101evaluationtests.chapter.3.pdf

Upload: pasztai-zoltan

Post on 15-Feb-2018

216 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

  • 7/23/2019 101EvaluationTests.Chapter.3.pdf

    1/22

    73

    Mobility is the ability to perform a joint action through a range of movement.

    In any movement there are two groups of muscles at work: the protagonistic

    muscles which cause the movement to take place and opposing the movement

    and determining the amount of mobility are the antagonistic muscles.

    If athletes are to learn and utilise effectively the techniques associated with their

    events and are to avoid injury successfully, they require a good level of mobility. An

    athlete will find it difficult, if not impossible, to learn a new technique if their

    mobility is poor. A good level of mobility is also essential for the development of

    specific conditioning (ie the application of strength or speed in a particular event).

    Balance is the ability to maintain equilibrium when stationary or moving (ie

    not to fall over) through the co-ordinated actions of our sensory functions

    (vision, hearing and proprioception).

    Balance comprises of static balance (the ability to retain the centre of mass

    above the base of support in a stationary position) and dynamic balance (the

    ability to maintain balance under changing conditions of body movement).

    Mobility and balance evaluation tests

    The following are examples of mobility tests:

    Modified sit and reach test

    Sit and reach test Hip flexion test

    Static flexibility test ankle

    Static flexibility test hip & trunk

    Static flexibility test shoulder

    Static flexibility test shoulder & wrist

    Static flexibility test trunk & neck

    Trunk flexion test.

    The following are examples of balance tests: Standing stork test

    Standing stork test blind.

    Mobility and Balance3

  • 7/23/2019 101EvaluationTests.Chapter.3.pdf

    2/22

    74 3 M O B I L I T Y A N D B A L A N C E

    3.1 Modified Sit & Reach Test

    The objective of this test is to monitor the development of the athlete's

    hip and trunk flexibility.

    Required resources

    To undertake this test you will require:

    'Sit & reach table

    Yard stick

    Assistant.

    How to conduct the testStarting position

    Sit on the floor with the back and head

    against a wall, legs fully extended with

    the bottom of the feet against the sit-

    and-reach box

    Place the hands on top of each other,

    stretching the arms forward while

    keeping the head and back against

    the wall Measure the distance from the finger

    tips to the box edge with a ruler. This

    becomes zero or starting point.

    Movement

    Slowly bend and reach forward as far as

    possible sliding the fingers along the ruler

    Hold the final position for 2 seconds

    Record the distance reached to thenearest 1/10 of an inch

    Repeat the test 3 times and note the

    best distance.

    Analysis

    Analysis of the result is by comparing it with the results of previous tests. It is

    expected that, with appropriate training between each test, the analysis would

    indicate an improvement.

  • 7/23/2019 101EvaluationTests.Chapter.3.pdf

    3/22

    3 M O B I L I T Y A N D B A L A N C E 75

    Normative data for the modified sit & reach test

    The following are national norms for 16 to 19 year olds.

    Gender Excellent Above Average Average Below Average Poor

    Male >14cm 11-14cm 7-10cm 4-6cm 15cm 12-15cm 7-11cm 4-6cm

  • 7/23/2019 101EvaluationTests.Chapter.3.pdf

    4/22

    76 3 M O B I L I T Y A N D B A L A N C E

    3.2 Sit and Reach Test

    The objective of this test is to monitor the development of the athlete's

    lower back and hamstring flexibility.

    Required resources

    To undertake this test you will require:

    'Sit & reach table or a bench with a ruler

    Assistant.

    How to conduct the test

    The sit and reach test is conducted as follows:

    The starting position is sitting on the

    floor with shoes removed, feet flat

    against the table, and legs straight

    Reach forward and push the fingers

    along the table as far as possible

    The distance from the finger tips to the

    edge of the table represents the score

    for that person

    As the 'sit and reach' table has an overhang of 15 cm, a person whoreaches 10 cm past their toes scores 25 cm

    It is important to have several warm-up attempts first, and to record the

    best score.

    Analysis

    Analysis of the result is by comparing it with the results of previous tests. It is

    expected that, with appropriate training between each test, the analysis would

    indicate an improvement.

    Normative data for the sit & reach test

    The following are national norms for 16 to 19 year olds.

    Gender Excellent Above Average Average Below Average Poor

    Male >14cm 11-14cm 7-10cm 4-6cm 15cm 12-15cm 7-11cm 4-6cm

  • 7/23/2019 101EvaluationTests.Chapter.3.pdf

    5/22

    3 M O B I L I T Y A N D B A L A N C E 77

    Target group

    This test is suitable for active individuals but not for those where the test

    would be contraindicated.

    Reliability

    Reliability would depend upon how strict the test is conducted and the

    individual's level of motivation to perform the test.

    Validity

    There are published tables to relate results to potential level of fitness and the

    correlation is high.

    On-line calculator

    Select the following link to access the on-line calculator

    sit and reach test.htm

    http://www.pponline.co.uk/101Evaluations/sit%20and%20reach%20test.htmhttp://www.pponline.co.uk/101Evaluations/sit%20and%20reach%20test.htm
  • 7/23/2019 101EvaluationTests.Chapter.3.pdf

    6/22

    78 3 M O B I L I T Y A N D B A L A N C E

    3.3 Hip Flexion Test

    The objective of this test is to monitor the development of the athlete's

    hip flexors (the muscles that lift your knees).

    How to conduct the test

    The test is conducted as follows:

    The athlete lies on their back

    The athlete lifts the left knee and using their hands pulls the left knee to

    their chest

    Normal flexibility is indicated when their right leg remains flat on the floor

    Hip flexors are considered tight if, as they attempt to lift their left knee

    toward their chest, their right leg leaves the floor

    Repeat with your other leg

    Analysis

    Analysis of the result is by comparing it with the results of previous tests. It is

    expected that, with appropriate training between each test, the analysis would

    indicate an improvement.

    Target group

    This test is suitable for active athletes but not for individuals where the test

    would be contraindicated.

    Reliability

    Reliability would depend upon how strict the test is conducted and the

    individual's level of motivation to perform the test.

    Validity

    There are no published tables to relate results to potential performance in

    competition.

  • 7/23/2019 101EvaluationTests.Chapter.3.pdf

    7/22

    3 M O B I L I T Y A N D B A L A N C E 79

    3.4 Static Flexibility Test Ankle

    The objective of this test is to monitor the development of the athlete's

    ankle flexibility.

    Required resources

    To undertake this test you will require:

    Wall

    1 metre ruler

    Assistant.

    How to conduct the testStarting position

    Stand facing a wall

    Feet flat on the ground toes touching the wall

    Lean into the wall.

    Movement

    Slowly slide the feet back from the wall as far as possible

    Keep the feet flat on the ground, body and knees fully

    extended and the chest in contact with the wall Measure the distance between the toe line and the wall

    to the nearest 1/4 of an inch

    Repeat the test 3 times and record the best distance.

    Analysis

    Analysis of the result is by comparing it with the results of previous tests. It is

    expected that, with appropriate training between each test, the analysis would

    indicate an improvement.

    Normative data for the ankle flexibility test

    Measurements are in inches.

    Rating Men Women

    Excellent >35.00 >32.00

    Good 35.00-32.51 32.00-30.51

    Average 32.50-29.51 30.50-26.51

    Fair 29.50-26.50 26.50-24.25

    Poor

  • 7/23/2019 101EvaluationTests.Chapter.3.pdf

    8/22

    80 3 M O B I L I T Y A N D B A L A N C E

    Target group

    This test is suitable for active individuals but not for those where the test

    would be contraindicated.

    Reliability

    Reliability would depend upon how strict the test is conducted and the

    individual's level of motivation to perform the test.

    Validity

    There are published tables to relate results to potential level of flexibility and

    the correlation is high

    On-line calculator

    Select the following link to access the on-line calculator

    static flexibility test ankle.htm

    http://www.pponline.co.uk/101Evaluations/static%20flexibility%20test%20-%20ankle.htmhttp://www.pponline.co.uk/101Evaluations/static%20flexibility%20test%20-%20ankle.htm
  • 7/23/2019 101EvaluationTests.Chapter.3.pdf

    9/22

    3 M O B I L I T Y A N D B A L A N C E 81

    3.5 Static Flexibility Test Hip and Trunk

    The objective of this test is to monitor the development of the athlete's

    hip and trunk flexibility.

    Required resources

    To undertake this test you will require:

    Sit & reach table or a bench with a ruler

    Assistant.

    How to conduct the test

    Starting position

    Sit on the floor with the back and head against

    a wall, legs fully extended with the bottom of

    the feet against the sit-and-reach box

    Place the hands on top of each other,

    stretching the arms forward while

    keeping

    the head and back against the wall

    Measure the distance from the finger tips

    to the box edge with a ruler. Thisbecomes zero or starting point.

    Movement

    Slowly bend and reach forward as far as

    possible sliding the fingers along the ruler

    Hold the final position for two seconds

    Record the distance reached to the

    nearest 1/10 of an inch

    Repeat the test 3 times and note thebest distance.

    Analysis

    Analysis of the result is by comparing it with the results of previous tests. It is

    expected that, with appropriate training between each test, the analysis would

    indicate an improvement.

  • 7/23/2019 101EvaluationTests.Chapter.3.pdf

    10/22

    82 3 M O B I L I T Y A N D B A L A N C E

    Normative data for the Hip and Trunk flexibility test

    Age 17.9 >17.9

    Good 17.00-17.9 16.7-17.9

    Average 15.8-16.9 16.2-16.6

    Fair 15.0-15.7 15.8-16.1

    Poor 17.4

    Good 14.6-16.1 16.2-17.4

    Average 13.9-14.5 15.2-16.1

    Fair 13.4-.13.8 14.5-15.1

    Poor

  • 7/23/2019 101EvaluationTests.Chapter.3.pdf

    11/22

    3 M O B I L I T Y A N D B A L A N C E 83

    3.6 Static Flexibility Test Shoulder

    The objective of this test is to monitor the development of the athlete's

    shoulder flexibility.

    Required resources

    To undertake this test you will require:

    1 metre piece of rope

    Tape measure

    Assistant.

    How to conduct the testStarting position

    Grasp one end of the rope with the left hand

    Four inches away grasp the rope with the right hand.

    Movement

    Extend both arms in front of the chest and rotate the

    arms overhead and behind the neck until the rope

    touches the back

    As resistance occurs allow the right hand to slidealong the rope

    Measure the distance between the two thumbs

    to the nearest 1/4 of an inch

    Measure shoulder width from deltoid to deltoid

    to the nearest 1/4 of an inch

    Subtract the shoulder width distance from the thumb

    distance

    Repeat the test 3 times and record the best distance.

    Analysis

    Analysis of the result is by comparing it with the results of previous tests. It is

    expected that, with appropriate training between each test, the analysis would

    indicate an improvement.

  • 7/23/2019 101EvaluationTests.Chapter.3.pdf

    12/22

    84 3 M O B I L I T Y A N D B A L A N C E

    Normative data for the Shoulder flexibility test

    Rating Men Women

    Excellent 17.75

    Table adapted from Johnson B.L. & Nelson J.K. Practical Measurements for Evaluation

    in PE 4th Ed. 1986

    Target groupThis test is suitable for active individuals but not for those where the test

    would be contraindicated.

    Reliability

    Reliability would depend upon how strict the test is conducted and the

    individual's level of motivation to perform the test.

    Validity

    There are published tables to relate results to potential level of flexibility and

    the correlation is high.

    On-line calculator

    Select the following link to access the on-line calculator

    static flexibility test shoulder.htm

    http://www.pponline.co.uk/101Evaluations/static%20flexibility%20test%20-%20shoulder.htmhttp://www.pponline.co.uk/101Evaluations/static%20flexibility%20test%20-%20shoulder.htm
  • 7/23/2019 101EvaluationTests.Chapter.3.pdf

    13/22

    3 M O B I L I T Y A N D B A L A N C E 85

    3.7 Static Flexibility Test Shoulderand Wrist

    The objective of this test is to monitor the development of the athlete'sshoulder and wrist flexibility.

    Required resources

    To undertake this test you will require:

    18 inch stick

    1 metre ruler

    Assistant.

    How to conduct the test

    Starting position

    Lay prone on the floor with the arms fully extended holding a stick.

    Movement

    Raise the stick as high as possible, keeping the nose on the ground

    Measure the vertical distance the stick rises from the floor to the nearest

    1/2 inch

    Repeat the test 3 times andrecord the best distance

    Measure the arm length from

    the acromial extremity to the

    tip of the longest finger

    Subtract the best score from

    the arm length.

    Analysis

    Analysis of the result is by comparing it with the results of previous tests. It is

    expected that, with appropriate training between each test, the analysis would

    indicate an improvement.

  • 7/23/2019 101EvaluationTests.Chapter.3.pdf

    14/22

    86 3 M O B I L I T Y A N D B A L A N C E

    Normative data for the shoulder & wrist flexibility test

    Rating Men Women

    Excellent >12.50 >11.75

    Good 12.50-11.50 11.75-10.75

    Average 11.49-8.25 10.74-7.50

    Fair 8.24-6.00 7.49-5.50

    Poor

  • 7/23/2019 101EvaluationTests.Chapter.3.pdf

    15/22

    3 M O B I L I T Y A N D B A L A N C E 87

    3.8 Static Flexibility Test Trunk and Neck

    The objective of this test is to monitor the development of the athlete's

    trunk and neck flexibility.

    Required resources

    To undertake this test you will require:

    1 metre ruler

    Assistant.

    How to conduct the test

    Starting position

    Lay prone on the floor with hands clasped at the side of the head.

    Movement

    Raise the trunk as high as possible

    whilst keeping the hips in contact

    with the ground

    An assistant can hold the feet down

    Record the vertical distance, to

    the nearest 1/4 of an inch, fromthe tip of the nose to the ground

    Repeat the test 3 times and record the best distance.

    Analysis

    Analysis of the result is by comparing it with the results of previous tests. It is

    expected that, with appropriate training between each test, the analysis would

    indicate an improvement.

    Normative data for the Trunk and Neck flexibility test

    Rating Men Women

    Excellent >10.00 >9.75

    Good 10.00-8.00 9.75-7.75

    Average 7.99-6.00 7.74-5.75

    Fair 5.99-3.00 5.74-2.00

    Poor

  • 7/23/2019 101EvaluationTests.Chapter.3.pdf

    16/22

    88 3 M O B I L I T Y A N D B A L A N C E

    Target group

    This test is suitable for active individuals but not for those where the test

    would be contraindicated.

    Reliability

    Reliability would depend upon how strict the test is conducted and the

    individual's level of motivation to perform the test.

    Validity

    There are published tables to relate results to potential level of flexibility and

    the correlation is high.

    On-line calculator

    Select the following link to access the on-line calculator

    static flexibility test trunk and neck.htm

    http://www.pponline.co.uk/101Evaluations/static%20flexibility%20test%20-%20trunk%20and%20neck.htmhttp://www.pponline.co.uk/101Evaluations/static%20flexibility%20test%20-%20trunk%20and%20neck.htm
  • 7/23/2019 101EvaluationTests.Chapter.3.pdf

    17/22

    3 M O B I L I T Y A N D B A L A N C E 89

    3.9 Trunk Flexion Test

    The objective of this test is to monitor the development of the athlete's

    lower back and hamstrings flexibility.

    Required resources

    To undertake this test you will require:

    Yardstick

    Assistant.

    How to conduct the test

    The test is conducted as follows:

    Athlete to remove their shoes and sit with their knees straight and feet

    12 inches apart

    Place a yardstick between their legs with the 15 inch mark level with their

    feet the zero inch mark should be closer to their knees

    Athlete places one of their hands on top of the other with the tips of

    their fingers aligned

    Athlete exhales and slowly leans forward by dropping their head toward

    their arms, sliding their fingers along the yardstick as far as possible

    The assistant records the best of three measurements.

    Analysis

    Analysis of the result is by comparing it with the results of previous tests. It is

    expected that, with appropriate training between each test, the analysis would

    indicate an improvement.

    Performance assessment

    An excellent score for men is greater than 20 inches. An excellent score for

    women is more than 24 inches.

    Target group

    This test is suitable for active athletes but not for individuals where the test

    would be contraindicated.

  • 7/23/2019 101EvaluationTests.Chapter.3.pdf

    18/22

    90 3 M O B I L I T Y A N D B A L A N C E

    Reliability

    Reliability would depend upon how strict the test is conducted and the

    individual's level of motivation to perform the test.

    Validity

    There are no published tables to relate results to potential performance in

    competition.

  • 7/23/2019 101EvaluationTests.Chapter.3.pdf

    19/22

    3 M O B I L I T Y A N D B A L A N C E 91

    3.10 Standing Stork Test

    The objective of this test is to monitor the development of the athlete's

    ability to maintain a state of equilibrium (balance) in a static position.

    Required resources

    To undertake this test you will require:

    Warm dry location gym

    Stop watch

    Assistant.

    How to conduct the test

    Stand comfortable on both feet

    Hands on your hip

    Lift one leg and place the toes of that foot against the

    knee of the other leg

    On command from the assistant, raise the heel and stand

    on your toes

    Assistant starts the stop watch

    Balance for as long as possible without letting either the

    heel touch the ground or the other foot move away fromthe knee.

    Coach records the time you were able to maintain the

    balance.

    Repeat the test for the other leg.

    Analysis

    Analysis of the result is by comparing it with the results of previous tests. It is

    expected that, with appropriate training between each test, the analysis wouldindicate an improvement.

    Normative data for the Stork test

    The following are national norms for 16 to 19 year olds.

    Gender Excellent Above Average Average Below Average Poor

    Male >50 secs 50-41 secs 40-31 secs 30-20 secs 30 secs 30-23 secs 22-16 secs 15-10 secs

  • 7/23/2019 101EvaluationTests.Chapter.3.pdf

    20/22

    92 3 M O B I L I T Y A N D B A L A N C E

    Target group

    This test is suitable for active individuals but not for those where the test

    would be contraindicated.

    Reliability

    Reliability would depend upon how strict the test is conducted and the

    individual's level of motivation to perform the test.

    Validity

    There are published tables to relate results to potential level of fitness and the

    correlation is high.

    On-line calculator

    Select the following link to access the on-line calculator

    standing stork test.htm

    http://www.pponline.co.uk/101Evaluations/standing%20stork%20test.htmhttp://www.pponline.co.uk/101Evaluations/standing%20stork%20test.htm
  • 7/23/2019 101EvaluationTests.Chapter.3.pdf

    21/22

    3 M O B I L I T Y A N D B A L A N C E 93

    3.11 Standing Stork Test Blind

    The objective of this test is to monitor the development of the athlete's

    ability to maintain a state of equilibrium (balance) in a static position.

    Required resources

    To undertake this test you will require:

    Warm dry location gym

    Stop watch

    Assistant.

    How to conduct the test

    Stand comfortable on both feet

    Hands on your hip

    Stand on your preferred leg with the foot flat on the

    ground, lift the other leg and place the toes of that foot

    against the knee of the preferred leg.

    On command from the assistant, close your eyes

    Assistant starts the stop watch

    Balance for as long as possible

    The watch is stopped when you open your eyes or moveyour hands or take your foot off your knee or move your standing foot

    Assistant records the time you were able to maintain the balance

    Repeat the test three times.

    Analysis

    Analysis of the result is by comparing it with the results of previous tests. It is

    expected that, with appropriate training between each test, the analysis would

    indicate an improvement.

    Normative data for the stork test blind

    Table reference: Arnot R and Gaines C, Sports Talent, 1984

    Best Time Male FemaleSeconds Points Points

    30 8 17

    25 6 14

    20 4 11

    15 3 8

    10 2 45 1 2

    Best Time Male FemaleSeconds Points Points

    60 20

    55 18

    50 16

    45 14

    40 1235 10 20

  • 7/23/2019 101EvaluationTests.Chapter.3.pdf

    22/22

    94 3 M O B I L I T Y A N D B A L A N C E

    Target group

    This test is suitable for active individuals but not for those where the test

    would be contraindicated.

    Reliability

    Reliability would depend upon how strict the test is conducted and the

    individual's level of motivation to perform the test.

    Validity

    There are published tables to relate results to potential level of fitness and the

    correlation is high.

    On-line calculator

    Select the following link to access the on-line calculator

    standing stork test blind.htm

    http://www.pponline.co.uk/101Evaluations/standing%20stork%20test%20blind.htmhttp://www.pponline.co.uk/101Evaluations/standing%20stork%20test%20blind.htm