PAPER – 2 || VOLUME – 1

NATIONAL TESTING AGENCY (NTA)

GEOGRAPHY

Geological Time ScaleGeological Time ScaleGeological Time ScaleGeological Time Scale 1111

Concept of Origin Continent and Ocean FormationConcept of Origin Continent and Ocean FormationConcept of Origin Continent and Ocean FormationConcept of Origin Continent and Ocean Formation 1111

Tetrahedral theory by Lothian GreenTetrahedral theory by Lothian GreenTetrahedral theory by Lothian GreenTetrahedral theory by Lothian Green 2222

Continental Drift theory Taylor and WegnerContinental Drift theory Taylor and WegnerContinental Drift theory Taylor and WegnerContinental Drift theory Taylor and Wegner 3333

Plate TectonicsPlate TectonicsPlate TectonicsPlate Tectonics 12121212

Rocks and its typesRocks and its typesRocks and its typesRocks and its types 14141414

Structure Structure Structure Structure of the earth’s interiorof the earth’s interiorof the earth’s interiorof the earth’s interior 16161616

Theory of IsostasyTheory of IsostasyTheory of IsostasyTheory of Isostasy 20202020

Earth Earth Earth Earth Movement Movement Movement Movement 24242424

Endogenetic and Exogenetic ForcesEndogenetic and Exogenetic ForcesEndogenetic and Exogenetic ForcesEndogenetic and Exogenetic Forces 25252525

Denudation and WeatheringDenudation and WeatheringDenudation and WeatheringDenudation and Weathering 30303030

Geomorphic Cycle DavisGeomorphic Cycle DavisGeomorphic Cycle DavisGeomorphic Cycle Davis and Causes of Geomorphic Hazards and Causes of Geomorphic Hazards and Causes of Geomorphic Hazards and Causes of Geomorphic Hazards 31313131

Drainage System of RiverDrainage System of RiverDrainage System of RiverDrainage System of River 44444444

1.1.1.1. Composition and Structure of AtmosphereComposition and Structure of AtmosphereComposition and Structure of AtmosphereComposition and Structure of Atmosphere 47474747

2.2.2.2. InsolationInsolationInsolationInsolation 50505050

3.3.3.3. Heat Budget of EarthHeat Budget of EarthHeat Budget of EarthHeat Budget of Earth 53535353

4.4.4.4. TemperatureTemperatureTemperatureTemperature 55555555

5.5.5.5. Pressure and WindPressure and WindPressure and WindPressure and Wind 57575757

6.6.6.6. Atmosphere CirculationAtmosphere CirculationAtmosphere CirculationAtmosphere Circulation 65656565

7.7.7.7. Climatic Classification of KoppenClimatic Classification of KoppenClimatic Classification of KoppenClimatic Classification of Koppen 70707070

8.8.8.8. Climate Classification of ThornthwaiteClimate Classification of ThornthwaiteClimate Classification of ThornthwaiteClimate Classification of Thornthwaite 79797979

9.9.9.9. Enso EventsEnso EventsEnso EventsEnso Events 84848484

10.10.10.10. Meteorological Hazards and DisasterMeteorological Hazards and DisasterMeteorological Hazards and DisasterMeteorological Hazards and Disaster 88888888

11.11.11.11. Climate changesClimate changesClimate changesClimate changes 108108108108

1.1.1.1. Relief of Oceans Relief of Oceans Relief of Oceans Relief of Oceans 113113113113

2.2.2.2. Composition: Temperature, Density and Composition: Temperature, Density and Composition: Temperature, Density and Composition: Temperature, Density and SSSSalinityalinityalinityalinity 111119191919

3.3.3.3. WavesWavesWavesWaves 125125125125

4.4.4.4. TidesTidesTidesTides 128128128128

5.5.5.5. Sea Level ChangesSea Level ChangesSea Level ChangesSea Level Changes 132132132132

6.6.6.6. Hazards: Tsunami and CycloneHazards: Tsunami and CycloneHazards: Tsunami and CycloneHazards: Tsunami and Cyclone 132132132132

1.1.1.1. Ecosystem Ecosystem Ecosystem Ecosystem 111137373737

2.2.2.2. Components of Components of Components of Components of Ecosystem Ecosystem Ecosystem Ecosystem 137137137137

3.3.3.3. Classification of EcosystemClassification of EcosystemClassification of EcosystemClassification of Ecosystem 138138138138

4.4.4.4. Human EcologyHuman EcologyHuman EcologyHuman Ecology 140140140140

5.5.5.5. Functions: Trophic Functions: Trophic Functions: Trophic Functions: Trophic LevelsLevelsLevelsLevels 143143143143

6.6.6.6. Energy FlowsEnergy FlowsEnergy FlowsEnergy Flows 111144444444

7.7.7.7. Cycles (geoCycles (geoCycles (geoCycles (geo----chemical, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen)chemical, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen)chemical, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen)chemical, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen) 145145145145

8.8.8.8. Food ChainFood ChainFood ChainFood Chain 150150150150

9.9.9.9. Food Food Food Food Web Web Web Web 151151151151

10.10.10.10. Ecological PyramidEcological PyramidEcological PyramidEcological Pyramid 151151151151

11.11.11.11. Environmental Hazards and Environmental Hazards and Environmental Hazards and Environmental Hazards and Disasters Disasters Disasters Disasters 156156156156

12.12.12.12. National Programmes and PoliciesNational Programmes and PoliciesNational Programmes and PoliciesNational Programmes and Policies 173173173173

13.13.13.13. Environmental PolicyEnvironmental PolicyEnvironmental PolicyEnvironmental Policy 171717179999

14.14.14.14. International TreatiesInternational TreatiesInternational TreatiesInternational Treaties 180180180180

15.15.15.15. Kyoto ProtocolKyoto ProtocolKyoto ProtocolKyoto Protocol 189189189189

16.16.16.16. Paris AgreementParis AgreementParis AgreementParis Agreement 193193193193

17.17.17.17. Sustainable Development Goals Sustainable Development Goals Sustainable Development Goals Sustainable Development Goals &&&& Millennium Millennium Millennium Millennium

Development GoalsDevelopment GoalsDevelopment GoalsDevelopment Goals 196196196196