1. site management

CONSTRUCTIOCONSTRUCTION SITE N SITE

PLANNINGPLANNING

CONSTRUCTIOCONSTRUCTION SITE N SITE

PLANNINGPLANNING

The objective of this topic is to understand the importance of the site planning.

The focus of the learning is how achieve effective management through:

Effective Site Layout & Planning

Increase work productivity

Minimise conflicts and disputes

Complete the tasks on time

Avoid cost overrun

OBJECTIVEOBJECTIVE

All construction jobs can, from the site planning and organisation point of view, be classified into four main types:

i. Simple straightforward jobs with no complicationii. Jobs with difficult foundation problemsiii. Jobs which are complicated by the requirements of the

clients Phasing Completion dates Minimum noise level on site Working only at nights and weekends etc.

iv. Jobs with problems created by special forms or construction techniques

TYPE OF PROJECT TYPE OF PROJECT SITESSITES

How the construction site should be planned and organised depends upon:- Type of contract- Nature of the construction site- Type of building/structure to be constructed- Construction period allowed

Special attention must be given to those parts of the job which require more emphasis on more accurate analysis

TYPE OF PROJECT TYPE OF PROJECT SITESSITES

Features of the construction process:• Complex undertaking involving literally

hundreds of different operations• Each project is unique in its own way and no two

project sites are even quite alike• Subject to the influence of highly variable and

unpredictable factors• To translate the drawings and erect the

structure on specific location and within the time stipulated

• It begins from the first day of the job being awarded

NATURE OF NATURE OF CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION

PROJECTPROJECT

The main personnel in the Contractor’s site organisation: Project Manager Construction manager Site Manager

Why?.... because:

They possess the first hand information relevant for the construction management decision-making.

They operate at the sharp end of the construction process

Their awareness and understanding is crucial for the determination of the construction methods and work environment

They significantly contribute towards making the process of construction and organisation of job better

THE PARTIES INVOLVEDTHE PARTIES INVOLVED

The key questions/data (checklist) required are:

What the operations that have to be done?What facilities in the way of plant and equipment will be

required to do these operation? In what sequence must the operations be carried out?What is the time and rate at which these operations are

likely to be performed?The probable duration of each operation?What are the resources required?

SITE PLANNING SITE PLANNING AND ORGANISATIONAND ORGANISATION

Decision on utilisation of plant and machineries: Plant is an important item in the construction workHeavy plant is expensive and new plant represents a considerable capital outlayIt is important to know what plant will be required, and for how long

SITE PLANNING AND SITE PLANNING AND ORGANISATIONORGANISATION

Decision on: Human resource allocation and assignment of tasksDistribution and storage of materialsPositioning of temporary building, yards and utility services

SITE PLANNING AND SITE PLANNING AND ORGANISATIONORGANISATION

SITE SUPERVISOR’S ROLE

Check all drawings, details and specification Detailed and realistic construction program Selecting the construction method, sequence of erection,

type of plant and equipment required Setting out and leveling Evaluate the construction process Operation and maintenance of plant and equipment on site Efficient site layout to position all the temporary building/

yards and ensure smooth running of the transportation and movement

Keeping full detailed job dairy Compliance with all the safety regulation and

environmental control requirement Storage of incoming materials and control of goods

dispatch for construction

SITE ORGANISATION AND SETTING SITE ORGANISATION AND SETTING OUT FOR CONSTRUCTIONOUT FOR CONSTRUCTION

Is the process of employing surveying instruments and techniques to transfer the information from the drawings to the ground

Three elements involved to the tasks:To ensure that the new works are in the correct place - Horizontal control To ensure they are at the correct level - Vertical control To ensure that the multi-story or underground construction is plumbed - Vertical alignment

SETTING OUT FOR SETTING OUT FOR CONSTRUCTION WORKCONSTRUCTION WORK

SETTING OUT DOCUMENT AND DATA Site plans Block plans

-Indicating the required set-back from the boundary or the neighboring structures

Detailed drawings Other : specification, schedules, survey data Specification – may contain setting out information like:

- Thickness of foundation – pads, pile caps etc- Depth of slabs- Heights and invert levels of manholes etc.


SEQUENCE OF SETTING OUT

Examine and inspect the document/ survey plan/ drawings

Conduct an inspection on the site condition Check the temporary bench marks Check the proposed structure if it fits on the site as

shown on the drawings All the individual measurements should be totaled and

check against the overall measurement Check the gradients against actual levels shown Compute all the calculations before physical works

commence. E.G. Determination of reduced levels Once the plan’s dimensions are verified, check the

height by transfer from temporary or permanent bench marks

The profiles being set up must be outside and parallel to the proposed structure


For efficient setting out:

AccuracyTimelinessClarity


Clause 5.1 of the PAM CONTRACT 2006 Forms, Architect’s responsibility are:

To determine any level of the site required for the execution of the works

To provide the contractor with information necessary to enable him to set the works out at ground level

The information thus given must be in the form of accurately dimensioned drawings


Clause 12.1 in CIDB Standard Form Of Contract For Building Works:

‘The SO shall be responsible to provide the original reference points, lines and levels necessary for the Contractor to set out the Works at ground level’

( Clause 12.1(a))


INACCURATE SETTING OUT

• The contractor shall be responsible for any error arising from his own inaccurate setting out

• The contractor shall entirely at his own cost to amend the error made

• Architect/ S.O. may at his discretion to accept the errors without amendment subject to such reduction in the contract sum or no major effects on the scope of works

• This must take into consideration of any loss of value suffered by the employer


1. Working space

2. Storage areas

3. Access and circulation space

4. Surrounding environment

FACTORS AFFECTING FACTORS AFFECTING SITE PREPARATION SITE PREPARATION

Storage areas:

Providing of storage space is the responsibility of the main contractor


Categories of storage: Tools and equipment Spare parts for mechanical plant Raw materials –

Cement Aggregate Steel bars etc.

Manufactured items- Joinery Sanitary wares ironmongery


Various factors affecting storage: Location of materials in relation to

position of jobs Completed building Timbers and steel bars – how to stack

them?


Construction site access and traffic control

Remove surplus excavated materials from site Housing scheme

Excavation to formation level Excavation to form building platform

Bring in materials throughout most of the period of construction


Problem: constant flow of traffic at different points on site

Solution: forward planning by:› Study site plan – nature and volume of

excavation› Methods to excavate and cart away› How to bring in equipment› Examine if other operations would be

affected by your decision


Decision on:Traffic routes on and off site

No danger to others and traffic

Deep excavation Bridges, ramp required or not and type

FACTORS AFFECTING SITE FACTORS AFFECTING SITE PLANNINGPLANNING

Laying of sub-base of roadsWhether at start of the project or after the

building is completed This is for contract with roads

Contract without roads Whether to build temporary road or not

Depend on type and nature of ground Types of materials used: crusher run, aggregates,

mining ballast, planking

SITE PREPATION AND SITE PREPATION AND CONTROLCONTROL

Control over all vehicles:Provides sign postingProvides checking points

SITE PREPATION AND SITE PREPATION AND CONTROLCONTROL

Storage areas:Avoid wastage:-

Minimum double handling of materials Protect from weather No carelessness Stacking all the materials at the specified

areas Avoid theft Vandalism Accidental damages

EFFECT OF LAYOUT TO EFFECT OF LAYOUT TO PROJECT PROFITABILITY PROJECT PROFITABILITY

Allocation of plant and machineries:Avoid being left idle on site and non-

productive work:-Maximise the usage of the plant and

equipment available on site for:Excavation purposesLifting materials purposesTransportation purposes etc.

EFFECT OF LAYOUT TO EFFECT OF LAYOUT TO PROJECT PROFITABILITY PROJECT PROFITABILITY

Benefits:It provides for utilisation of labour, plant and

materials, resulting in a faster programme of operations at reduced cost

Management is able to relate what has been done what should have been done Examine the reasons for correcting any

shortfalls

Idle and non-productive time is eliminated

EFFECTIVE SITE LAYOUT AND EFFECTIVE SITE LAYOUT AND PLANNINGPLANNING

The movement of labour force, plant, components and materials

Accommodation for personnel - both welfare and working accommodation, the storage areas

Work activities such as steel/ formwork fabrication yard, concrete patching plant

Site access for various sizes of vehicles The control of work activity The location of the heavy plant such as tower

crane, hoist

EFFECT OF SITE LAYOUT TO WORK EFFECT OF SITE LAYOUT TO WORK OPERATON EFFICIENCY – DEVELOP OPERATON EFFICIENCY – DEVELOP

AROUND AROUND

CRITERIA FOR GOOD LAYOUT

Must facilitate supervision Minimum handling Minimum distance travel Maximum accessibility Maximum flexibility Minimum coordination Visible routes Good condition for working Maximum visibility

After reviewing the lists of considerations, the layout of these facilities should be drawn into a site plot plan and analysed for potential problems.

SITE LAYOUTSITE LAYOUT

IN PLANNING FOR SITE LAYOUT, TAKE INTO CONSIDERATION OF PUBLIC NUISANCE

Excessive noise Excessive dust in the atmosphere Dirt on the public roads Silting to the public drains Obstruction on the public roads

ACTION Put up screens Wet the area Labourer to clean the dirt immediately Locate the noisy plant away from the building

(where a hospital is nearby)

SITE LAYOUTSITE LAYOUT

Material stack wrongly locatedPlant and equipment wrongly locatedInadequate space allowedSite huts wrongly located in relation to their

effective use and convenience

COMMON PROBLEMS IN POOR COMMON PROBLEMS IN POOR SITE LAYOUTSITE LAYOUT

A badly organised construction site could easily allow:Accident to occurexposure to building materials which would

cause health hazard

EFFECTS OF SITE LAYOUT TO EFFECTS OF SITE LAYOUT TO SITE SAFETY & HEALTHSITE SAFETY & HEALTH

Careful planning on the erection of the hoarding and fencing in necessaryTo achieve the required service from

them at minimum cost

Hoarding have to be erected in the position as stated in the application for approval

EFFECTS OF SITE LAYOUT TO EFFECTS OF SITE LAYOUT TO SITE SECURITYSITE SECURITY

In selecting the method and materials for the fencing for the site, factors to be considered:The duration of the need for a hoardingThe need to present a good image on cityThe risk to the publicThe restriction on site production


To avoid theft and accidents, sufficient provision to be considered in the followings when planning the site layout:Location of the watchman checking pointsPositioning of the site lighting Proper storage and lock-up system for all the

goods on siteLocation of dump site – stolen goods hidden

under the spoil


1. Poor coordination of work operationAd-hoc basis in site operation arrangementWork operations assigned were not followed up

2. Inexperience in site planning and organisation skillsNot be able to identify the likely problems appear

on site3. Lack of knowledge on construction techniques and

management skills

COMMON PROBLEMS IN COMMON PROBLEMS IN MANAGING AND MAINTAINING MANAGING AND MAINTAINING

CONSTRUCTION SITESCONSTRUCTION SITES

(exercise)(exercise)

4. Insensitive and misinterpretation of the work programme and the contract as a whole

5. Work attitude – passive manner in managing the sitePoor leadershipDo not know how to delegate the duties and

tasksDare not make decisionsPushing away responsibilities - Good in finding

faults of othersNot committed to the job assigned



6. Lack of problems solving skills and knowledgeCould not be able to provide remedial action to

be taken in the case of urgency

7. Short fall on communication and net-working skill with piers, subordinates and others personnel on site



PROCEDURES PROCEDURES

TO BE TAKEN TO BE TAKEN

AT THE BEGINNING AT THE BEGINNING

OF CONSTRUCTION WORKSOF CONSTRUCTION WORKS

PROCEDURES PROCEDURES

TO BE TAKEN TO BE TAKEN

AT THE BEGINNING AT THE BEGINNING

OF CONSTRUCTION WORKSOF CONSTRUCTION WORKS

Check boundary peg, building block peg and orientation of building

Check temporary bench markCheck existing earthwork levelCheck proposed building platform levelStudy the Tender document thoroughly especially

on items in preliminaries, specifications and bills of quantities against construction drawings - to list out all changes and discrepancies

SITE POSSESSIONSITE POSSESSION

Plan for Site LayoutLocation of site officeLocation of workers quarterLocation of store for materials & equipmentBar-bending areaCarpentry areaStacking area for sand, aggregates etc.Location of plant & machineryLocation of temporary toiletLocation of project sign board & safety signLocation of dumping ground


Plan for Site OrganisationPrepare the Project Quality Plan (inclusive of

works programme, project details, list of Consultants/sub-contractors), procedures, standard forms and checklists

Organise the Project Management teamAppointment of sub-contractors/ suppliersPrepare plant deployment schedule with the

sub-contractor


List out the materials and tools to be purchased for construction. Check with sub-contractor whenever necessary

Check for source of water & electricityApply for:-

temporary water supplytemporary electricity supplytelephone/ fax line

Request for:-approved layout planconsultant’s letter


Apply permit for:-temporary building24 hours work (if any)removal earth or Import earth to sitestoring building materialsheavy plant

vertical hoist, tower crane etcany permit required for ingress/ exgress of site

Prepare complete set of earthwork/ engineering/ architecture/ M&E drawings for:-site office 1 sethead office 1 setbuilding sub-contractor 2 setservices/ specialist sub-contractor 1 set


To displace signboards at prominent areas for:-No trespasserSafety precautionSite officeOther signboards deemed necessary

Fence up the compound or construct hoardings as required

Construction of temporary buildings:-site officeworkers’ quarterstoretemporary toilet

Organise and get the site staff, sub-contractors, machinery/ equipment and site office ready

WORK COMMENCEMENTWORK COMMENCEMENT

Arrange ‘Kick-Off’ meeting with the full project management team and sub-contractors

Agenda included:-scope of workworks programmeappointment of sub-contractorsissuance of drawings to sub-contractorsbriefing on procedures & submission of reportsdefine the duties & responsibility of each party/

personmission statement

Confirm site meeting schedule with sub-contractors


Confirm the procedures for purchase of materials, issuance of site instructions, communication system and construction process

Confirm rubbish dumping areaEngage security guard and provide him with a torch

light an other facilities requiredProvide complete set of First Aid in the site officeArrange for maintenance of the access road. If

needed


Get ready all relevant forms/ reports:

daily reportsummary weekly reportsfortnightly planning reportsweekly site meeting reportsother special forms for recording of piling,

load testing etc.


“Do the right thing at the start when the job was awarded”

Select a team of experienced site personnel in their respective work competency who are committed to the task

Delegate the task to someone to work on the operations programme as well as monitoring the progress, report immediately to the superior for decision

COMMON PRACTICES AND PROCEDURES COMMON PRACTICES AND PROCEDURES IN MANAGING AND MAINTAINING IN MANAGING AND MAINTAINING

CONSTRUCTION SITE CONSTRUCTION SITE

Take the task on site organisation and planning seriously:

All the sub-contractors’ personnel should be briefed on the site requirements and the expectation from them during the construction duration

Always maintain efficient flow for site traffic, keep tidiness and pre-planning on storing items delivered to site



Meeting at regular basis to discuss issues relating to:Task – problems, job delay, materials

selection etc.Information and decision requirement with

The sub-contractorsMonitoring the progress of works

The traders/ suppliersMonitoring the materials supply and

delivery schedule



Design an effective communication networkInformation and data must be transparent to all

levels at the site to enable the works being carried out accurately

Any error made due to withholding the information definitely will lead to delay of works and incurring extra cost

Training for the site personnelChange of working attitudeImprove communication and management skillsProjecting Corporate culture



1. site management

Documents

construction sitetype

process of construction

construction methods

construction processoperation

construction workheavy

long site planning

type of plant

contractors site organisation