mander was Kossak. In mid-March of 1916, Lt. Col. Antin Varyvoda be- came overall commander°

Brusilov’s offensive occurred in June, 1916. Parts of the XXVth Corps were taken to the active front, leaving the southern front defen- ded by the U.S.S. During this summer there was no special activity ~m- til August, when an offensive pushed back the line to Halych.

Then, the Roumanians declared war and parts of Hoffman’s Corps moved to the Roumanian front. In order to shorten the front lines, the U.S.S. moved back from the Strypa R. to the Zolota-Lypa R. on ll Aug., the Regiment U.S.S. came to Potutor near Berezany. The next day a heavy Russian attack met with early success. The Ukrainians finally stopped the enemy after fierce hand-to-hand combat on the Lysonian Hill on 2 Sept. 1916, after both sides suffered heavy losses. Most of them taken prisoner and killed were from the 1st btn. The 2nd btn. and Hun- garians had come to their aid and they finally pushed back the Russians with German and Bavarian reinforcements° These were the most bloody engagements in the history of the U.S.S.

Until 16 Sept. the front was quiet until the Russians renewed their attacks against the Anatolian Division of the Turkish Army. The Ukrain- ians again took part and by the end of September there was another of- fensive. The Potutor garrison was either captured or killed, being mostly Ukrainians. 0nly 150 men survived, only ~10~ of the original number.

OPPOSITE PAGE - BADGES and DEVICES ASSOCIATED WITH THE U.SoS.

i) A zinc pinbaek. Has St. Michael with sword and shield of Galicia. Designed by Capt. Julian Butzmaniuk, a painter and field photogra-

pher. It was adapted from a painting in the messhall in Svystilnyki at the front in 1916. It was made in Vienna under the auspices of the Ukrainian Military Administration of the U.S.S. and distributed to the 1st Ukrainian Regiment in the Austrian Army. It was worn either on the left side of the cap or as a breast badge. It has the dates, "1914- 1916" (for years of service) and "Ukrainian Legion" in slightly abbre- viated German, and "Ukrainian Sich Riflemen" in abbreviated Ukrainian~ At the very top is a stylized old Slavonic abbreviation "Y C C". Note also its similarity to the seal of the Legion.

2) Shield-shaped badge with lacquered golden lion on blue field (Gali- cia). Worn by the volunteers to the U.S.S. from the Tarnopil area

of Galicia.

3) Breast badge pinback & shield-shaped in bronze-gilt and red enamel. St. Michael, with trident above, is shown as patron of Kiev (Eastern

Ukraine). The Galieian small shield is in blue enamel. Made in 1918 in Kiev during the Hetmanate, for the "lst Battalion of Sich Riflemen".

4) Small bronze-gilt unofficial shield on small chain. This was more an item of personal patriotic jewelry for members of the U.S.S. On

the obverse it says, "Ukraine / 1917" and on the reverse: Ukrainians must unite as Ukrainians to defend the rights of the Ukrainian People in the year of the freedom of the Ukraine 1917". This was taken from a statement of Mychaljo Hrushevsky (President, U.N.R.).

5 & 6) Similar to #4, but pinback in various finishes and style dates, 1917 and 1918.

7 & 8) Also similar to #4-6 and made in Vienna for the Ukrainian Mili- tary Administration. Worn on front breast or side of cap. In-

scription reads: "God Bless the Young Country" with "Ukraine" at the top. #8 is lacquered left side blue and right side yellow.

9) A circular disc pinback with "Y.C.C. / 1914". The officers wore them enameled gold and blue, while the enlisted men wore them in

plain metal or celluloid. They were worn on the cap or breast and were issued by the U.B.U. (Ukrainska Boiova Uprava) or Ukrainian Mili- tary Administration of the U.S.S. They were made in 1914/15 in Vienna.

10) A pinback disc either in gilt or silvered metal. Actually origina- ted before the war in 1914 with the U.S.S. and was worn on the front

of the cap. It was made in Vienna in 1914 and has the Galieian Lion with "YoC.C." & "1914" in small letters.

10

Once again there was a reorganization with many new volunteers re- cently trained and equipped by the Germans. Co~mnanders of the trainees were 0taman Myron Tarnawskyj, Lt. Col. Franz Kikal and H. 0taman Kossak. A division of the U.S.S. was stationed in a Kish (Reserve and trainee camp) as trainees, where the active battalions remained to the end of the reorganization. All recoverees first rejoined at the Kish, and then were assigned to schools for 6 - 8 weeks of training in order to present proper training (by Germans) to all of the troops.

It was in training that the Knights of the Order of the Iron Spur was created. Grand Commander was Ivan Ciapka-Skoropad. This was con- sidered a good natured social group with no known (to us) badges or insignia. By this time there were 15,000 who had passed through the training program. During their stay on the Strypa, the U.S.So finally received officially approved uniforms and insignia. Up to then, the special uniforms they wore were unofficial.

The training carried through March 1917, with most of the Legion participating in some phase of this training. However, due to the heavy fighting by the 7th Austrian Army in the Carpathians, one company was sent to their aid in 0ct. 1916. This was the Hucul (Huculska Sot- nia) Company, formed from the old experienced Carpathian veterans. After having been sent to the area of the Kirlibaba Mtn. on the Buko- vina border, they participated in the efforts to prevent the joining of the Russian and Roumanian troops.

OPPOSITE PAGE - BADGES and DEVICES ASSOCIATED WITH THE U.S.S.

11,12 & 13) Circular pinback discs in gilt & enamel (gold and blue), bronze and zinc. Made in Vienna by Reinemer & Spiegel

(Wien VII), they were worn on the front of the cap by N.C.0.’s in met- al, and officers in enamel. The obverse has the "Y.C.C. 1914" while the reverse has "Ukrainian Sieh Riflemen / 191~-1917" and the maker’s mark.

14) Circular celluloid badge on stickpin. Issued 1914-15 from Vienna with the letters in red on a blue and yellow background. This was

a patriotic device used particularly after the battle of Makivka.

15) Gilt and enamel pinback disc° A white field is surrounded by a black circlet with the inscription: "Don’t Weep, But Conquer 1914

1915". The center shields are blue and red respectively, but there is a variety with these colors reversed. The shields are those of Galicia and Kiev.

16) As ~15, but dated "1914 1918". These designs were by Professor Ivan Bobersky, a member of the Central Committee of the U.S.S. in

Vienna, which issued this badge from Vienna. It was usually worn on the cap and its purpose was to counter the idea of the annexation of Galicia to Poland. This one has "D.U.Y.Y.C.C." (Centra! Committee U.S.S.) on the reverse.

17) A celluloid badge on stickpin with the golden Galician lion shield on a blue background. Be!ow is "3oY.P." for "Z.U.R." (Zahalna

~rainska Rada") or General Ukrainian Council° It was primarily a patriotic device issued by the Council.

18) A metal device on stickpin to be worn on the cap below the insig- nia instead of the usual button. In silvered metal it was given

to enlistees, men and NoC.0~’s of one year service. In gilt it was given to gymnassium graduates. It was issued in 1914 from Vienna by the military bureau and was made also by Reinemer & Spiegel.

19) Cellu!oid badge on stickpin. Reproduces the official U.S.S. seal in natural colors. "For Freedom of Ukraine" around and "Y.C.C."

below and "1914" above.

20) Reproduction of a printed copy of this UoSoS. seal in natural col- ors. The Galician lion is in gold on a blue field. St. Michael

is in natural colors on a red field. Legend is in gold upon a blue band and lower field.

21) Cellu!oid pinbaek for the 40~ anniversary of the foundation of the U.S.S. In gold, blue and red on a white field.

22) Celluloid pinback for the 50th anniversary of the U.S.S. In red on white. I 2