1 united kingdom education at a glance 2015 andreas schleicher director for education and skills...
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1
United Kingdom
Education at a Glance 2015
Andreas SchleicherDirector for Education and Skills
Release date: 24 November 2015
Early learning
Early childhood education is now nearly universal in the UK…
…but only from the age of three.
3
Some 70 % of 3-year-olds are enrolled in pre-primary education
Enrolment rates at age 3 and 4 in early childhood education (2013)
Isra
el
Fra
nce
Be
lgiu
m
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Ice
lan
d
Sp
ain
No
rwa
y
Italy
Sw
ed
en
Ge
rma
ny
De
nm
ark
Ko
rea
Est
on
ia
Slo
ven
ia
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
La
tvia
Jap
an
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Po
rtu
ga
l
Hu
ng
ary
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Fin
lan
d
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Au
stri
a
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Po
lan
d
Ire
lan
d
Ch
ile
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Me
xico
Au
stra
lia
Ind
on
esi
a
Co
lom
bia
Bra
zil
Tu
rke
y
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Sa
ud
i Ara
bia
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Enrolment rates at age 3 in early childhood educational programmes (ISC 01) Enrolment rates at age 3 in pre-primary education (ISC 02) Enrolment rates at age 4 (ISC 02 +ISC 1)
Chart C2.1.
%
Child staff ratios in pre-primary educationChart C2.2
ChileChina
Indone
siaTurk
ey
Portug
al
Netherla
nds
Switzerla
ndJa
pan
Korea
Latvia
OECD average
EU21 ave
rage
United Stat
es
Norway
Luxembo
urg
Germany
Russian F
ederation
Estonia
Sweden
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
• Below-average enrolment for 2-year-olds– UK 32% (average 39%, Denmark, Norway 90%)
• High-level of expenditure – UK 10 548$ per child (average 7 886$)– One of the most favourable child/staff ratios for pre-
primary, UK 10 (average 14)• Below-average share of public expenditure
– UK 63% (average 80%), high private contributions (e.g. nursery top-ups)
• Strong relationship between participation in pre-primary education and success at school– Particularly for students with immigrant background (but
immigrants less likely to participate in early ed.)
Some other findings
Teachers and teaching
Expenditure per primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary student increased by at least 10% in most countries between 2005 and 2012
Annual expenditure per student by educational institutions in 2012 related to change since 2005. Primary, secondary, and post-secondary non-tertiary education
Chart B1.4.P,S,PS
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0
1 000
2 000
3 000
4 000
5 000
6 000
7 000
8 000
9 000
10 000
11 000
12 000
13 000
14 000
15 000
16 000
MEX
CHLHUN
SVKEST CZE
POL
ISR
POR
KORITA
ESP
JPN FIN
FRA
AUS
UKM IRECANNLD
SWE
TUR
BEL
USA
CHE
NOR
RUS
ISL
SVN
R² = 0.345881113162724
R² = 0.298397846059289
Change in expenditure per student between 2005 and 2012 (%)
Annual expenditure per student (2012, USD)
OECD average
Primary, secondary, and post-secondary non-tertiary education
OECD average
Large primary classes combined with a high teaching load…
…leave less time for other things than teaching
9
Above-average primary class size but below-average secondary class sizes
Average class size in educational institutions, by level of education (2013)
Chart D2.1.C
hin
a
Ko
rea
Jap
an
Ind
on
esi
a
Ch
ile
Co
lom
bia
Isra
el
Tu
rke
y
Bra
zil
Me
xico
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Sp
ain
Fra
nce
Ge
rma
ny
Au
stra
lia
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Po
rtu
ga
l
Po
lan
d
Gre
ece
Italy
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Au
stri
a
Hu
ng
ary
Ice
lan
d
Slo
ven
ia
Fin
lan
d
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
Est
on
ia
La
tvia
Be
lgiu
m (
Fr.
)
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Lower secondary education Primary education
Public-school teachers teach between 772 hours per year at the primary level to 643 hours at the upper secondary level, on average
Number of teaching hours per year, by level of education (2013). Net statutory contact time in public institutionsC
olo
mb
iaC
hile
La
tvia
Sco
tlan
dM
exi
coA
ust
ralia
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
dN
eth
erl
an
ds
En
gla
nd
Ca
na
da
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Ire
lan
dG
erm
an
yS
pa
inF
ran
ceO
EC
D a
vera
ge
EU
21
ave
rag
eB
elg
ium
(F
l.)S
lova
k R
ep
ub
licIta
lyP
ort
ug
al
Be
lgiu
m (
Fr.
)H
un
ga
ryC
zech
Re
pu
blic
Au
stri
aS
love
nia
Isra
el
Est
on
iaP
ola
nd
Fin
lan
dK
ore
aIc
ela
nd
No
rwa
yJa
pa
nT
urk
ey
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
er.
..G
ree
ceD
en
ma
rkU
nite
d S
tate
s
0
200
400
600
800
1 000
1 200
1 400
1 600
Upper secondary, general programmes Primary Lower secondary, general programmes
Hours per year
Chart D4.2.
Teaching time as a share of working time
Net teaching time that lower secondary teachers spend teaching as a percentage of total statutory working time (2013)
Chart D4.3.
Colo
mbia
Israel
Scotland
England
Chile
United
S
tates
Spain
Portug
al
Latvia
Neth
erlands
Germ
any
Slovak R
epublic
France
Estonia
Denm
ark
Norw
ay
Poland
Kore
a
Czech R
epublic
Icela
nd
Austria
Hungary
Japan
Turkey
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
Chart D4.3. Percentage of teachers' working time spent teaching, by level of education (2010)Net teaching time as a percentage of total statutory working time and working time required at school
In many countries, larger classes leave more time for other professional activities, not so in the UK
Relationship between average class size and time spent teaching/learning in lower secondary education (2013). The size of each bubble represents the proportion of lower secondary teachers who reported having more than 10% of students with behaviour problems in their classes
Chart Box D2.a.1
14 19 24 29 34 65
70
75
80
85
Australia
Brazil
Chile
Czech RepublicEstonia
Finland
FranceIceland
Israel
Italy Japan
Korea
Latvia
Mexico
Poland
Portugal
Russian Federation
Slovak RepublicSpain
OECD average
Average class size in lower secondary education
Pe
rce
nta
ge
of t
ime
sp
en
t te
ach
ing
an
d le
arn
ing
Starting salaries of teachers in England and Scotland are below-average…
…but when bonuses and allowances are included, teachers in both countries salaries are better than on average
14
In only two countries are teachers' salaries higher than the salaries of comparably educated workers
Teachers' salaries relative to earnings for similarly educated workers or workers with tertiary education (2013). Lower secondary teachers
teaching general programmes in public institutions
Chart D3.1.D
en
ma
rk
Fra
nce
Isra
el
Be
lgiu
m (
Fl.)
Gre
ece
Be
lgiu
m (
Fr.
)
Au
stra
lia
Sco
tlan
d
En
gla
nd
Fin
lan
d
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
No
rwa
y
Hu
ng
ary
Ch
ile
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Au
stri
a
Slo
ven
ia
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Po
lan
d
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Est
on
ia
Sw
ed
en
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Italy
0
0.5
1
Ratio
Similarly-edu-cated workers
Workers with tertiary educa-tion
New lower secondary teachers with the typical qualifications earn, on average, USD 31 013. At the top of scale and maximum qualifications they earn, on average, USD 53 786
Annual statutory salaries of lower secondary teachers in public institutions, in equivalent USD converted using PPPs at different points in their careers (2013)L
uxe
mb
ou
rg
Ge
rma
ny
De
nm
ark
Un
ited
Sta
tes
No
rwa
y
Sp
ain
Ca
na
da
Au
stra
lia
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Ire
lan
d
Fin
lan
d
Be
lgiu
m (
Fl.)
Au
stri
a
Be
lgiu
m (
Fr.
)
Sw
ed
en
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Po
rtu
ga
l
Fra
nce
Italy
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Ko
rea
2
En
gla
nd
Jap
an
Sco
tlan
d
Tu
rke
y
Ice
lan
d
Slo
ven
ia
Me
xico
Isra
el
Gre
ece
Ch
ile
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Co
lom
bia
Po
lan
d
Est
on
ia
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Hu
ng
ary
0
20 000
40 000
60 000
80 000
100 000
120 000
140 000
Starting salary/typical qualifications Salary after 15 years of experience/typical qualifications
Salary at top of scale/maximum qualifications
Equivalent USD converted using PPPs
Chart D3.2.
Between 2005 and 2013, teachers’ salaries increased in some and decreased in other countries
Index of change between 2000 and 2013 (2005 = 100, constant prices), for teachers with 15 years of experience and typical qualificationsE
sto
nia
Po
lan
d
Isra
el
No
rwa
y
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Tu
rke
y
Au
stra
lia
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Me
xico
Ire
lan
d
Ge
rma
ny
Sw
ed
en
1
Be
lgiu
m (
Fr.
)
Be
lgiu
m (
Fl.)
De
nm
ark
Fin
lan
d
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Au
stri
a
Slo
ven
ia
Ko
rea
Fra
nce
Italy
Jap
an
Sp
ain
Sco
tlan
d
Ice
lan
d
En
gla
nd
Po
rtu
ga
l
Gre
ece
Hu
ng
ary
La
tvia
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
Index of change2005 = 100
Chart D3.3.
Between 2000 and 2013, teachers’ salaries increased overall in real terms in most countries with available data
Index of change between 2000 and 2013 (2005 = 100, constant prices), for teachers with 15 years of experience and typical qualificationsE
sto
nia
Po
lan
d
Isra
el
No
rwa
y
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Tu
rke
y
Au
stra
lia
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Me
xico
Ire
lan
d
Ge
rma
ny
Sw
ed
en
1
Be
lgiu
m (
Fr.
)
Be
lgiu
m (
Fl.)
De
nm
ark
Fin
lan
d
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Au
stri
a
Slo
ven
ia
Ko
rea
Fra
nce
Italy
Jap
an
Sp
ain
Sco
tlan
d
Ice
lan
d
En
gla
nd
Po
rtu
ga
l
Gre
ece
Hu
ng
ary
La
tvia
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
2013 2000
Index of change2005 = 100
Chart D3.3.
• Flexible salary scales • A young teaching force
– Share of primary teachers under 40 highest among OECD countries
– Teaching force has become younger• A female-dominated profession
Some other findings
Technology used frequently
…but relationship with learning outcomes mixed
20
Teachers’ skills and readiness to use information and communication technologies (ICT) for problem solving (2012) Chart D5.4
Kore
a
Engla
nd/N
. Ir
ela
nd (
UK)
Cze
ch R
epublic
Sw
eden
Neth
erl
ands
Japan
Canada
Norw
ay
United S
tate
s
Germ
any
Ave
rage
Flanders
(B
elg
ium
)
Denm
ark
Aust
ria
Slo
vak
Republic
Irela
nd
Russ
ian F
edera
tion*
Est
onia
Pola
nd
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Group 4 (Good ICT and problem-solv-ing skills)
Group 3 (Moderate ICT and problem-solving skills)
Group 2 (Failed ICT core stage 1 or minimal problem-solving skills)
Group 1 (Opted out of the computer-based assessment)
Group 0 (No computer experience)
%
Relationship between teachers’ use of ICT skills at work and proficiency in those skills (2012) Chart D5.4
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 701.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
Austria
Canada
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Germany
Ireland Japan
Korea
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Slovak Republic
AverageSweden
United States
Flanders (Belgium)
England/N. Ireland (UK)
Russian Federation*
R² = 0.395098692472512
Proportion of teachers with good ICT and problem-solving skills
Ind
ex o
f u
se
of
ICT
sk
ills
at
wo
rk
Students who use computers at school only moderately score the highest in reading
-2.0
-1.8
-1.6
-1.4
-1.2
-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
450
460
470
480
490
500
510
520
Index of ICT use at school
Score
poin
ts
Source: Figure 6.5
Relationship between students’ skills in reading and computer use at school (average across OECD countries)
OECD average
Highest score
Digital reading
Students with a value above 1 use chat or email at least once a week at school, browse the
Internet for schoolwork almost every day, and practice and drill on computers (e.g. for
foreign language or maths) at least weekly
Most students with a value above 0 use email at school at least once a month, browse the Internet for schoolwork at least once a week, and practice and
drill on computers (e.g. for foreign language or maths) at
least once a month
Students who do not use computers in maths lessons score highest in mathematics
450
460
470
480
490
500
510
520
Index of computer use in mathematics lessons
Sco
re p
oin
ts
Source: Figure 6.7
Relationship between students’ skills in reading and computer use at school (average across OECD countries)
Computer-based mathematics
Highest score
OECD average
Almost one in five teachers in OECD countries feels a need for further training in how to use ICT in the classroom
Percentage of lower secondary education teachers who report having a high level of need for professional development to improve their ICT skills for teaching
Chart D8.4M
ala
ysia
Italy
Ge
org
ia
Ice
lan
d
Bra
zil
Jap
an
Sw
ed
en
Fra
nce
Ko
rea
Isra
el
Est
on
ia
Me
xico
Bu
lga
ria
Cro
atia
Se
rbia
La
tvia
De
nm
ark
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Ro
ma
nia
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
No
rwa
y
Fin
lan
d
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
Ne
w-Z
ea
lan
d
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Sp
ain
Au
stra
lia
Ch
ile
Cyp
rus
Sin
ga
po
re
Po
lan
d
Be
lgiu
m (
Fla
nd
ers
)
Ab
u D
ha
bi (
UA
E)
Po
rtu
ga
l
Un
ited
Sta
tes
En
gla
nd 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50%
• Educational participation among 15-19-year-olds remains low
• NEET rate among 15-year-olds is declining but remains high– Proportion of 15-19 year olds NEET in the UK was
8.4 per cent in Q1 2014 - down from 10.0 per cent in Q1 2010, but still above the OECD average of 7.3 per cent (in 2014)
• Vocational upper secondary qualifications still less common
Some other findings on youth
Tertiary edu-cation
The rise in tuition did not stop growth in participation
28
More people have benefited from education than ever before
Percentage of younger and older tertiary-educated adults (2014)
So
uth
Afr
ica
In
do
ne
sia
B
razi
l C
hin
a
Co
sta
Ric
aIta
ly
Me
xico
T
urk
ey
Sa
ud
i Ara
bia
C
hile
C
olo
mb
ia
Ge
rma
ny
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
C
zech
Re
pu
blic
P
ort
ug
al
Hu
ng
ary
S
love
nia
A
ust
ria
G
ree
ce
EU
21
ave
rag
eL
atv
ia
Fin
lan
d
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Est
on
ia
Ice
lan
d
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Sp
ain
D
en
ma
rk
Po
lan
d
Fra
nce
B
elg
ium
N
eth
erl
an
ds
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Sw
ed
en
S
witz
erl
an
d
Isra
el
Au
stra
lia
No
rwa
y U
nite
d K
ing
do
m
Ire
lan
d
Lith
ua
nia
L
uxe
mb
ou
rg
Ca
na
da
R
uss
ian
Fe
de
ratio
n
Ko
rea
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Proportion of the 25-34 year-old population with tertiary education Proportion of the 55-64 year-old population with tertiary education %
Chart A1.2.
Some 50% of today's young people are expected to graduate from tertiary education at least once during their lifetime
First-time tertiary graduation rates (2013)
Au
stra
lia
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Jap
an
De
nm
ark
Slo
ven
ia
La
tvia
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Au
stri
a
Sp
ain
Ch
ile
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Fin
lan
d
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Tu
rke
y1
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
EU
21
ave
rag
e
No
rwa
y
Po
rtu
ga
l
Sw
ed
en
Ge
rma
ny
Italy
Lu
xem
bo
urg
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
First-time tertiary graduation rates%
Chart A3.1.
More than 40% of students who graduated with a doctorate earned it in either science or engineering
Percentage of students who graduate from sciences and engineering at doctoral level (2013)
Fra
nce
Ch
ile
Ca
na
da
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Isra
el
Sw
ed
en
Est
on
ia
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Co
lom
bia
Au
stri
a
Be
lgiu
m
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Italy
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Sp
ain
Ire
lan
d
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Ge
rma
ny
De
nm
ark
Po
rtu
ga
l
Sw
itze
rla
nd
No
rwa
y
Fin
lan
d
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
...
Slo
ven
ia
La
tvia
Gre
ece
Au
stra
lia
Ko
rea
Jap
an
So
uth
Afr
ica
Hu
ng
ary
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Me
xico
Tu
rke
y
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Sciences Engineering, Manufacturing & ConstructionSciences and Engineering, Manufacturing & Construction (international students)
Chart A3.4.
%
More than 30% of adults are more educated than their parents
Intergenerational mobility in education (2012)
Ko
rea
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
Po
lan
d
Fin
lan
d
Ire
lan
d
Sp
ain
En
gla
nd
/N. I
rela
nd
(U
K)
Fra
nce
Ca
na
da
Jap
an
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Ave
rag
e
Fla
nd
ers
(B
elg
ium
)
De
nm
ark
Est
on
ia
Au
stra
lia
No
rwa
y
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Italy
Sw
ed
en
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Ge
rma
ny
Au
stri
a
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
22
10
16
Downward mobility (lower educational attainment than the highest level reached by parents)
Upward mobility to upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education
Upward mobility to tertiary education%
Chart A4.1.
Annual spending per tertiary student ranges from USD 2 089 to USD 32 876
Annual expenditure per student by educational institutions for all services, by level of education (2012). Tertiary education
Chart B1.2.T
Luxembourg United StatesSwitzerland
United KingdomSweden Norway
NetherlandsFinland
GermanyJapan
AustraliaAustria
BelgiumFrance Ireland
New ZealandSpain Israel
SloveniaSouth Africa
BrazilCzech Republic
ItalyKorea Poland Iceland Portugal
Slovak RepublicHungary Estonia Mexico
ChileTurkey Latvia
Colombia IndonesiaCanada2, 3
Russian Feder...Greece
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
10 000
12 000
14 000
16 000
18 000
20 000
22 000
24 000
26 000
28 000
Expenditure per student (equivalent USD converted using PPPs)
OECD average
Expenditure per student (equivalent USD converted using PPPs)Expenditure per student (equivalent USD converted using PPPs)In equivalent USD converted using PPPs)32 876
About 30% of spending on tertiary education comes from private sources, on average
Share of private expenditure on educational institutions (2012)
Chart B3.1
Ko
rea
Jap
an
Ch
ileU
nite
d S
tate
sC
olo
mb
iaA
ust
ralia
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
dIs
rae
lP
ort
ug
al
Hu
ng
ary
Ca
na
da
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
La
tvia
Italy
Me
xico
OE
CD
ave
rag
eN
eth
erl
an
ds
Ind
on
esi
aS
pa
inS
lova
k R
ep
ub
licP
ola
nd
EU
21
ave
rag
eE
sto
nia
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
licF
ran
ceT
urk
ey
Ire
lan
dG
erm
an
yS
love
nia
Sw
ed
en
Be
lgiu
mIc
ela
nd
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Au
stri
aN
orw
ay
Fin
lan
dS
witz
erl
an
dD
en
ma
rk
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
%
Repayment of loans not included
75% or more students in Australia, New Zealand, Norway, the United Kingdom and the United States benefit from public loans or scholarships/grants
Distribution of scholarships/grants and public loans to students in Bachelor's or equivalent level (2013-14)
Chart B5.3
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Au
stra
lia
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Un
ited
Sta
tes
No
rwa
y
Tu
rke
y
Fin
lan
d
Fra
nce
Be
lgiu
m (
Fl.)
Italy
Be
lgiu
m (
Fr.
)
Au
stri
a
Sw
itze
rla
nd
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
benefit from public loans only or from public loans AND scholarships/grants benefit from public loans only
benefit from scholarships/grants only benefit from public loans AND scholarships/grants
DO NOT benefit from public loans OR scholarships/grants% of students
The returns to tertiary education remain strong
36
Adults with a tertiary degree will earn 100% more than those with only below upper secondary education
Difference in relative earnings for adults by level of education (upper secondary education=100)
Chile
Brazil
Colom
bia
Hunga
ry
Mex
ico
Turke
y
Irela
nd
Unite
d Sta
tes
Czech
Rep
ublic
Slove
nia
Slova
k Rep
ublic
Polan
d
Portu
gal
Israe
l
OECD ave
rage
Luxe
mbo
urg
EU21 a
vera
ge
Nethe
rland
s
Switzer
land
Franc
e
Austri
a
Japa
n
Spain
Unite
d Kin
gdom
Greec
e
Finla
nd
Korea Ita
ly
Canad
a
Belgi
um
New Z
eala
nd
Estoni
a
Austra
lia
Denm
ark
Norway
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Below upper secondary Tertiary
upper secondary education
Chart A6.2.a
Adults with a tertiary degree will earn 100% more than those with only below upper secondary education
Difference in relative earnings for adults by level of education (upper secondary education=100)
Chile
Brazil
Colom
bia
Hunga
ry
Mex
ico
Turke
y
Irela
nd
Unite
d Sta
tes
Czech
Rep
ublic
Slove
nia
Slova
k Rep
ublic
Polan
d
Portu
gal
Israe
l
OECD ave
rage
Luxe
mbo
urg
EU21 a
vera
ge
Nethe
rland
s
Switzer
land
Franc
e
Austri
a
Japa
n
Spain
Unite
d Kin
gdom
Greec
e
Finla
nd
Korea Ita
ly
Canad
a
Belgi
um
New Z
eala
nd
Estoni
a
Austra
lia
Denm
ark
Norway
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Below upper secondary Tertiary
upper secondary education
Chart A6.2.a
The higher the level of education, the higher the relative earnings
Relative earnings of tertiary-educated workers, by level of tertiary education (2013)
Italy
De
nm
ark
Sw
ed
en
No
rwa
y
Slo
vak
Re
pu
...
Fin
lan
d
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Fra
nce
Au
stra
lia
Cze
ch R
ep
u...
Ko
rea
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Ca
na
da
Un
ited
Kin
...
OE
CD
ave
...
Isra
el
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Po
rtu
ga
l
Au
stri
a
Hu
ng
ary
Gre
ece
Ire
lan
d
Bra
zil
Ch
ile
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
Bachelor's or equivalent Master's, doctoral or equivalentIndex450 564
Index450 564
Chart A6.1.
Adults completing tertiary education benefit from substantial returns on their investment
Private net financial returns for adults attaining tertiary education (2011)C
hile
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Po
lan
d
Hu
ng
ary
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Slo
ven
ia
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Po
rtu
ga
l
Au
stri
a
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Au
stra
lia
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Ge
rma
ny
Ca
na
da
Isra
el
Italy
Fin
lan
d
No
rwa
y
Est
on
ia
De
nm
ark
Sw
ed
en
Sp
ain
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Ko
rea
0
100 000
200 000
300 000
400 000
500 000
600 000
Men Women
Chart A7.1
Taxpayers benefit significantly too
Public net financial returns for adults attaining tertiary education (2011)U
nite
d S
tate
s
Hu
ng
ary
Slo
ven
ia
Ge
rma
ny
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Italy
Po
rtu
ga
l
Au
stri
a
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Fin
lan
d
Au
stra
lia
Ch
ile
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Po
lan
d
De
nm
ark
No
rwa
y
Isra
el
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Ca
na
da
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Sp
ain
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Est
on
ia
Sw
ed
en
Ko
rea
-50 000
0
50 000
100 000
150 000
200 000
250 000
300 000
Men Women
Chart A7.3
The higher the level of skills, the more likely the participation in employer-sponsored education
Participation in employer-sponsored formal and/or non-formal education, by skills and readiness to use information and communication technologies for problem solving (2012)
De
nm
ark
No
rwa
y
Fin
lan
d
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Sw
ed
en
Au
stra
lia
En
gla
nd
/N. I
rela
nd
(U
K)
Ca
na
da
Est
on
ia
Ave
rag
e
Ire
lan
d
Ge
rma
ny
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Fla
nd
ers
(B
elg
ium
)
Ko
rea
Au
stri
a
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Jap
an
Po
lan
d
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Group 4 (Good ICT and problem-solving skills)
Group 3 (Moderate ICT and problem-solving skills)
Group 2 (Failed ICT core test or minimal problem-solving skills)
Group 0 (No computer experience)
%
Chart C6.1.
Internationalisation continues
43
OECD countries attract 73% of all foreign and international students
Distribution of foreign and international students in tertiary education, by country of destination (2013)
Russian Federation 3%
Canada 3%
China 2%
Italy 2%
Saudi Arabia 2%
Korea 1%
Turkey 1%
Chart C4.3.
International student enrolments vary greatly across countries
International or foreign student enrolments as a percentage of total tertiary education
Luxe
mbo
urg
Austra
lia
Unite
d Kin
gdom
Switzer
land
Austri
a
New Z
eala
nd
Nethe
rland
s
Denm
ark
Belgi
um
Franc
e
Canad
a
Finla
nd
Germ
any
Icela
nd
Irela
nd
Sweden
Hunga
ry
Slova
k Rep
ublic
Portu
gal
Unite
d Sta
tes
Latvi
a
Norway
Japa
n
Estoni
a
Spain
Slove
nia
Polan
dChi
le
Mex
ico 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Total tertiary education OECD Average
OECD Average
Chart C4.1.
%
Students from Asia form the largest group of international students
Distribution of foreign and international students in tertiary education, by region of origin (2013)
Asia53%
Europe25%
Africa8%
Latin America and the Caribbean
5%
North America3%
Oceania1%
Not specified5%
Chart C4.4.
The proportion of international students is different at different levels of tertiary education
International or foreign student enrolments as a percentage of total tertiary education
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Fra
nce
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Be
lgiu
m
Au
stra
lia
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Sw
ed
en
De
nm
ark
Au
stri
a
Ca
na
da
¹
Ire
lan
d
No
rwa
y
Ice
lan
d
Jap
an
Fin
lan
d
Sp
ain
Po
rtu
ga
l
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Slo
ven
ia
Hu
ng
ary
Est
on
ia
Ge
rma
ny
La
tvia
Ch
ile
Me
xico
Po
lan
d
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Doctoral or equivalent Master’s or equivalent Bachelor’s or equivalent
84% Doctoral67% Masters
52% Doctoral
Chart C4.2.
%
• A quarter of young adults in the UK are first-generation graduates
• Being a first-generation graduate is associated with lower wages– Compared with a graduate whose parents also
have a university degree
Some other findings
Gender dif-ferences
Women are more likely than men to have attained tertiary education
Percentage of 25-34 year-olds who have attained tertiary education, by gender (2014)
Ko
rea
Ca
na
da
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
...N
orw
ay
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Ire
lan
dIs
rae
lA
ust
ralia
Sw
ed
en
Po
lan
dL
atv
iaU
nite
d K
ing
do
mB
elg
ium
Un
ited
Sta
tes
De
nm
ark
Est
on
iaS
love
nia
Ne
the
rla
nd
sF
ran
ceF
inla
nd
Sp
ain
Ice
lan
dO
EC
D a
vera
ge
EU
21
ave
rag
eS
witz
erl
an
dN
ew
Ze
ala
nd
Gre
ece
Au
stri
aP
ort
ug
al
Hu
ng
ary
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
licS
au
di A
rab
iaJa
pa
nC
olo
mb
iaIta
lyG
erm
an
yC
hile
Me
xico
Tu
rke
yC
ost
a R
ica
Bra
zil
Ind
on
esi
aS
ou
th A
fric
a
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Men Women%
Chart A10.1
There is a large difference between the shares of women with bachelor's and doctoral degrees
Percentage of female graduates in tertiary levels of education (2013)
Sw
ed
en
La
tvia
No
rwa
y
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Slo
ven
ia
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Hu
ng
ary
So
uth
Afr
ica
Po
rtu
ga
l
Sa
ud
i Ara
bia
De
nm
ark
Ca
na
da
Be
lgiu
m
Au
stri
a
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Fin
lan
d
Italy
Isra
el
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
Au
stra
lia
Sp
ain
Co
lom
bia
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Ch
ile
Me
xico
Ind
on
esi
a
Ch
ina
Ge
rma
ny
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Tu
rke
y
Jap
an
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Bachelor’s or equivalent Doctorate or equivalent
%
Chart A3.3.
The public benefit for a man attaining tertiary education is higher than that for a woman
Public net financial returns for adults attaining tertiary education (2011)U
nite
d S
tate
s
Hu
ng
ary
Slo
ven
ia
Ge
rma
ny
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Italy
Po
rtu
ga
l
Au
stri
a
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Fin
lan
d
Au
stra
lia
Ch
ile
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Po
lan
d
De
nm
ark
No
rwa
y
Isra
el
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Ca
na
da
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Sp
ain
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Est
on
ia
Sw
ed
en
Ko
rea
-50 000
0
50 000
100 000
150 000
200 000
250 000
300 000
Men Women
Chart A7.3
Boys tend to perform worse in school than girls
Gender differences in the percentage of 15 year-olds students who are low achievers in all subjects (e.g. mathematics, reading, science) (PISA 2012)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Girls Boys%
Chart A10.2
The highest proportion of female teachers are concentrated in the earlier years of schooling and shrink at each successive level of education
Percentage of women among teaching staff in public and private institutions, by level of education (2013)
Chart D5.3L
atv
ia
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
Est
on
ia
Ice
lan
d
Isra
el
Slo
ven
ia
Italy
Hu
ng
ary
Sw
ed
en
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
No
rwa
y
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Po
lan
d
Fin
lan
d
Au
stri
a
Po
rtu
ga
l
De
nm
ark
Bra
zil
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Ko
rea
Ch
ile
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Gre
ece
Ge
rma
ny
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Fra
nce
Be
lgiu
m
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Sp
ain
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Co
lom
bia
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Ind
on
esi
a
Me
xico
Tu
rke
y
Ch
ina
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Jap
an
Ca
na
da
Ire
lan
d
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Lower secondary education Pre-primary education Primary education Upper secondary education All Tertiary education%
Education at a Glance 2015http://www.oecd.org/education/education-at-a-glance-19991487.htm
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