11

Supervisor: Dr. A.M. Sharaf, Supervisor: Dr. A.M. Sharaf, SMIEEESMIEEE

Ph.D. Candidate: S.M.A. SaleemPh.D. Candidate: S.M.A. Saleem

Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering

University of New BrunswickUniversity of New Brunswick

SMART SOFT-ENGINEERING BASED SMART SOFT-ENGINEERING BASED DIAGNOSTIC, RELAYING AND DIAGNOSTIC, RELAYING AND PROTECTION SCHEMES FOR PROTECTION SCHEMES FOR

ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS.ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS.

22

Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline

Research ObjectivesResearch Objectives Research FocusResearch Focus Background ReviewBackground Review Existing MethodsExisting Methods Expected ResultsExpected Results Research ImplicationsResearch Implications Research PlanResearch Plan Sample CaseSample Case Sample ResultsSample Results Publications / ReferencesPublications / References

33

Research ObjectivesResearch Objectives

Develop new dynamic temporal based Develop new dynamic temporal based relaying algorithms using combination of relaying algorithms using combination of Time frequency Analysis, Multi-resolution Time frequency Analysis, Multi-resolution Analysis and Artificial Intelligence tools, Analysis and Artificial Intelligence tools, such as ANN, Expert systems, Fuzzy logic, such as ANN, Expert systems, Fuzzy logic, Genetic Algorithms and statistical Genetic Algorithms and statistical Abduction rules.Abduction rules.

44

Research FocusResearch Focus

Conventional power system relaying is mostly Conventional power system relaying is mostly based on quasi-steady-state vector/phasor based on quasi-steady-state vector/phasor methods which are both slow and inaccurate. methods which are both slow and inaccurate.

The inaccuracy is most evident in case of MOV The inaccuracy is most evident in case of MOV protected Series Compensated Transmission Lines.protected Series Compensated Transmission Lines.

New computer models are now able to model the New computer models are now able to model the full time and frequency response of the power full time and frequency response of the power system.system.

Latest developments in Computing power has Latest developments in Computing power has broken new barriers in Signal Processing and broken new barriers in Signal Processing and Artificial Intelligence.Artificial Intelligence.

55

Background ReviewBackground Review

Transient stability of a power system is dependant Transient stability of a power system is dependant on the allowable tolerable fault clearing time.on the allowable tolerable fault clearing time.

MOV device operation in Series Compensated lines MOV device operation in Series Compensated lines introduces transients in the transmission system as introduces transients in the transmission system as well as key changes in the Thevenin impedance of well as key changes in the Thevenin impedance of the transmission lines. This in turn causes the the transmission lines. This in turn causes the classical distance based transmission relays to classical distance based transmission relays to mal-operate.mal-operate.

Protection of a series compensated transmission Protection of a series compensated transmission line can be best accomplished by a special fast line can be best accomplished by a special fast relaying system.relaying system.

66

Existing MethodsExisting Methods

LFDC relay has serious shortcomings such as the LFDC relay has serious shortcomings such as the fault detection is difficult for faults occurring near fault detection is difficult for faults occurring near the voltage waveform zero crossing. In this case the voltage waveform zero crossing. In this case backup protection is expected to be added.backup protection is expected to be added.

Backup type relays owing to their extended Backup type relays owing to their extended protection Operating-Zone isolate a large section protection Operating-Zone isolate a large section of the connected AC power system than just the of the connected AC power system than just the small limited fault area.small limited fault area.

77

Existing Methods ..cont.Existing Methods ..cont.

Recent research publications in the area of UHS Recent research publications in the area of UHS relaying have tried to address the problem relaying have tried to address the problem mentioned above, but have limitations, applicable mentioned above, but have limitations, applicable to teed power systems only.to teed power systems only.

Similarly, another researcher has presented a Similarly, another researcher has presented a novel approach to UHS relaying based on novel approach to UHS relaying based on directional line protection using travelling waves, it directional line protection using travelling waves, it is not able to provide ultimate robust detection for is not able to provide ultimate robust detection for the case of fault inception angles approaching the case of fault inception angles approaching zero.zero.

88

Expected ResultsExpected Results

Improve the existing UHS relaying using Improve the existing UHS relaying using latest transmission DSP methods and latest transmission DSP methods and abduction rules via key proven nonlinear abduction rules via key proven nonlinear transformations.transformations.

Develop special interface protocols and Develop special interface protocols and anomaly diagnostics and detection rule-anomaly diagnostics and detection rule-matrix.matrix.

Develop a global multilevel UHS relay Develop a global multilevel UHS relay prototype.prototype.

Laboratory Test and Validate the Novel Laboratory Test and Validate the Novel Proposed Relay.Proposed Relay.

99

Expected ResultsExpected Results

Figure 1. General Structure of the Proposed Novel, multilevel High Speed DSP Relay.Figure 1. General Structure of the Proposed Novel, multilevel High Speed DSP Relay.

[ T1 ]

Fault

v(t)

X F1

[ T1 ] : Modal Transformation

X = Feature VectorF1

s(t)

*D1

*D2

*D3

Yes/No

Yes/No

Fault

Fault

Type

F2 X

[ T2 ]

[ T2 ] : Linear/Nonlinear Transform (FFT, Wavelets)

X = Transformed Feature VectorF2

Input Stage Transformation Stage

Detection/decision stage

*D1, D2 and D3 are multi-level decision tables including validation/verification and delay rules.

i(t)

s(t) = other synthesized signals

i(t) = normalized current signal

v(t) = normalized voltage signal

1010

Research ImplicationsResearch Implications

Reduce Electric Brownouts and Grid Utility system Reduce Electric Brownouts and Grid Utility system rotating Blackouts.rotating Blackouts.

Enhance power system security, functionality and Enhance power system security, functionality and reliability.reliability.

Reduce severe damage to major power Reduce severe damage to major power components due to over voltages and over components due to over voltages and over currents.currents.

Enhance Power system Interconnection security.Enhance Power system Interconnection security. Reduce millions of dollars in economic and social Reduce millions of dollars in economic and social

impact losses due to electricity Blackouts.impact losses due to electricity Blackouts.

1111

Research PlanResearch Plan

Explore novel Transformations [T], Explore novel Transformations [T], anomaly anomaly diagnostics and detection rule-matrixdiagnostics and detection rule-matrix to to accurately detect/improve Power System accurately detect/improve Power System Transmission line faults.Transmission line faults.

Explore novel mathematical techniques, Explore novel mathematical techniques, DSP, Time frequency Analysis to detect DSP, Time frequency Analysis to detect faults under noise/disturbances.faults under noise/disturbances.

Explore novel feature vectors XF to classify Explore novel feature vectors XF to classify Power System faults.Power System faults.

1212

Sample CaseSample Case

Sample results are shown for a mesh system consisting Sample results are shown for a mesh system consisting of a 750kV, 250km un-transposed transmission line with of a 750kV, 250km un-transposed transmission line with a local source of 10GVA and a remote source of 6GVA. a local source of 10GVA and a remote source of 6GVA. The one-line diagram of the transmission line is shown The one-line diagram of the transmission line is shown in Figure 2.in Figure 2.

The fault is a linear, single-line-to-ground fault at phase The fault is a linear, single-line-to-ground fault at phase B. The ground resistance Rf = 3 ohms. The fault B. The ground resistance Rf = 3 ohms. The fault inception time is t = 1.0285 s.inception time is t = 1.0285 s.

The time domain voltage and current signals measured The time domain voltage and current signals measured by the PTs and CTs located near the local AC source for by the PTs and CTs located near the local AC source for a linear fault at 20km km is shown in Figure 3. The a linear fault at 20km km is shown in Figure 3. The fault distance is measured from the local source G1.fault distance is measured from the local source G1.

1313

Sample CaseSample Case

Figure 2. One line Diagram of the sample study systemFigure 2. One line Diagram of the sample study system

G1V S1V

R1

PT

CT

G1 G2G2VS2 V

PT

CT

R2

AC source/ area 1

AC source/ area 2

T1 T2

1414

Sample ResultsSample Results

Figure 3. Fault voltages and currents for a SLG linear fault on phase B at 20km from R1.Figure 3. Fault voltages and currents for a SLG linear fault on phase B at 20km from R1.

1.03 1.035 1.04

-1

0

1

Time (seconds)

p.u.

pha

se A

vol

tage

s (V

)

vSendavRecva

0.9 0.95 1 1.05 1.1-0.1

-0.05

0

0.05

Time (seconds)

p.u.

pha

se A

cur

rent

(A

)

1.03 1.035 1.04

-1

0

1

Time (seconds)

p.u.

pha

se B

vol

tage

s (V

)

vSendbvRecvb

0.9 0.95 1 1.05 1.1

-0.5

0

0.5

Time (seconds)

p.u.

pha

se B

cur

rent

(A

)

1.03 1.035 1.04

-1

0

1

Time (seconds)

p.u.

pha

se C

vol

tage

s (V

)

vSendcvRecvc

0.9 0.95 1 1.05 1.1-0.1

-0.05

0

0.05

Time (seconds)

p.u.

pha

se C

cur

rent

(A

)

1515

Sample Results ..cont.Sample Results ..cont.

Figure 4. Modal Transformed voltages at sending end S1, for a SLG linear fault on phase Figure 4. Modal Transformed voltages at sending end S1, for a SLG linear fault on phase B at 20km from R1. B at 20km from R1.

1.02 1.022 1.024 1.026 1.028 1.03 1.032 1.034 1.036 1.038 1.04

-2

-1

0

1

2

Time (seconds)

p.u.

mod

e

vol

tage

(V

)

1.02 1.022 1.024 1.026 1.028 1.03 1.032 1.034 1.036 1.038 1.04

-2

-1

0

1

2

Time (seconds)

p. u

. m

ode

vo

ltage

(V

)

1.02 1.022 1.024 1.026 1.028 1.03 1.032 1.034 1.036 1.038 1.04

-2

-1

0

1

2

Time (seconds)

p.u.

gro

und

mod

e vo

ltage

(V

)

1616

Sample Results ..cont.Sample Results ..cont.

Figure 5. Modal Transformed currents at sending end S1, for a SLG linear fault on phase Figure 5. Modal Transformed currents at sending end S1, for a SLG linear fault on phase B at 20km from R1.B at 20km from R1.

0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.1

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

Time (seconds)

p.u.

mod

e

cur

rent

(A

)

0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.1

-0.5

0

0.5

Time (seconds)

p.u.

mod

e

curr

ent

(A)

0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.1

-0.5

0

0.5

Time (seconds)

p.u.

gro

und

mod

e cu

rren

t (A

)

1717

Sample Results ..cont.Sample Results ..cont.

Figure 6. Modal Transformed voltages at sending end S1, for a SLG linear fault on phase Figure 6. Modal Transformed voltages at sending end S1, for a SLG linear fault on phase B at 200km from R1. B at 200km from R1.

1.02 1.022 1.024 1.026 1.028 1.03 1.032 1.034 1.036 1.038 1.04

-2

-1

0

1

2

Time (seconds)

p.u.

mod

e

vol

tage

(V

)

1.02 1.022 1.024 1.026 1.028 1.03 1.032 1.034 1.036 1.038 1.04

-2

-1

0

1

2

Time (seconds)

p. u

. m

ode

vo

ltage

(V

)

1.02 1.022 1.024 1.026 1.028 1.03 1.032 1.034 1.036 1.038 1.04

-2

-1

0

1

2

Time (seconds)

p.u.

gro

und

mod

e vo

ltage

(V

)

1818

Sample Results ..cont.Sample Results ..cont.

Figure 7. Modal Transformed currents at sending end S1, for a SLG linear fault on phase Figure 7. Modal Transformed currents at sending end S1, for a SLG linear fault on phase B at 200km from R1. B at 200km from R1.

0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.1

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

Time (seconds)

p.u.

mod

e

cur

rent

(A

)

0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.1

-0.5

0

0.5

Time (seconds)

p.u.

mod

e

curr

ent

(A)

0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.1

-0.5

0

0.5

Time (seconds)

p.u.

gro

und

mod

e cu

rren

t (A

)

1919

Sample Results ..cont.Sample Results ..cont.

Figure 8. Wavelet transform of aerial mode ‘a’ voltage at sending end S1, for a SLG Figure 8. Wavelet transform of aerial mode ‘a’ voltage at sending end S1, for a SLG linear fault on phase B at 20km from R1. linear fault on phase B at 20km from R1.

1.025 1.03 1.035

-2

-1

0

1

2

Time (sec)

p.u.

orig

inal

sig

nal (

V)

1.025 1.03 1.035

-4

-2

0

2

4

Time (sec)

p.u.

app

roxi

mat

ion

A5

(V)

1.025 1.03 1.035

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

Time (sec)

p.u.

Det

ail D

4 (V

)

1.025 1.03 1.035

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

Time (sec)

p.u.

Det

ail D

3 (V

)

1.025 1.03 1.035

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

Time (sec)

p.u.

Det

ail D

2 (V

)

1.025 1.03 1.035

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

Time (sec)

p.u.

Det

ail D

1 (V

)

2020

Sample Results ..cont.Sample Results ..cont.

Figure 9. Wavelet transform of aerial mode 'β' voltage at sending end S1, for SLG linear Figure 9. Wavelet transform of aerial mode 'β' voltage at sending end S1, for SLG linear fault on phase B at 20km from R1.fault on phase B at 20km from R1.

1.025 1.03 1.035

-2

-1

0

1

2

Time (sec)

p.u.

orig

inal

sig

nal (

V)

1.025 1.03 1.035

-4

-2

0

2

4

Time (sec)

p.u.

app

roxi

mat

ion

A5

(V)

1.025 1.03 1.035

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

Time (sec)

p.u.

Det

ail D

4 (V

)

1.025 1.03 1.035

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

Time (sec)

p.u.

Det

ail D

3 (V

)

1.025 1.03 1.035

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

Time (sec)

p.u.

Det

ail D

2 (V

)

1.025 1.03 1.035

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

Time (sec)

p.u.

Det

ail D

1 (V

)

2121

Sample Results ..cont.Sample Results ..cont.

Figure 10. Wavelet transform of ground mode voltage at sending end S1, for SLG linear Figure 10. Wavelet transform of ground mode voltage at sending end S1, for SLG linear fault on phase B at 20km from R1.fault on phase B at 20km from R1.

1.025 1.03 1.035

-2

-1

0

1

2

Time (sec)

p.u.

orig

inal

sig

nal (

V)

1.025 1.03 1.035

-4

-2

0

2

4

Time (sec)

p.u.

app

roxi

mat

ion

A5

(V)

1.025 1.03 1.035

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

Time (sec)

p.u.

Det

ail D

4 (V

)

1.025 1.03 1.035

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

Time (sec)

p.u.

Det

ail D

3 (V

)

1.025 1.03 1.035

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

Time (sec)

p.u.

Det

ail D

2 (V

)

1.025 1.03 1.035

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

Time (sec)

p.u.

Det

ail D

1 (V

)

2222

Sample Results ..cont.Sample Results ..cont.

Figure 11. Wavelet transform of aerial mode 'α' voltage at sending end S1, for a SLG Figure 11. Wavelet transform of aerial mode 'α' voltage at sending end S1, for a SLG linear fault on phase B at 200km from R1. linear fault on phase B at 200km from R1.

1.025 1.03 1.035

-2

-1

0

1

2

Time (sec)

p.u.

orig

inal

sig

nal (

V)

1.025 1.03 1.035

-4

-2

0

2

4

Time (sec)

p.u.

app

roxi

mat

ion

A5

(V)

1.025 1.03 1.035

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

Time (sec)

p.u.

Det

ail D

4 (V

)

1.025 1.03 1.035

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

Time (sec)

p.u.

Det

ail D

3 (V

)

1.025 1.03 1.035

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

Time (sec)

p.u.

Det

ail D

2 (V

)

1.025 1.03 1.035

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

Time (sec)

p.u.

Det

ail D

1 (V

)

2323

Sample Results ..cont.Sample Results ..cont.

Figure 12. Wavelet transform of aerial mode 'β' voltage at sending end S1, for a SLG Figure 12. Wavelet transform of aerial mode 'β' voltage at sending end S1, for a SLG linear fault on phase B at 200km from R1. linear fault on phase B at 200km from R1.

1.025 1.03 1.035

-2

-1

0

1

2

Time (sec)

p.u.

orig

inal

sig

nal (

V)

1.025 1.03 1.035

-4

-2

0

2

4

Time (sec)

p.u.

app

roxi

mat

ion

A5

(V)

1.025 1.03 1.035

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

Time (sec)

p.u.

Det

ail D

4 (V

)

1.025 1.03 1.035

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

Time (sec)

p.u.

Det

ail D

3 (V

)

1.025 1.03 1.035

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

Time (sec)

p.u.

Det

ail D

2 (V

)

1.025 1.03 1.035

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

Time (sec)

p.u.

Det

ail D

1 (V

)

2424

Sample Results ..cont.Sample Results ..cont.

Figure 13. Wavelet transform of ground mode voltage at sending end S1, for a SLG Figure 13. Wavelet transform of ground mode voltage at sending end S1, for a SLG linear fault on phase B at 200km from R1. linear fault on phase B at 200km from R1.

1.025 1.03 1.035

-2

-1

0

1

2

Time (sec)

p.u.

orig

inal

sig

nal (

V)

1.025 1.03 1.035

-4

-2

0

2

4

Time (sec)

p.u.

app

roxi

mat

ion

A5

(V)

1.025 1.03 1.035

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

Time (sec)

p.u.

Det

ail D

4 (V

)

1.025 1.03 1.035

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

Time (sec)

p.u.

Det

ail D

3 (V

)

1.025 1.03 1.035

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

Time (sec)

p.u.

Det

ail D

2 (V

)

1.025 1.03 1.035

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

Time (sec)

p.u.

Det

ail D

1 (V

)

2525

PublicationsPublications

[1]A.M.Sharaf and S.M.A.Saleem,[1]A.M.Sharaf and S.M.A.Saleem, “UHS Transient “UHS Transient Protection of Series Compensated Lines Using Wavelet Protection of Series Compensated Lines Using Wavelet Transforms”, iTransforms”, in Proc. CCECE-CCGEI 2006, Ottawa, May n Proc. CCECE-CCGEI 2006, Ottawa, May 7-10, 2006. 7-10, 2006. (submitted)(submitted)

[2]A.M.Sharaf and S.M.A.Salee[2]A.M.Sharaf and S.M.A.Saleem, “Application of Neural m, “Application of Neural Networks and Wavelet Transforms in High Impedance Networks and Wavelet Transforms in High Impedance Fault Detection in Electrical Systems”,Fault Detection in Electrical Systems”, in Proc. MEPCON- in Proc. MEPCON-2005, Suez Canal University, Port Said, Egypt, Dec. 13-2005, Suez Canal University, Port Said, Egypt, Dec. 13-15, 2005. 15, 2005. (accepted)(accepted)

[3]A.M.Sharaf and S.M.A.Saleem, “High impedance fault [3]A.M.Sharaf and S.M.A.Saleem, “High impedance fault detection using a neural network based relaying detection using a neural network based relaying scheme”, in Proc. MEPCON-2003, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt, scheme”, in Proc. MEPCON-2003, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt, Dec. 18-25, 2003.Dec. 18-25, 2003.

2626

ReferencesReferences

[4]A.M.Sharaf and S.I.Abu-Azab, “A smart relaying scheme for [4]A.M.Sharaf and S.I.Abu-Azab, “A smart relaying scheme for high impedance faults in distribution and utilization high impedance faults in distribution and utilization networks”, in Proc. of Canadian Conference on Electrical and networks”, in Proc. of Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, Halifax, NS Canada, March 2000.Computer Engineering, Halifax, NS Canada, March 2000.

[5]A.M.Sharaf, L.A.Snider and K.Debnath, “Harmonic based [5]A.M.Sharaf, L.A.Snider and K.Debnath, “Harmonic based detection of HIF - Arc faults in distribution networks using detection of HIF - Arc faults in distribution networks using neural networks”, in Proc. IASTED Conf., Pittsburg, PA, 1993.neural networks”, in Proc. IASTED Conf., Pittsburg, PA, 1993.

[6]A.M.Sharaf, L.A.Snider and K.Debnath, "A neuro-fuzzy [6]A.M.Sharaf, L.A.Snider and K.Debnath, "A neuro-fuzzy based relay for global ground fault detection in radial based relay for global ground fault detection in radial electrical distribution networks", in Proc.International electrical distribution networks", in Proc.International Conference of Electrical Engineering, Tehran, May 1993.Conference of Electrical Engineering, Tehran, May 1993.

2727

ReferencesReferences

[7]A.M.Sharaf, L.A.Snider and K.Debnath, "A neural network [7]A.M.Sharaf, L.A.Snider and K.Debnath, "A neural network based back error propagation relay algorithm for distribution based back error propagation relay algorithm for distribution system HIF - Arc fault detection", in Proc. APSCOM-93, Hong system HIF - Arc fault detection", in Proc. APSCOM-93, Hong Kong, Dec. 1993.Kong, Dec. 1993.

[8]A.M.Sharaf, L.A. Snider and K.Debnath, "Harmonic based [8]A.M.Sharaf, L.A. Snider and K.Debnath, "Harmonic based detection of HIF - Arc faults in distribution networks using detection of HIF - Arc faults in distribution networks using artificial neural networks", in Proc. IASTED, Pittsburgh, PA, artificial neural networks", in Proc. IASTED, Pittsburgh, PA, May 10-12, 1993.May 10-12, 1993.

[9]A.M.Sharaf, L.A.Snider and K.Debnath, "Residual third [9]A.M.Sharaf, L.A.Snider and K.Debnath, "Residual third harmonic detection of HIF - Arc faults in distribution systems harmonic detection of HIF - Arc faults in distribution systems using perception neural networks", in Proc. ISEDEM 1993, using perception neural networks", in Proc. ISEDEM 1993, Singapore, Oct. 1993.Singapore, Oct. 1993.

[10]“Type LFDC Digital Directional Comparison Protection [10]“Type LFDC Digital Directional Comparison Protection Relay”, Areva Transmission and Distribution Ltd.Relay”, Areva Transmission and Distribution Ltd.

2828

ReferencesReferences

[11]C.Y.Evrenosoglu and A.Abur, “Travelling Wave Based [11]C.Y.Evrenosoglu and A.Abur, “Travelling Wave Based Fault Location for Teed Circuits”, IEEE Trans. PWD, pp. 1115- Fault Location for Teed Circuits”, IEEE Trans. PWD, pp. 1115- 1121, vol. 20, no. 2, April 2005.1121, vol. 20, no. 2, April 2005.

[12]X.Dong, Y.Ge and J.He, “Surge Impedance Relay”, IEEE [12]X.Dong, Y.Ge and J.He, “Surge Impedance Relay”, IEEE Trans. PWD, pp. 1247- 1256, vol. 20, no. 2, April 2005.Trans. PWD, pp. 1247- 1256, vol. 20, no. 2, April 2005.

[13]G.Phadke, J.S.Thorpe, “Computer Relaying for Power [13]G.Phadke, J.S.Thorpe, “Computer Relaying for Power Systems”, John Wiley and Sons.Systems”, John Wiley and Sons.

[14]J.G.Proakis, D.G.Manolakis, “Digital Signal Processing, 3rd [14]J.G.Proakis, D.G.Manolakis, “Digital Signal Processing, 3rd Edition”, Prentice Hall.Edition”, Prentice Hall.

2929

Thank youThank you

Questions Please