1. TITLE

North Eastern Climate Change Adaptation Programme (NECCAP)

2. NAME OF THE PARTICIPANT, HIS AFFILIATION/ADDRESS

Umakant

Director

Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region

Vigyan Bhawan Annexe, Maulana Azad Road

New Delhi-110002

3. ABSTARCT

The problem of Climate Change has now unequivocally been accepted by the global

community; India cannot afford to be an exception as Green House Gases don’t recognise

political boundaries. India’s North Eastern Region (NER) is a compact land mass which

contributes substantially in terms of forest resources to the national average of forest cover of

23.9%. NER constitutes one of the twelve bio-diversity hotspots having more than one-third

of country's bio-diversity. Significance of NER is even strategic for the country and

therefore, stability of the area from socio-politico and economic angles becomes all the more

important. Geological instability of NER is significantly influenced by the young Himalayan

stretch which forms source of various rivers and rivulets.

North Eastern Region is critical from climate change perspective as more than two-third of

population in the target States (Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Sikkim) is

basically rural and depend on climate-sensitive natural resources such as agriculture, forest

biodiversity and water availability. While Mitigation strategies have not yet taken off in

NER, adaptation measures have been initiated under the aegis of Indo-German cooperation in

association with German International Cooperation (GIZ).

In order to adapt better to likely adverse consequences of climate change, this programme

envisages reducing vulnerability of local populace to climate change in a target-oriented

manner by implementing adaptation strategies. This will help agro-forestry based livelihood

systems to become sustainable and climate-friendly.

NECCAP qualifies to contribute significantly to various missions of National Action Plan on

Climate Change; viz. Green India Mission, Mission on Himalayan Eco-Systems, National

Mission on Strategic Knowledge on Climate Change, Mission on Sustainable Agriculture and

National Water Mission.

4. KEY WORDS

North Eastern Climate Change Adaptation Programme (NECCAP), Climate Change, North

Eastern Region, mitigation, adaptation, National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC),

State Action Plan on Climate Change (SAPCC), Green India Mission, Programme

Implementation Consultant (PIC).

5. INTRODUCTION

India has been one of the major developing countries who advocate for preparedness

for likely adverse impacts of climate change. North Eastern Region (NER) of the country, by

virtue of having more than 60% of its geographical landscape under forest and tree cover,

acts as a major contributor to the overall forest and tree cover of India, which is around

23.9%. NER constitutes one of the twelve bio-diversity hotspots having more than one-third

of country's bio-diversity. While mitigation strategies of climate change goals in the country

are under way, adaptation has to go hand-in-hand. Adaptation for North Eastern Region – a

compact landscape - is crucial as more than two-third of population in the target States

(Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Sikkim) is basically rural and depend on

climate sensitive natural resources such as agriculture, forest biodiversity and water

availability.

Significance of NER is strategic and therefore, stability of the area from socio-politico

and economic perspectives becomes all the more important. Geological instability of NER is

significantly influenced by the young Himalayan stretch which forms source of various rivers

and rivulets. NER is highly vulnerable to changing trends of climate –

(i) Agriculture production is highly impacted negatively due to high incidence of shifting

cultivation, paucity of land actually available for cultivation, pre-dominance of small

and marginal farmers and small holdings; lack of adoption of improved agricultural

technologies and use of high yielding varieties, chemical fertilizers, modern

implements etc.

(ii) North East Region is one of country’s richest regions in terms of natural resources yet

trailing behind rest of the country in terms of per capita income and on Human

Development Indices. Some of the indicators include:

o Low per capita Net State Domestic Product (NSDP) of North Eastern states,

o Poor geographical connectivity with mainland

(iii) High prevalence of natural disasters (floods, cyclones and droughts etc.)

o Weak institutional structures for managing natural resources.

o The region is characterized by extensive flood plains posing threats to

agricultural crops.

o Deficit and irregular rainfall resulting into situation of droughts whereas

erratic rainfall creates situation of floods, especially in Assam.

(iv) Changes in trends of meteorological parameters likely to impact forests and

livelihoods of dependent communities (workers in forest-based industries).

Hence, in order to adapt better to likely adverse consequences of climate change, this

programme will help reducing vulnerability of local populace to climate change in a target-

oriented manner by implementing adaptation strategies which will help agro-forestry based

livelihood systems to become sustainable and climate-friendly.

World Bank, Department for International Development (DFID) and Swiss Development

Cooperation – implementing /preparing Climate Change Adaptation Programme in India –

are focussing on drought-prone areas of Central and South India. NECCAP in NER, under

the aegis of Indo-German Agreement, aims at supporting Government of India to establish

instruments to deal with current and future impacts of climate change by designing and

implementing adequate climate change adaptation measures.

NECCAP is envisaged to contribute significantly to various missions of National

Action Plan on Climate Change; viz. Green India Mission, Mission on Himalayan Eco-

Systems, National Mission on Strategic Knowledge on Climate Change, Mission on

Sustainable Agriculture and National Water Mission.

Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region (M/o DoNER) will be the sponsoring

Ministry for KfW assisted NECCAP. KfW (Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau),

Entwicklungsbank shall work on behalf of German Federal Ministry for Economic

Cooperation and Development (BMZ).

6. MATERIAL AND METHODS

6.1 General objective and specific objectives of the programme are as under:

The general objective of North East Climate Change Adaptation Programme (NECCAP) is

“To strengthen adaptive capacities of target groups, therewith reducing their vulnerability to

Climate Change in a target-oriented manner”.

The specific objectives of NECCAP are to:

a. Improve stock of natural resources in supported states or regions.

b. Increased productivity in agricultural sector of selected varieties/crops and income of

target group especially women in provinces/districts supported by GDC.

c. Increase in NRM investments of Indian private sector (households, enterprises,

business associations, producer associations, NGOs) based on loans instead of public

demands.

As part of Indo-German Programme, NECCAP happens to be one of the first of its kind

investment programmes of German Government (KfW) for adaptation to climate change in

north-eastern India. The programme, being participated by states of Assam, Meghalaya,

Mizoram, Nagaland and Sikkim will strengthen rural vulnerable target groups, comprising

over 80% of population, in adapting better to likely consequences of climate change. The

objective will be achieved by supporting their livelihood system and agriculture in a

sustainable and climate-friendly manner, therewith reducing their vulnerability to climate

change.

6.2 Project financing:

6.2.1 Total cost of the project over the proposed duration:

Total cost of the project is Rs. 648.05 crore (€ 99.7 million) (over the proposed duration of

seven years comprising funds from German Development Bank, Ministry of DoNER,

participating States and beneficiaries at District and Village levels (in kinds). Details of

contributions are as under:

S.No. Contributions Amount

(In '000 Euro)

Amount

(In Rupees lakh)

Percentage

1. German FC (Loan-

Reduced Interest

Loan)

70,000 45,500 70%

2. German FC (Loan

– IDA)

5,000 3,250 5%

3. German FC (Grant

– Consulting)

3,700 2,405 4%

4. DoNER 9,970 6,481 10%

5. States 6,030 3,919 6%

6. Beneficial

Contributions

5,000 3,250 5%

Total Programme

Costs

99,700 64,805 100

Out of the total project cost of EUR 99.7 million (Rs. 648.05 crore), KfW Entwicklungsbank

on behalf of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development

(BMZ), will make available a co-financing of up to EUR 78.7 million (Rs. 511.55 crore).

This includes loan amount up to EUR 75 million:

70 million EUR reduced interest loan: duration: 12 years, grace period: 3 years;

5 million EUR IDA loan: duration: 40 years, grace period: 10 years; standard IDA

terms apply.

The agreement on financing contribution of EUR 1 million grants for Accompanying Measures,

with consent of DEA, has already been signed on 31st May 2012 which is meant for advanced

preparatory activities for NECCAP.

The state level total costs and financing has been kept flexible. The financial volume of total

project proposals submitted by 5 states exceeds considerably total funds available under the

Programme. The initial amount reserved from KfW for all participating states will be 30 million

EUR (10 for Assam, 5 each for Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim and Mizoram). Actual allocation

will depend on successfully prepared and sanctioned sub-proposals and on the implementation

performance in the respective state. The initial allocation shall be reviewed and adjusted

periodically depending upon the implementation performance of participating states.

6.3 Proposed duration of the project

7 (Seven) Years [From 2014-15 to 2020-21]

6.4 Specific measurable and monitor-able targets (against the baseline data) proposed

to be achieved by the project/ scheme:

NECCAP will be implemented in 478 selected villages in 17 Districts of 5 NE States which

will benefit around 5,60,171 people as per 2001 census. As the project targets climate change

impacts vulnerable sectors; namely, water, agriculture, forestry, livelihood, etc., the baselines

are established for impacted sectors based on reports of Initial National Communication

(INC) to the UNFCCC.

Some of the indicators of target sectors for the project are:

● aggregated indicators for the adaptive capacity of target groups:

1. income of target groups shall increase;

2. percentage of population below poverty line in programme villages shall

decrease;

3. sources of income for vulnerable communities/households shall diversify.

● specific sectoral indicators, depending on sectors of specific CCA subproject

proposal;

4. increase of agricultural productivity,

5. increase of water availability,

6. improved forest/vegetation cover,

7. reduced damage due to floods (damage costs, reduced flooded agricultural

area)

However, the baseline would be validated at the time of actual implementation of project.

The project will be evaluated periodically based on targets fixed in the Project Design Report.

Progress of the project will be measured / verified with reference to Baseline Survey Data

which will be collected at the beginning of the project. Apart from routine monitoring, there

will be mid-term Survey and end-line Survey which will be carried out by the 'third party'.

The key indicators and means of verification shall be also finalised beforehand.

6.5 Brief explanation of the project Design along with all components of the project is

as under:

The Programme will focus on climate resilient sustainable management of natural resources

in most climate vulnerable districts of participating states. The innovative component of the

Programme is selection and prioritisation methodology of programme districts with respect to

their vulnerability to impacts of climate change.

In addition, individual project activities will be selected according to their climate change

adaptation relevance. Implementation of individual project measures will be carried out

according to established project concepts. In general, the FC measures are envisaged to

provide three core services in all selected districts of the participating States:

a) Establishment of appropriate selection and planning mechanism of adaptation

measures;

b) Implementation of selected adaptation measures;

c) Support of mainstreaming of climate change awareness at all levels of government.

A programme management manual and a plan of operations for the Programme will be

worked out during inception phase of the programme (first half year) with the support of the

consultant.

A milestone review will be conducted by DoNER and KfW on the basis of an independent

mid-term review after Programme year 2.

The general objective of the programme is “to strengthen the adaptive capacities of target

groups, therewith reducing their vulnerability to climate change in a target-oriented manner”.

The project objectives will be achieved through following components:

o Water resource development in water stressed and erosion prone areas (e.g.

construction of check dams and water reservoirs cum fish production; spring

development);

o Watershed and wetland rehabilitation in all types of land;

o Optimization of Jhuming (shifting cultivation) systems in hilly areas;

o Riverside plantation for improved flood protection and income generation, flood plain

forest restoration;

o Implementation of other improved agricultural models (e.g. introduction of flood and

drought tolerant crops);

o Promotion of diversified income sources for vulnerable communities (e.g. in flood

prone areas);

o Development and implementation of additional/other CCA relevant measures.

6.6 Project being region specific, the basis for selection of such locations is as under:

Selection of districts in this programme has been done by combining geographic and sectoral

prioritization and by following methodology -

1. level: Exclusion of no-go-districts -

- avoiding areas where project investments are at risk (e.g. mining areas)

- engagement of other donors (if risk of double financing and/or coordination

costs are too high)

2. level: Solution of districts with highest sectoral vulnerability

- Based on sectoral vulnerability indices (agricultural/ water/ forest

vulnerability), as developed by Ravindranath et al. (2010) for the results of

development of vulnerability index, after ground-truthing in respective state.

3. level: Selection of districts/ project areas with low adaptive capacity -

- a poverty index (population share BPL) served as proxy. BPL less than 40%

served as minimum requirement.

The per capita income of selected districts in NECCAP is considerably low with widespread

poverty coupled with relatively high income disparities. Out of 17 districts, twelve (12) with

rural per capita income even lower than World Bank poverty line of USD 1.25, and the

programme will focus on highly vulnerable and very poor population. Following districts

have been identified as vulnerable and eligible for inclusion into the FC programme:

State District Justification/CCA Relevance/Vulnerability

Assam

Western

Cluster

Goalpara Extremely Flood prone

Dhubri

Extremely Flood prone, very high

vulnerability due to high poverty

index

Central

Cluster Morigaon

Flood prone in the plain, droughts

in the upper highlands, high

poverty index

Eastern

Cluster

Lakhimpur

droughts in the upper highlands,

erosion, high relevance for

watershed development

Dhemaji

droughts in the upper highlands,

high poverty index, high

relevance for watershed

development

Sikkim South Sikkim

Both highly vulnerable due to

regional focussed droughts and

unbalanced rainfall; high potential

for spring development in favour

of highly vulnerable villages; both

highest poverty index in Sikkim

West Sikkim

Meghalaya East Garo Hills High drought risks and very high

State District Justification/CCA Relevance/Vulnerability

agricultural vulnerability

South Garo Hills

Very high poverty index, High

drought risks and very high

agricultural vulnerability

West Khasi Hills high agricultural vulnerability with

risk of spring floods

West Garo Hills

(partially)

Very high poverty index, with

flood (in the North) and drought

prone areas (in the South); prone

areas in West Garo Hills will be

covered from the East Garo Hills

district office; drought prone

areas of West Garo Hills will be

covered from the South Garo

Hills district office

Nagaland Longleng (former part

of the older

Tuanseng district)

Very high agricultural vulnerability

Mon

Very high poverty index, with very

high flood risks; Mon distict will

be covered from Longleng district office

Phek Water availability and drought

risks

Zunheboto

High flood and drought risks;

Zunheboto distict will be covered

from Phek district office

Mizoram Aizawl

High poverty index, with very

high flood risks.

Mamit Very high agricultural vulnerability

6.7 The mode of delivery involving Panchayati Raj Institutions and Urban Local

Bodies:

The Programme does not intend to create any new village level institutions rather it aims to

strengthen and use the existing institutions in villages. The Village-based institutions will be

key Project Implementing Agencies. These institutions could be Joint Forest Management

Committees (JFMC), Self-Help Groups (SHG), Village Employment Committee and Village

Committees and/or Gram Panchayats. The role of supporting staff (from government or

NGOs) will be to support these village institutions in carrying out activity by providing

technical inputs and linkages with relevant support, etc. In many cases, households within

villages tend to be clustered into several smaller units called paras (hamlets) consisting of

more homogenous group (often a single tribe). The Project proposes to work through smallest

village groups and SHGs, as the case may be, which should also be linked with the elected

Village Committees and Gram Panchayats.

6.8 The legacy arrangements after the scheduled project duration are as under:

A core component of the project design is needs-based planning of interventions through

participatory micro-planning process, Therefore, a high level of ownership is also expected,

which is a pre-condition for upkeep and maintenance. This is to be supported by a

comprehensive capacity development programme to equip target households / communities

with all required skills and knowledge for sustainable operations of created assets;

communities and their organizations will be enabled / capacitated / empowered to sustain

assets from and with their own resources. An implicit objective here is to build on to existing

local knowledge and skills. The programme will also capitalize on mobilizing financial

resources through convergence with CSS and state programmes and community contributions

to develop a coherent and coordinated development process.

The programme will involve organizations especially the community based organizations;

back them with legal security like legalizing agreements, terms of use/reference, ownership,

etc. especially with regards to common assets.

Overall sound feasibility assessment of supported measures is essential which will help create

a good basis for sustainable operations.

6.9 Project administration:

NECCAP will be administered at three levels; i.e. at National level by PEA/MDoNER, at

Regional level by Regional PIA based in Shillong and at State level by State Nodal Agencies

headed by State Nodal departments of partner States. At all the levels, officials/staff will be

provided by Government of India/partner State Governments as the case may be. State

Governments' contribution and peoples' contribution are mainly in kinds, viz. like office

space, transport facilities, labour etc.

The technical assistance in NECCAP will be made available by hiring a Programme

Implementation Consultant (PIC) through KfW which will facilitate implementation of the

Programme at all levels. The proposed allocation of EUR 3.7 million under Accompanying

Measures is meant for the PIC and other allied services. The envisaged tasks under

Accompanying Measures are, however, complex and comprehensive and therefore detailed

Term of Reference, costs and financing of PIC shall be agreed upon by DoNER and KfW

mutually.

6.10 Project Human Resources:

Apart from Project administration as indicated above, being a new type of Programme, support

through qualified international and national experts is required. The consulting services and

other capacity development related inputs will be sourced in from the Programme funds

(including funds from Accompanying Measures). Services of the Programme Implementation

Consultant will be contracted with the assistance of KfW through the Ministry of DoNER.

Technical consulting input will be required at district level (design approval and implementation

monitoring) while programme management and monitoring support will be required at state and

regional levels at the respective project offices. The Programme Implementation Consultant will

support Programme Monitoring Unit (PMU) at Centre (M/o DoNER), Programme

Implementation Agency at regional level and CCA Societies/Councils at State level in all tasks

being referred as 'programme implementation' as described in this document. This also covers

providing support for preparation of Programme Manual, Plan of Operation (to be worked out in

first half year) specifying programme concept including necessary procedures at all levels. The

Programme Implementation Consultant will assist in the planning, administration, technical

steering and monitoring of the programme and will especially support identification, selection

and design of CCA projects. Further, the consultant will also assist supervision and

implementation of (sub-) projects.

6.11 Project implementation and monitoring:

6.11.1 At National Level –

Ministry of DoNER/Programme Executing Agency (PEA) shall have a Programme

Steering Committee (PSC) under the chairmanship of Secretary, with representation from 5

partner States, North Eastern Council, Ministry of Environment and Forests and KfW (as

observer). The PSC shall be responsible for overall monitoring and oversight of the

implementation of project.

6.11.1.1 Institutional arrangements:

The institutional arrangements for implementation of NECCAP are as under:

6.11.2 At Regional level –

The independen t P rogramme Implementa t ion Agency ( PIA), based in

Shi l long, will be respons ib l e fo r day to day p rogramme management . The

working body of PIA will consist of –

-One Project Director to be selected preferably from All India Service,

-One (or more) Programme Officer (s); and

-One officer for accounts and administration, and

- Support staff (deputed by GoI or hired from the market).

6.11.3 At State level –

Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) Societies will be taken on board. CCA nodal department

will act as chair and will involve relevant departments as members in effective

implementation of project activities.

The Programme Steering Committee, regional PIA as well as the CCA Societies /PIUs in

respective states will be technically supported by the Programme Implementation

Consultant funded from the project funds.

The monitoring system will be integrated into the governmental system. The

Programme Executing Agency (PEA), the Ministry of Development of North East

Region (DoNER) will set up an independent PIA for Climate Change Adaptation for

the North East.

At the state level, the respective Governments will set-up Project Management Units

(PMU) which will be responsible for coordination and implementation of the

activities with different line departments in their states.

The PIA for Climate Change Adaptation of NER will act as regional Project

Implementation Agency (PIA), will be responsible for technical steering, screening

and decision for funding specific proposals from the States, compilation of data for

the financial and physical monitoring and implementation of impact monitoring.

o Deploy and refine screening criteria and guidelines for design/re-design of

proposals for projects/ sub-projects from the participating states, and where

required, assist states in re-designing projects and sub-projects.

o Technical consulting input will be required at the district level (design

approval and implementation monitoring) while project management and

monitoring support will be required at the state level.

6.12 Mechanism of funding:

Flow Charts:

A. Common funds flow mechanisms for states:

B. Simplified funds flow mechanism from Centre to State (via Societies)

6.12.1 Details of Funding:

Regional Society

District (and/or

Block) Level Entity

Project Level

(Village/Municipal/Town Entity)

Funds Releases based on Approved Annual Budgets,

Expenditure Reviews, etc.

Funds Releases based on Approved Annual Budgets,

Expenditure Reviews, etc.

Management Funds State Government

Salaries of government personnel

on deputation, etc.

(10%)

State Level

Entity

Reimbursement claims

based on UCs

Reimbursement claims

based on UCs

I. DoNER will pre-finance the estimated first 1 year/6 months expenditure1 to the State

Society accounts;

II. State Societies will use these funds for programme implementation as agreed, and

request reimbursements from DoNER via the independent PMU/PIU (which will vet

these claims based on physical and financial monitoring) on a half-yearly or quarterly

basis (depending upon whether pre-financing was done for 1 year or 6 months)

supported by utilisation certificates (UCs) in the standard prescribed format by GoI.

III. DoNER will scrutinise the reimbursement claims, and forward these to KfW for

reimbursement, which will reimburse these to the GoI, which in turn will reimburse

the State Societies via DoNER.

IV. This process will ensure that at any given point of time, the State Societies will have a

half-yearly/quarterly budget available with them for programme implementation, and

will not have to wait for subsequent tranches of reimbursements to carry out

programme activities.

V. The agreed financial procedures will be documented and agreed in a NECCAP

Manual of Procedures to be prepared early in PY1;

VI. All requests from the Independent PMU/PIA to KfW for reimbursement will be

countersigned by the Implementation and Management Consultant;

VII. No fixed amounts will be allocated to state line departments. Disbursements will be

based on the successful implementation of sanctioned activities (investments) such as

those in the village micro-plans or in the state level annual plan of operations; and

VIII. State societies will transfer funds to the village programme accounts on the basis of

activity monitoring and reporting.

7. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

As envisaged in the general as well as specific objectives of NECCAP in para 6.1 above, the

programme will strengthen rural vulnerable target groups of participating States, comprising

over 80% of population, in adapting better to likely consequences of climate change. The

objective will be achieved by supporting their livelihood system and agriculture in a

sustainable and climate-friendly manner, therewith reducing their vulnerability to climate

change.

NECCAP will be implemented in 478 selected villages in 17 Districts of 5 NE States which

will benefit around 5,60,171 people. As the project targets, climate change impacts

vulnerable sectors; namely, water, agriculture, forestry, livelihood, etc., the baseline are

established for impacted sectors based on reports of Initial National Communication (INC) to

the UNFCCC.

Some of the indicators of target sectors for the project are:

● aggregated indicators for the adaptive capacity of target groups:

1. income of target groups shall increase;

2. percentage of population below poverty line in programme villages shall

decrease;

3. sources of income for vulnerable communities/households shall diversify.

● specific sectoral indicators, depending on sectors of specific CCA subproject

proposal;

4. increase of agricultural productivity,

5. increase of water availability,

6. improved forest/vegetation cover,

7. reduced damage due to floods (damage costs, reduced flooded agricultural

area)

However, the baseline would be validated at the time of actual implementation of project.

The project will be evaluated periodically based on targets fixed in the Project Design Report.

Progress of the project will be measured / verified with reference to Baseline Survey Data

which will be collected at the beginning of the project. Apart from routine monitoring, there

will be mid-term Survey and end-line Survey which will be carried out by the 'third party'.

8. CONCLUSION

4th

Assessment Report of IPCC on climate change highlights the importance of synthesis of

Mitigation and Adaptation measures in combating adverse climate change effects. NER

being of paramount importance for the country deserves special treatment from the climate

change perspective. Mitigation initiatives might be on the radar of Ministry of Environment

and Forests; however, the role of Adaptation measures must be emphasised suitably so that

mitigation measures, as and when, started get a synergistic effect. Moreover, by ensuring

adaptation measures to counter likely adverse impact of climate change, biotic pressure on

forest areas will greatly be reduced leading to ample scope of provisions of REDD+. NER

forests witnessing deleterious effects owing to practice of shifting cultivation can ultimately

be saved.

There is still a need to take on board all the remaining states as climate adversities do not

honour political boundaries. Government of India with the consent of concerned remaining

State Governments should come forward to address the issue holistically.

9. REFERENCE

. Following documents provide base for formulating and firming up the Programme:

Government of India: National Action Plan on Climate Change (2008)

ÖBF / TERI: Report of the Fact Finding Mission regarding Indo-German Climate

Change Adaptation Programme (September 2008)

ÖBF / Winrock / TERI: Pre-feasibility Study for the Indo-German Climate Change

Adaptation Programme (July 2009)

IMaCS / ICRA: Designing Programme Management and Delivery Mechanisms for

the Climate Change Adaptation Programme in the Northeast (March 2010)

Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore (Prof. Ravindranath et al): Climate Change

Vulnerability and Adaptation for North East India (March 2011)

Dr. Hünnemeyer et al: Reports on the Feasibility of a Project on Climate Change

Adaptation in Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim and Mizoram (September 2010).

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