1 smart distribution systems: communications perspective s. s. (mani) venkata alstom grid and...
TRANSCRIPT
1
Smart Distribution Systems: Communications Perspective
S. S. (Mani) VenkataAlstom Grid and University of Washington (UW)
[email protected]@ee.washington.edu
2011 SECON Workshop Panel PresentationSalt Lake City, UT
June 27, 2011Co-author: Sumit Roy, UW
2
Simple concept Robust; Effective Not much changed in
the last century
Complex in execution Thousands of
classical, central power plants
Web of transmission lines (above 120-kV)
More complex web of distribution lines
(below 69-kV)
“Edison’s Grid” Today
Generating Plant
End User
Transmission Line
Substation
Distribution System
3
Smart Grid: A Digital, Information-Age Grid
Basic structure – Today’s (Edison’s) grid is the starting point– Applies information technology – Much more information and control
Power of Timely information– Deregulation– Infusion of new technologies– More precise system design and operation– Improved reliability, efficiency, safety, security and
cost – Ability to meet customer needs– More products and services– Reduced emissions and environmental impact
404/11/23 © 2010 Copyright S. S.
Venkata4
What is in Store for the Future?
The real world is full of uncertainties Many needs of the society are
geographically imbalanced Energy demand and supply unbalance will
continue to exist in the future Global population will increase by 30% to
8 billion in the next 40 years How do we prepare to meet the challenges
and take advantage of the opportunities?
504/11/23 © 2010 Copyright S. S.
Venkata5
Global Issues of Concern (contd.)
Ecology and environment protection is essential
– Global warming is one critical example
Next to air and water, energy is the most important need of the society
How to achieve balance between all conflicting forces?
Seeking sustainable energy resources is the answer without sacrificing air and water quality
604/11/23 © 2010 Copyright S. S.
Venkata6
Need for Reduced Political Barriers
Governments should aim for reduced bureaucracy
Regulators need to balance societal and utility needs.– Reduced time for approval for new
projects Utilities have to balance their internal
enterprise management in the most efficient and effective ways
7
3277 Electric Distribution System Utilities
Distribution Systems is neglected step child Distribution System serves 131 Million
Customers 3.1 Million miles of Distribution lines Electrical infrastructure is ageing rapidly
(?) Total Revenue $256 billion / year Average cost of retail energy sales $0.074 /
kWh Average cost of power generation $0.041 /
kWh Total cost of distribution losses $6.9
Billion / year
8
Legacy System Deficiencies
Little flexibility and intelligence Outdated network Unacceptable performance
measures Consumer cost of service issues Environmental issues Limited information from the
electric facilities. The visibility is only provided by
SCADA monitoring and control of the distribution substations with little or no telemetry or control of distribution line devices.
© 2010 Copyright S. S. Venkata
804/11/23
904/11/23 © 2010 Copyright S. S.
Venkata9
Why the Smart Grid Revolution?
Running today's digital society through yesterday's grid is like running the Internet
through an old telephone switchboard
Running today's digital society through yesterday's grid is like running the Internet
through an old telephone switchboard
’’’’‘‘‘‘
Reid DetchonReid Detchon
1004/11/23 © 2010 Copyright S. S.
Venkata10
Impetus for Smart Grid Development
Deregulation (re-regulation?) Development of new
technologies Protection of environment and
ecology Meet customer needs and Birth of “Smart Grid” (Intelligent
Grid)
1104/11/23 © 2010 Copyright S. S.
Venkata11
Optimal Performance Measures for Smart Grid Development
Customer Satisfaction Efficiency Reliability Voltage and frequency regulation Power Quality Economy Environment and ecology Regulatory Security (system and cyber) Safety
12
Smart Grid Components
Generating Plant
End User
Transmission Line
Substation
Distribution System
Broadband over Power lines
—Provide for two-way communications
Monitors and smart relays at substations
Monitors at transformers, circuit breakers and reclosers
Bi-directional meters with two-way communication
13
Incorporates entire energy pathway, from generation to customer High-speed, near real-time, two-way communications Sensors, solid-state controllers, switches, protective devices,
transformers, enabling rapid diagnosis and corrections Distributed Energy Resources (DER)
Distributed Generation Energy Storage Demand Response Plug-in Electric Vehicles
An Integrated Energy SystemAn Integrated Energy System
14
Demand Management• Better demand control = reduced
generation reserve requirement• Control demand to match supply• Pricing based on real-time market
Renewables Management• Shape load to generation
• Manage intermittency• Maximize renewables
• Supply-based pricing
Asset Management• Improve field efficiency• Real-time asset status & control• Expanded reliability• Extended asset life
Customer-Enabled Management• Automatic control of electronic
devices• Real-time pricing • New services and products• Enable customer choice
Smart Grid BenefitsSmart Grid Benefits
15
Smart Grid: Architectural View
1616
Smart Grid Comm. Standards Domains
1717
T&D Wide-Area Networks
Many of these are considered obsolete or aging in the general IT world
Still in common use in the power system
Name Notes
Frame Relay Packet-switched, no reliability guarantee
SONET Campus or city backbones
WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing – follows SONET
Microwave Proprietary, used in geographically difficult areas
Satellite Various proprietary technologies, costly
Trunked Radio Licensed, one broadcast channel, one return
Spread-Spectrum Unlicensed frequencies, more efficient
IP Radio Like trunked radio but with IP addressing
18
T&D Substations
Automation common in transmission Business case tough in distribution Well-known problems and solutions Moving to the next level
Name / No. Description Status
IEC 61850 Object models, self-describing, high-speed relaying, process bus
Widespread in Europe, beginning here
DNP3 Distributed Network Protocol Most popular in NA
Modbus Evolved from process automation Close second
COMTRADE Fault Capture file format Widespread
PQDIF Power Quality file format In use
IEC 62351 Security for power systems Recently released
1919
Access Wide-Area Networks
Used to reach the Collector or Substation Too expensive, too unreliable or too slow for actual
access to home
Name Notes
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network – dial-up, leased lines
DSL Digital Subscriber Line - Telco IP-based home access
Cable DOCSIS standard for coax IP-based home access
WiMAX WiFi with a backbone, cellular-type coverage
Cellular Various technologies e.g. GSM/GPRS or CDMA/EVDO
FTTH Fiber to the Home. Passive Optical Networks (PONs)
PLC Narrowband Power Line Carrier – the “old stuff”
Access BPL Broadband over power line to the home
Paging Various proprietary systems, POCSAG
2020
Field Area Networks – Distribution and AMI
Offerings mostly proprietary– Wireless mesh, licensed or unlicensed– Power line carrier, narrowband or
broadband– New standard activity just started in 2008
Open standards not useful yet– Cellular, WiMAX, ADSL, Cable, FITL– Not economical or not reliable or both– Mostly only reach the Collector level
Interop solution: common upper layer– Network layer preferred: IP suite– Most don’t have bandwidth
Application layer instead: ANSI C12.22– Too flexible, not enough interoperability– Need guidelines, profile from users
More bandwidth the main solution!
Metering NetworkMetering Network
NetworkA
Metering NetworkMetering Network
NetworkB
A B
BA
2121
Home Area Networks
ZigBee and HomePlug alliance– Popular open specifications
LONWorks, Insteon, Z-Wave, X10 – popular proprietary networks
Challenges coming in Electric Vehicles
Name Number Notes
Ethernet IEEE 802.3 Substation LANs, usually fiber optic
WiFi IEEE 802.11 Access by field tool, neighborhood AMI net
ZigBee IEEE 802.15.4 Customer premises automation network
HomePlug 1.0, AV, BPL Powerline comms, in and outside premises
6LowPAN IEEE 802.15.4 The “approved” IPv6 wireless interface
OpenHAN HAN SRS v1.04-2008
Power Industry requirements definition!
22Submission Claudio Lima, Sonoma Innovation
October 2009
The Smart Grid Communications Physical Architecture
Page 6
doc.: IEEE P2030-09-0110-00-0011
23
NIST’s System Architecture
23
24Submission Claudio Lima, Sonoma Innovation
October 2009
Smart Grid Logical Communications Architecture
Page 7
doc.: IEEE P2030-09-0110-00-0011
25
Central GeneratingStation
Step-Up Transformer
DistributionSubstation
ReceivingStation
DistributionSubstation
DistributionSubstation
Commercial
Industrial Commercial
Gas Turbine
RecipEngine
Cogeneration
RecipEngine
Fuel cell
Micro-turbine
Flywheel
Residential
Photovoltaics
Batteries
Residential Data Concentrator
Control Center
Data network Users
Distributed Computing Infrastructure
Power Infrastructure
Power and Computing Infrastructure
Source: EPRI IntelliGridSM Project