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THE CRITIQUE OF JUDGEMENT

by Immanuel Kant

THE CRITIQUE OF JUDGEMENT

by Immanuel Kant 1790 1790

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The 17C~18Ccontinental philosophy

The 17C~18Ccontinental philosophy

1) Social and cultural role shifted. The rising of middle class

The invention of printing

New taste not just for poetry and fiction but for comment and criticism

1) Social and cultural role shifted. The rising of middle class

The invention of printing

New taste not just for poetry and fiction but for comment and criticism

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The 17C~18Ccontinental philosophy

The 17C~18Ccontinental philosophy

2) A striking different aesthetic

☆ Empiricist: (Locke) & Rationalist: (Descartes)

☆Experience of art and beauty are personal and matter of taste,

so they need no correction.

☆To find the rule that would guide the practice.

☆Creativity became a value in itself.

2) A striking different aesthetic

☆ Empiricist: (Locke) & Rationalist: (Descartes)

☆Experience of art and beauty are personal and matter of taste,

so they need no correction.

☆To find the rule that would guide the practice.

☆Creativity became a value in itself.

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KantKant

Immanuel Kant, 1724~1840

22 April 1724 --Kōnigsberg in East Prussia ( after 1945, Kaliningrad)

12 February 1804 (aged 79) --Kōnigsberg

Immanuel Kant, 1724~1840

22 April 1724 --Kōnigsberg in East Prussia ( after 1945, Kaliningrad)

12 February 1804 (aged 79) --Kōnigsberg

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Parents were pietistic. ( Immanuel ---God with us) 以马内利

Kōnigsberg KaliningradRussian exclave of Kaliningrad Oblast

St. Petersburg――Leningrad

Parents were pietistic. ( Immanuel ---God with us) 以马内利

Kōnigsberg KaliningradRussian exclave of Kaliningrad Oblast

St. Petersburg――Leningrad

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Pietism (the Lutheran Church): individual religious, devotional sincerity, biblical study, practice.

Pietism (the Lutheran Church): individual religious, devotional sincerity, biblical study, practice.

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Experience of Kant:the University of Königsberg

Experience of Kant:the University of Königsberg 16 （ 1740 ） : student in University,

studied science, mathematics, philosophy

31 （ 1755 ） : lecturer on logic, metaphysics, natural science, physical geography, mathematics.

46 （ 1770 ） : Professor of logic and metaphysics

16 （ 1740 ） : student in University, studied science, mathematics, philosophy

31 （ 1755 ） : lecturer on logic, metaphysics, natural science, physical geography, mathematics.

46 （ 1770 ） : Professor of logic and metaphysics

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His Mark: Kantianism, enlightenment philosophy

His Major: Epistemology, Metaphysics, Ethics, Logic

His Concept: Categorical imperative, Transcendental Idealism, Synthetic a priori, Noumenon, Sapere aude, Nebular hypothesis

His Mark: Kantianism, enlightenment philosophy

His Major: Epistemology, Metaphysics, Ethics, Logic

His Concept: Categorical imperative, Transcendental Idealism, Synthetic a priori, Noumenon, Sapere aude, Nebular hypothesis

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Two things fill the mind with ever new and increasing admiration and awe, the more often and steadily we reflect upon them: The starry heavens above me and the moral law within me.

taken from the conclusion of Kant's Critique of Practical

Reason

Two things fill the mind with ever new and increasing admiration and awe, the more often and steadily we reflect upon them: The starry heavens above me and the moral law within me.

taken from the conclusion of Kant's Critique of Practical

Reason

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1781 the Critique of Pure Reason

1788 the Critique of Practical Reason

1790 the Critique of Judgment

1781 the Critique of Pure Reason

1788 the Critique of Practical Reason

1790 the Critique of Judgment

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《判断力批判》

宗白华译本 ( 上卷宗白华，下卷韦卓民 ), 商务印书馆 1964 年

牟宗三 全译本台湾学生书局 1992 年

邓晓芒全译本 人民出版社 2002 年 5 月

《判断力批判》

宗白华译本 ( 上卷宗白华，下卷韦卓民 ), 商务印书馆 1964 年

牟宗三 全译本台湾学生书局 1992 年

邓晓芒全译本 人民出版社 2002 年 5 月

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FIRST PART CRITIQUE OF AESTHETIC

JUDGEMENTSECTION

FIRST PART CRITIQUE OF AESTHETIC

JUDGEMENTSECTION

I. ANALYTIC OF AESTHETIC JUDGEMENT.BOOK

I. ANALYTIC OF AESTHETIC JUDGEMENT.BOOK

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Definition of the Beautiful drawn from the 4 Moments.

Definition of the Beautiful drawn from the 4 Moments.

The object of such a delight （ apart from any interest ） is called beautiful.

The beautiful is that which, apart from a concept, pleases universally.

Beauty is the form of finality in an object, so far as perceived in it apart from the representation of an end.

The beautiful is that which, apart from a concept, is cognized as object of a necessary delight.

The object of such a delight （ apart from any interest ） is called beautiful.

The beautiful is that which, apart from a concept, pleases universally.

Beauty is the form of finality in an object, so far as perceived in it apart from the representation of an end.

The beautiful is that which, apart from a concept, is cognized as object of a necessary delight.

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I. Analytic of the Beautiful. FIRST MOMENT. Of the Judgement of Taste*: Moment of Quality.

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1. The Judgment of Taste is Aesthetical

2. The Satisfaction which Determines the Judgment of Taste is Disinterested

3. The Satisfaction in the Pleasant (Agreeable ) Is Bound Up with Interest

4. The Satisfaction in the Good Is Bound Up with Interest

1. The Judgment of Taste is Aesthetical

2. The Satisfaction which Determines the Judgment of Taste is Disinterested

3. The Satisfaction in the Pleasant (Agreeable ) Is Bound Up with Interest

4. The Satisfaction in the Good Is Bound Up with Interest

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5. Comparison of the Three Specially Different Kinds of Satisfaction

6. The Beautiful Is That Which Apart from Concepts Is Represented as the Object Of a Universal Satisfaction

5. Comparison of the Three Specially Different Kinds of Satisfaction

6. The Beautiful Is That Which Apart from Concepts Is Represented as the Object Of a Universal Satisfaction

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7. Comparison of the Beautiful with the Pleasant and the Good By Means of the Above Characteristic

8. The Universality of the Satisfaction Is Represented in a Judgment of Taste Only as Subjective

9. Investigation of the Question Whether in the Judgment of Taste the Feeling of Pleasure Precedes or Follows the Judging of the Object

7. Comparison of the Beautiful with the Pleasant and the Good By Means of the Above Characteristic

8. The Universality of the Satisfaction Is Represented in a Judgment of Taste Only as Subjective

9. Investigation of the Question Whether in the Judgment of Taste the Feeling of Pleasure Precedes or Follows the Judging of the Object

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1. The Judgment of Taste is Aesthetical

1. The Judgment of Taste is Aesthetical

to discern whether anything is beautiful or not

Not by the understanding to the object for cognition( 认知 [including sense, but no emotion]

but by the imagination (perhaps in conjunction with the understanding) to the subject and its feeling of pleasure or pain.

Not cognitive, not logical, but aesthetical The determining ground is no other than

subjective

to discern whether anything is beautiful or not

Not by the understanding to the object for cognition( 认知 [including sense, but no emotion]

but by the imagination (perhaps in conjunction with the understanding) to the subject and its feeling of pleasure or pain.

Not cognitive, not logical, but aesthetical The determining ground is no other than

subjective

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2. The Satisfaction which Determines the Judgment of Taste is Disinterested

2. The Satisfaction which Determines the Judgment of Taste is Disinterested

Interest: the satisfaction which combine with the representation of the existence of an object.

☆Satisfaction ----desire ☆Beautiful: not depend on the

existence of the thing, judge it by mere observation (intuition, reflection)

Interest: the satisfaction which combine with the representation of the existence of an object.

☆Satisfaction ----desire ☆Beautiful: not depend on the

existence of the thing, judge it by mere observation (intuition, reflection)

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☆Judgment: Not depend on the existence of the object,

But with the representation in myself.

Not be in the least prejudiced in favor of the

existence of the things, But be quite indifferent in this respect. ☆Pure disinterested satisfaction

☆Judgment: Not depend on the existence of the object,

But with the representation in myself.

Not be in the least prejudiced in favor of the

existence of the things, But be quite indifferent in this respect. ☆Pure disinterested satisfaction

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3. The Satisfaction in the Pleasant Is Bound Up with

Interest

3. The Satisfaction in the Pleasant Is Bound Up with

Interest ☆pleasant: that which please the senses

in sensation.Other pleasant sensation: agreeable,

lovely, delightful, enjoyable, etc. ☆All the operation of our faculties must

issue in the practical and unit in it as their goal. So, men could blame one another for stupidity and indiscretion, but never for baseness and wickedness. For each according to his own way of seeing things, seek one goal, that is gratification.

☆pleasant: that which please the senses in sensation.

Other pleasant sensation: agreeable, lovely, delightful, enjoyable, etc.

☆All the operation of our faculties must issue in the practical and unit in it as their goal. So, men could blame one another for stupidity and indiscretion, but never for baseness and wickedness. For each according to his own way of seeing things, seek one goal, that is gratification.

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Describe something as pleasant express an interest in it. Not mere assent, but

inclination.

Describe something as pleasant express an interest in it. Not mere assent, but

inclination.☆Two sensations

Determination of the feeling of pleasure or pain // Representation of a thing

Subjective sensation, Simply to the subject // Objective sensation, Object

Pleasantness of meadow // the green color of meadow

☆Two sensations

Determination of the feeling of pleasure or pain // Representation of a thing

Subjective sensation, Simply to the subject // Objective sensation, Object

Pleasantness of meadow // the green color of meadow

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4. The Satisfaction in the Good Is Bound Up

with Interest

4. The Satisfaction in the Good Is Bound Up

with Interest

Good: through the mere concept, by means of ration.

The object of will.

Good: through the mere concept, by means of ration.

The object of will.

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THIRD MOMENT. Of Judgements of Taste:THIRD MOMENT. Of

Judgements of Taste: Moment of the relation of the Ends brought

under Review in such Judgements.

Moment of the relation of the Ends brought

under Review in such Judgements.

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THIRD: Moment the relation of the Ends

THIRD: Moment the relation of the Ends

SS 10. Finality in general.

define the meaning of “an end” in transcendental transcendental terms

An end is the object of a conceptthe object of a concept so far as this concept is regarded as the cause of the object (the real ground of its possibility); and the causality of a conceptthe causality of a concept in

respect of its object is finality (forma finalisforma finalis).

SS 10. Finality in general.

define the meaning of “an end” in transcendental transcendental terms

An end is the object of a conceptthe object of a concept so far as this concept is regarded as the cause of the object (the real ground of its possibility); and the causality of a conceptthe causality of a concept in

respect of its object is finality (forma finalisforma finalis).

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The faculty of desirefaculty of desire, so far as determinable only through concepts, i.e., so as to act in conformity with the representation of an end, would be the WillWill.

Finality, therefore, may exist Finality, therefore, may exist apart fromapart from an end an end

we may at least observe a finality of form, and trace it in objects-though by reflection only-without resting it on an end

The faculty of desirefaculty of desire, so far as determinable only through concepts, i.e., so as to act in conformity with the representation of an end, would be the WillWill.

Finality, therefore, may exist Finality, therefore, may exist apart fromapart from an end an end

we may at least observe a finality of form, and trace it in objects-though by reflection only-without resting it on an end

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SS 11. The sole foundation of the judgement of taste is the form of finality of an object (or mode

of representing it).

SS 11. The sole foundation of the judgement of taste is the form of finality of an object (or mode

of representing it).

the subjective finality in the representation of an object

exclusive of any end (objective or subjective)

an object is given to us, so far as we are conscious of it as that which is alone capable of constituting the delight which, apart from any concept, we estimate as universally communicable, and so of forming the determining ground of the judgement of taste.

the subjective finality in the representation of an object

exclusive of any end (objective or subjective)

an object is given to us, so far as we are conscious of it as that which is alone capable of constituting the delight which, apart from any concept, we estimate as universally communicable, and so of forming the determining ground of the judgement of taste.

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SS 12. The judgement of taste

rests upon a priori grounds. SS 12. The judgement of taste

rests upon a priori grounds.

× × × be feeling of pleasure or displeasure // utterly impossible // a causal relation

freedom // cross the border of experience, a causality resting on a supersensible attribute of the subject

merely contemplative, not bring about an interest in the object

× × × be feeling of pleasure or displeasure // utterly impossible // a causal relation

freedom // cross the border of experience, a causality resting on a supersensible attribute of the subject

merely contemplative, not bring about an interest in the object

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SS 13. The pure judgement of taste is independent of charm and emotion.

SS 14 Exemplification.

SS 13. The pure judgement of taste is independent of charm and emotion.

SS 14 Exemplification.

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SS 15. The judgement of taste is entirely independent of the concept of perfection. SS 15. The judgement of taste is entirely

independent of the concept of perfection.

a finality apart from an end ( wholly independent of the representation of the good)

the judgement of taste is an aesthetic judgement, one resting on subjective grounds. No concept can be its determining ground…affords absolutely no (not even a confused) knowledge …refers the representation solely to the subject, and brings to our notice no quality of the object

a finality apart from an end ( wholly independent of the representation of the good)

the judgement of taste is an aesthetic judgement, one resting on subjective grounds. No concept can be its determining ground…affords absolutely no (not even a confused) knowledge …refers the representation solely to the subject, and brings to our notice no quality of the object

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SS 16. A judgement of taste by which an object is described as beautiful, under the condition of

a definite concept, is not pure.

SS 16. A judgement of taste by which an object is described as beautiful, under the condition of

a definite concept, is not pure.

free beauty (no concept of what the object should be// no intrinsic meaning; they represent nothing-no object under a definite concept)

estimate of a free beauty //pure judgement of taste appendant beauty //presupposes a concept of the end that defines what the thing has to be, and consequently a concept of its perfection.

appendant beauty //presupposes a concept of the end that defines what the thing has to be, and consequently a concept of its perfection.

the judgement of taste in respect of the latter delight is made dependent upon the end involved in the former delight as a judgement of reason, and is thus placed under a restriction, then it is no longer a free and pure judgement of taste.

free beauty (no concept of what the object should be// no intrinsic meaning; they represent nothing-no object under a definite concept)

estimate of a free beauty //pure judgement of taste appendant beauty //presupposes a concept of the end that defines what the thing has to be, and consequently a concept of its perfection.

appendant beauty //presupposes a concept of the end that defines what the thing has to be, and consequently a concept of its perfection.

the judgement of taste in respect of the latter delight is made dependent upon the end involved in the former delight as a judgement of reason, and is thus placed under a restriction, then it is no longer a free and pure judgement of taste.

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SS 17. Ideal of beauty.SS 17. Ideal of beauty.

the ideal of the beautiful, only to be sought human figure

the ideal of the beautiful, only to be sought human figure

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Definition of the Beautiful Derived from this Third Moment.

Definition of the Beautiful Derived from this Third Moment.

Beauty is the form of finality in an object, so far as perceived in it apart from the representation of an end.*

Beauty is the form of finality in an object, so far as perceived in it apart from the representation of an end.*

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FOURTH MOMENT. Of the Judgement of Taste: Moment of

the Modality of the Delight in the Object.

FOURTH MOMENT. Of the Judgement of Taste: Moment of

the Modality of the Delight in the Object.

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SS 18. Nature of the modality in a judgement of taste.

SS 18. Nature of the modality in a judgement of taste.

being such a necessity as is thought in an aesthetic judgement, it can only be termed exemplaryexemplary （ a necessity of the assent of all to a judgement regarded as exemplifying a universal rule incapable of formulation ）

being such a necessity as is thought in an aesthetic judgement, it can only be termed exemplaryexemplary （ a necessity of the assent of all to a judgement regarded as exemplifying a universal rule incapable of formulation ）

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SS 19. The subjective necessity attributed to a judgement of taste is conditioned.

SS 19. The subjective necessity attributed to a judgement of taste is conditioned.

The judgement of taste exacts exacts agreement from every one

We are suitors for agreement from every one else, because we are fortified with a ground common to all.

The judgement of taste exacts exacts agreement from every one

We are suitors for agreement from every one else, because we are fortified with a ground common to all.

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SS 20. The condition of the necessity advanced by a judgement of taste is the idea of a a

common sensecommon sense.

SS 20. The condition of the necessity advanced by a judgement of taste is the idea of a a

common sensecommon sense.

Therefore they must have a a subjective principle subjective principle

universal validityuniversal validity

such a principle, however, could only be regarded as a common a common sensesense.

Therefore they must have a a subjective principle subjective principle

universal validityuniversal validity

such a principle, however, could only be regarded as a common a common sensesense.

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SS 21. Have we reason for presupposing a common sense?

SS 21. Have we reason for presupposing a common sense?

we assume a common sense as the necessary condition of the universal communicabilityuniversal communicability of our knowledge

we assume a common sense as the necessary condition of the universal communicabilityuniversal communicability of our knowledge

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SS 22. The necessity of the universal assent that is thought in a judgement of taste, is a subjective necessitya subjective necessity which,

under the presupposition of a common sense, is represented as objective.

SS 22. The necessity of the universal assent that is thought in a judgement of taste, is a subjective necessitya subjective necessity which,

under the presupposition of a common sense, is represented as objective.

to justify judgements containing an "ought.“

The assertion is not that every one will fall in with our judgement, but rather that every one ought to agree with it.

These are questions which as yet we are neither willing nor in a position to investigate.

For the present we have only to resolve the faculty of taste into its elements, and to unite these ultimately in the idea of a common sensethe idea of a common sense.

to justify judgements containing an "ought.“

The assertion is not that every one will fall in with our judgement, but rather that every one ought to agree with it.

These are questions which as yet we are neither willing nor in a position to investigate.

For the present we have only to resolve the faculty of taste into its elements, and to unite these ultimately in the idea of a common sensethe idea of a common sense.

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Definition of the Beautiful drawn from the Fourth

Moment.

Definition of the Beautiful drawn from the Fourth

Moment.

The beautiful is that which, apart from a concept, is cognized as object of a necessary delight.

The beautiful is that which, apart from a concept, is cognized as object of a necessary delight.

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General Remark on the First Section of the Analytic.

General Remark on the First Section of the Analytic.

the concept of taste as a critical faculty by which an object is estimated in reference to the free conformity to law of the imagination.

the imagination should be both free and of itself conformable to law

the concept of taste as a critical faculty by which an object is estimated in reference to the free conformity to law of the imagination.

the imagination should be both free and of itself conformable to law

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Definition of the Beautiful drawn from the 4 Moments.

Definition of the Beautiful drawn from the 4 Moments.

The object of such a delight （ apart from any interest ） is called beautiful.

The beautiful is that which, apart from a concept, pleases universally.

Beauty is the form of finality in an object, so far as perceived in it apart from the representation of an end.

The beautiful is that which, apart from a concept, is cognized as object of a necessary delight.

Empiricism （ pleasure ） //Rationalism (universal reason)

transcendent logical judgement // practical judgement sens(ibility)-universal

The object of such a delight （ apart from any interest ） is called beautiful.

The beautiful is that which, apart from a concept, pleases universally.

Beauty is the form of finality in an object, so far as perceived in it apart from the representation of an end.

The beautiful is that which, apart from a concept, is cognized as object of a necessary delight.

Empiricism （ pleasure ） //Rationalism (universal reason)

transcendent logical judgement // practical judgement sens(ibility)-universal