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Maendeleo ya Mjini na Shambani: Development Challenges of Urban and Rural Africa

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Relationships between Urban and rural African realms Rural to Urban connections within the family

Rural homes Urban homes support rural homes with income and access to

medicine and other social services Rural Homes integral to urban food security and acculturation

of children Rural/Urban Development relationship

HTAs Labor migration remittance strategies

Rural Strategies in modern cities Urban Agriculture Swaziland’s cities empty on weekends

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Origins of Africa’s cities Indigenous Origins

Palace towns of west Africa (Timbuktu, Great Zimbabwe)

Trade Towns ie Swahili City States (Mombassa) Islamic influenced “quartered” cities (P243)

Colonial Cities Sometimes built on Indigenous city with city left intact

Kano, Nigeria and Mombasa, Kenya Others rebuilt with European style (French) Cities built from Scratch in British/Boer settler

colonies, (Nairobi, and “Outcast Capetown”, J.Westren 1981)

Post-colonial Origin: Abuja, Nigeria

Origins of Africa’s Cities

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Rapid urban growth in post-colonial period

Restrictions on movement to the colonial and Apartheid city Kipande (labor registration system in east Africa)

and pass laws in Apartheid S.A. and southern Africa Enforced segregation along ethnic African, Asian

and European lines By 1960 only 1 city of < 1million

Johannesburg Today 30 cities <1M Today Africa is fastest urbanizing region in world

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Africa’s rapid urban growth

Although it has the world’s fastest urban growth rates, the majority of Africans remain rural

At independence only Lagos, Ibadan, Kinshasa, and Dakar had more than 300,000 Now 30 “million plus” cities South of Sahara

Despite growth rates Africa’s cities are not among the world’s largest

Africa has the least number of urban dwellers globally http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/world/06/urbani

sation/html/urbanisation.stm

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Characteristics of urban Africa Primate cities-Dominant population, and

political and economic power Nairobi Kampala Khartoum Kinshasa

Presence of Shock cities Lagos

Sometimes Cities grow in population rather than development with push factors greater than pull factors

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Economic vitality of urban Africa varies

Stagnating Cities Freetown, Mogadishu, Luanda

Declined yet making comeback Kampala, Accra

Biashara Beehives Nairobi, Abidjan, Lagos, and Douala

Disparities exist within Africa’s cities Muthiaga and Mathare

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Structure of African urban economies

Primary industries (extraction) Secondary Production (Processing) Tertiary Activities (services and sales) Quaternary activities (Govt and admin

services) The “fifth sector”: Jua Kali Sector

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The “fifth sector”: Jua Kali Sector Up to 90% in Jua Kali Sector Often overlooked by social scientists in

development studies Small scale yet labor intensive

manufacturing Petty trading Kumi Kumi brewing Matatus, Daladalas, Mammy Wagons Day laborers in construction House girls Prostitution Mitumba (Second Hand clothes selling)

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Expansion of both Jua Kali and “job seeker” sector

Informal economy grows after being “SAP”ed by IMF/WB

Problems of informal economy No social benefits No tax collected Links to organized crime Expansion of poverty Health issues Urban planning issues Threat to formal small businesses

Hawker evictions

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Access to Services

If you are poor you actually pay more

Water Richer get relatively affordable

piped water Poor walk to public pump with a

Jeri Can and still pay more Poor women responsible for

getting water

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Access to Services

Cooking and household energy needs Rich have electricity or piped gas Poor have to use expensive charcoal and pay

to have batteries charged Garbage and waste removal services

Rich often given municipal waste removal with flush toilets

Urban poor improvise yet still pay fines and fees

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Access to Services Opportunity more expensive for poor Security

Rich pay dearly for security Poor at constant risk

Health Rich often have connections and access to health

schemes Poor pay out of pocket

Are mobile phones becoming an equalizing technology?

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Housing Urban Africa’s Dual Face Elite Housing

Colonial then governing elite with some privately made wealth

Middle Class Housing Some still govt provided Public housing schemes “SAP”ed away

Low Income housing Barracks housing for workers Family slums (Kiberia, Mathare)

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Squatting, renting or owning Poor squat or rent or both at the

same time in the slums Rich tend to own, but often rent in

the city Most purchase in cash although

housing finance schemes becoming more common especially for rich

Poor don’t benefit from past housing subsidies

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Africa’s Dual face

Rural vs. Urban Rich vs. Poor Western vs. Indigenous

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An urban bias to development?

Education pushes people toward “white collar” non-Agrarian life

Best services e.g. health care in cities Govt, Supranational orgs, and NGOs

base themselves in primate cities Access to electricity, internet, and other

modern amenities Brody’s Swaziland exception

Rural Development

Rural life serves not only for food production but as a way of life and acculturation

Indigenous Food Production Development and Agriculture Food Security/insecurity in both

urban and rural settings

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Indigenous Food Production: Fishing, Hunting, and Gathering

At most basic level Fishing, Hunting and Gathering done by few societies in Africa !Kung San of Kalahari Mbuti (Pygmies)

But these practices conducted to supplement diet Fishing: Fante (Ghana) and Luo (E.A) Bush meat: Throughout W.A. and Wazungu

and others Supplemental herbs and medicine

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Indigenous Food Production: Crop Farming

Most common form of labor and food production Often gendered Remember soil types and Bionomes from physical

Geography P86 Shifting Cultivation on Forest edge Bush fallow with intercropping and today alley

cropping Permanent cultivation

Rich volcanic soil of east/central Africa Use of fertilizer

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Livestock Production Nomadic Pastorlism most common form

Somali, Masaai, Dinka, Nuer Cattle seen as consumable capital Nuer use cattle as currency lifeblood

that connects families (Hutchinson, 1996)

Mixed farming Common in most areas In true form in Amhara region of

Ethiopia

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Conflicts in Food production Pastoralist Vs. Permanent Cultivation

Darfur: “Arab” Pastoralists vs. “African” Farmers Pastoralist vs. Pastoralist

Cattle raiding among Turkana, Dinka, Nuer, Karamojong in northern Uganda, Kenya, and southern Sudan

Agriculture vs. wildlife conservation Nyandarua District, Kenya

White Settler vs. Indigenous land user Kenya, Zimbabwe, S.A., Namibia, and others04/08/23 24

Conflicts and Human Rights between indigenous food production groups

While these conflicts are not new the scale of these conflicts is at new heights. Climate change? Change in group structure due to

processes of colonialism, neo/post-colonialism

Presence of Guns and small arms from current conflicts and cold war proxy wars?

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Colonial Changes to food production

Introduction of cash crop mono-cropping that robbed nutrients from soil, although it was initially seen as positive (cotton)

Loss of Pastures for Pastoralists to ranching

Introduction of mechanized farming Loss of farm labor due to urban migration

and work on white farms to pay taxes Loss of land due to colonial practices

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Post-Colonial Ag development

Neglect of AG sector after colonialism Urban bias of services Urban food subsidies

Imports and “Rendile” situations Hidden curriculum

State Farms (Ujamaa) Land reform

Kenya (root of rift valley clashes) Zimbabwe (slow reform then today)

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World Bank’s Integrated Agricultural Development Projects IADP

Focused on innovation Hybrid seeds, “green revolution”, chemical

fertilizers Supposed to bring higher yields Also improved local services and infrastructure Built on diffusion model from “progressive”

farmer Rich benefited and bought up land of poor Brought debt because of loan finance

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Food in/security: challenges of farm and city

Abnormal food shortage (famine) Chronic under-nutrition Geographical or social problem

Hunger in the land of plenty Urban insecurity sometimes alleviated by rural

family sources of food. Food Aid displacing impact

Kenyan horticulture masked by aid

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Famine

Crop failures Drought (Zambia and Swaziland) Civil wars Border closures Famine becomes more deadly as

indigenous systems erode Ethiopia and Malawi established

grain reserves Forced to sell because of SAPs

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Chronic undernutrition

Found even in food exporters Kenya and S.A.

Affects differ by class and gender “trapped” without fertilizer and seed Crops that give poor yeilds Crops that give poor nutrition Affects both rural and urban because

of interdependence of rural and urban household

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Why food insecurity?

Population growth and environment yet Machokos example shows environment more carefully managed with more people

Failure of small farmer to adapt? Wrong policies As Ag commodities dependency increases and

no longer a crop problem but money problem

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Vicious Cycle and Food for urban and rural households

Remember the urban/rural inter-dependence on food

Urban rural exchange of services for food security

Urban rural exchange of western culture for indigenous acculturation

All these are effected by vicious cycle (AIDS, POVERTY, INSECURITY)

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New HIV infections

AIDS illness and deaths

Family impoverishment

Fam

ily stress/collap

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School drop-out

Child VulnerabilityAbuse/ exploitation

Tra

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