1 thinking, language and intelligence psychology 40s c. mcmurray
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Thinking, Language and Intelligence
Psychology 40S C. McMurray
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Thinking
What is Thinking?Can you describe thought using thought?
Thinking, or cognition, refers to a process that involves knowing, understanding,
remembering, and communicating.
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Cognitive Psychologists
Thinking involves a number of mental activities, which are listed below.
Cognitive psychologists study these in great detail.
1. Concepts2. Problem solving3. Decision making4. Judgment
formation
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Concepts
A concept is the mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people. It is the way we categorize and think about things.
There are a variety of chairs but their common features define the concept of a chair.
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Prototype
Prototype is a best example or a representative
example of a concept.
What is your prototype for:
A house?
A sandwich?
A fish?5
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Development of Concepts
We form some concepts with definitions. For example, a triangle has three sides. Mostly, we form concepts with mental
images or typical examples (prototypes). For example, a robin is a prototype of a
bird, but a penguin is not.
Triangle (definition) Bird (mental image)
Daniel J. C
ox/ Getty Im
ages
J. Messerschm
idt/ The Picture C
ube
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Problem Solving
Problem solving strategies include:
1. Trial and Error2. Insight3. Algorithms4. Heuristics
Funny Problem Solving
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Trial and Error
For some problems we use trial and error.
This is when we try every possible solution.
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Insight
Insight involves a sudden realization of a solution to a problem. Humans and animals have
insight.
Grande using boxes toobtain food
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Problem Solving Strategies
Algorithms are step-by step procedures for solving a problem. Mathematical and scientific formulas are algorithms.
Heuristics are simple, thinking strategies that allow us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently.
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Algorithms
Algorithms, which are very time consuming, exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution. Computers use algorithms.
d r u g a o n i a t
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach, we would face
thousands of possibilities
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Algorithms
Algorithms, which are very time consuming, exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution. Computers use algorithms.
d r u g a o n i a t
1814400 possibilities10! (According to Jake!)
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Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems. d r u g a o n i a tg r u d a o t i a ng r a d u a t i o n
Try a different consonant at the beginning and end
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Heuristics
Heuristics are simple, thinking strategies that
allow us to make judgments and solve problems
efficiently. Heuristics are less time consuming, but more error-
prone than algorithms.
B2M
Productions/D
igital Version/G
etty Images
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BIG BANG …Friendship Algorithm
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWWOM53Zh20&safe=active
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Obstacles in Solving Problems
Fixation: An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective. This impedes
problem solving.
The Matchstick Problem: How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles?
From
“Problem
Solving” by M
. Scheerer. C
opyright © 1963 by
Scientific A
merican, Inc. A
ll Rights R
eserved.
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The Matchstick Problem: Solution
From
“Problem
Solving” by M
. Scheerer. C
opyright © 1963 by
Scientific A
merican, Inc. A
ll Rights R
eserved.
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Using these materials, how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board?
An example of fixation:Functional Fixedness
(Candle-Mounting Problem)F
rom “P
roblem S
olving” by M. S
cheerer. Copyright ©
1963 by S
cientific Am
erican, Inc. All R
ights Reserved.
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Candle-Mounting Problem: Solution
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Obstacles to Problem Solving
Fixation: An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective. This impedes problem solving.
Functional Fixedness: the inability to imagine new functions for familiar objects
Mental Set: a habitual strategy or pattern of problem solving 20
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Fixation and Mental Set
O T T F F S S E N T
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Fixation and Mental Set
O T T F F S S E N T
ONE TWO THREE FOUR FIVE SIX SEVEN EIGHT NINE TEN
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Fixation and Mental Set
J F M A M J J A S O N D
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Fixation and Mental Set
J F M A M J J A S O N D
JANUARY, FEBRUARY, MARCH, …
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The Monty Hall Problem
• The Monty Hall Problem
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If You Are a Genius Solve This• Solve This!
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Language
Language, our spoken, written, or gestured work, is the way we communicate meaning
to ourselves and others.
Language transmits culture.
M. &
E. B
ernheim/ W
oodfin Cam
p & A
ssociates
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Language Development
Children learn their native languages
much before learning to add 2+2.
We learn, on average (after age 1), 3,500
words a year, amassing 60,000
words by the time we graduate from high
school.
Tim
e Life Pictures/ G
etty Images
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When do we learn language?
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Explaining Language Development
1. Operant Learning: Skinner believed that language development may be explained on the basis of learning principles such as association, imitation, and reinforcement.
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Explaining Language Development
2. Inborn Universal Grammar: Chomsky opposed Skinner’s ideas and suggested that the rate of language acquisition is so fast that it cannot be explained through learning principles, and thus most of it is inborn.
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Explaining Language Development
Childhood is a critical period for fully developing certain aspects of language. Children never exposed to any language (spoken or signed) by about age 7 gradually lose their ability to master any language.
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Critical Period
Learning new languages gets harder with age.
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Thinking and Language:Language Influences
Thinking
Linguistic Determinism: Whorf (1956) suggested that language determines the way we think.
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Do animals have a language?
Animal Thinking & Language
Honey bees communicate by dancing. The dancemoves clearly indicate the direction of the nectar.
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Do Animals Exhibit Language?
There is no doubt that animals
communicate.
Vervet monkeys, whales and even
honey bees communicate with members of their species and other
species.Rico (collie) has a
200-word vocabulary
Copyright B
aus/ Kreslow
ski
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Language Development
• Read pages 306-307 in the small yellow textbook (Understanding Psychology.)
• Explain the nature versus nurture debate concerning the development of language?
(Explain Chomsky’s view of development and Skinner’s opposing view. Which view backs up “nature” and which view backs up “nurture”?
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Intelligence
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Intelligence
What is intelligence?
Where does it come from?
How is it measured?
Are there ethnic or gender differences in intelligence?
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Intelligence
Intelligence is the ability to learn from experience, solve problems and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.
We often speak of intelligence as though it were one thing, but it may be more accurate to speak of multiple intelligences.
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Howard Gardner
Howard Gardner argues that there are at least eight independent kinds of intelligence.
41readnicole.wordpress.com
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Robert Sternberg
Psychologist Robert Sternberg defines three separate types of intelligences:
1. Analytic: School smarts
2. Practical: Street smarts, common sense
3. Creative: Creating, designing, inventing
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Intelligence Testing
• Roots of standardized intelligence testing can be traced back to 19th century France, and to Alfred Binet.
Mental Age vs Chronological Age
Mental age is the child’s mental ability. Chronological age is your actual age.
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Stanford Binet Intelligence Test
• Lewis Termin revised Binet’s test for American children…The Stanford Binet intelligence test.
IQ = MA
CA
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X 100
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Intelligence Tests
Modern intelligence tests all use this same basic technique, comparing a person’s actual age with that person’s level of mental development. Scores are adjusted so that 100 represents average intelligence for one’s age group.
The original formula however is no longer used. The term “IQ” is now a shorthand way of saying “intelligence test score.”
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Intelligence Extremes
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Intelligence Extremes
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babble.com