: references for a standard usage?
1.2. The paradox of fieldwork: a double allegiance:- structural observation: each phoneme is defined in terms of
its position within the phonemic system.- implementation of the International Phonetic Alphabet ideal:
one alphabet for all languages. ↓
Can acoustics help bridge the gap? Can it help describe linguistic diversitylinguistic diversity,,in terms of a common descriptive frameworkcommon descriptive framework?
1.2. 应该按照什么标准应用国际音标符号?因为本地调查者需要进行音位归纳、所以他一般会很清楚地知道 , 一个音位的定义等于它在整个音位系统中的位置。 (→ 结构主义的观点。 )同时 , 他会按照“多种语言一种标音文字”来利用国际音标符号。声学分析能不能帮我们更好地把结构与实体联系起来?
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2. 永宁纳语 ( 纳西语东部方言 ) 的音位系统
2. Phonemic inventory of Yongning Na
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(work in progress)
起初记录为 [e] 与 [i] 的那两个元音、是同一个音位的变体?或者只是调查者的听觉习惯里才有的两种不同的音?或者只是因调查者的听觉习惯而区分出来的?Initial phonetic notations: a case of allophony…
rhyme [e], [o] [i], [u]
initial consonant
retroflex (fricatives, affricates and stops); dental fricatives and affricates
All others: zero initial; labials; dental stops; laterals; alveolo-palatals; velars; glottal; nasals
… or a perceptual bias?
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3. A glance at acoustics
3.1. The close front vowelInitial notations: [e] vs. [i] [tɕiH] ‘cloud’ 云[ʈʂeH] ‘earth’ 土
Spectrographically: similar. Formant movement:opening, ≈[ie] 语谱图表明 , 分别记为 [e] 与 [i]的元音原来是相同的。Perception of [e]: due to initial consonant?→ cross-splicing:initial [tɕ] of ‘cloud’+rhyme of ‘earth’initial [tʂ] of ‘earth’+rhyme of ‘cloud’
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Intuition: perceived allophony:
perceptual effect of the preceding
context.
The close front vowel of Yongning Na in isolation: [iMH] ‘pimple’ 痘痘
French /pi/ (logatom)
7调查者的语言背景的影响:比较永宁纳语的 /i/ 元音与法语的 /i/ 元音Influence of the investigator’s linguistic background?
Perceptual expectations: French /i/ corresponds to the acoustic configuration {palatal (⇑F3F4)3200Hz}
→ is the description in terms of two allophones inadequate?
Acoustically: similar vowels;
perceptually: potential forseparate evolution.↓project:2 female speakers, 2 male speakers
8→ 是否两种变体 ? 声学分析:似乎不是。但从听觉角度而言、却有区分的可能性。
3.2. Rhotic sounds
Yongning Na: / t / ≠ / ʈ /; combines with rhymes /ɻ/ and /v̩�/.
Hypotheses: /v̩/: weak friction; /ɻ/: approximant, not /ə˞/; diphthongisation
9=
‘rock’
‘fist’
Comparison with /v6/ in a Western Naxi dialect (AS)
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纳西语西部方言的 /v" / :有更明显的磨擦现象,而东部方言没有那么明显的摩擦。
使用的是同一个符号,但语音现象有区别。
4. Conclusions about the use of acoustic data
4. 结论:声学分析能有什么样的帮助?4.1. 数码时代的调查:调查者能够得到大量的录音资料。→ 如何发表录音资料?→ 语音学领域的新观察视角与新的要求
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4.1. Practical perspective: Acoustics in the digital era
Fieldwork yields abundant recordings→ How to publish the recorded data?→ New perspective on fieldwork, new requirements
diachrony synchrony
structural diachrony
dynamic synchrony
panchronic phonology
4.2. “ 全时音系学“ (‘panchronic phonology’: Haudricourt): 联系起共时角度与历时角度
4.2. Relevance in a panchronic perspective
Many thanks to / 非常感谢:• the organisers of PCC 2008.• the Academy of Social Sciences 中央社会科学院民族研究所 (Pr. Huang Xing 黄行所长 )
for the invitation to conduct research in the People’s Republic of China.• the language consultants for their hospitality and friendship,
and Latami Dashi 拉他咪 · 达石 for his help with fieldwork in Yongning.• Ekaterina Chirkova ( 齐卡佳 ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, head of a 4-year
research project (2008-2011) allowing the first author to conduct regular fieldwork.