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On the energy-delay trade-off in geographic forwarding in always-on wireless sensor networks: A multi-objective optimization problem Habib M. Ammari ⇑ Wirele ss Sensor and Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (WiSeMAN) Resear ch Lab, Depart ment of Compu ter and Informa tion Science, College of Engine ering and Computer Science, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan 48128, United States a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 5 May 2012 Receiv ed in revised form 26 Febru ary 2013 Accept ed 22 March 2013 Availa ble online 2 April 2013 Keywords: Wireless sensor networks Data forwarding Slicing Optimization Trade-off Energy Delay Proxy forwarders a b s t r a c t The design and development of multi-hop wireless sensor networks are guided by the spe- cific requirements of their corresponding sensing applications. These requirements can be associated with certain well-defined qualitative and/or quantitative performance metrics, which are application-dependent. The main function of this type of network is to monitor a field of inter est using the sensing capabil ity of the sensors, collec t the corresp ondi ng sensed data, and forward it to a data gathering point, also known as sink. Thus, the longev- ity of wire less sensor network s requi res that the load of data forwardi ng be bala nced among all the sensor nodes so they deplete their battery power (or energy) slowly and uni- formly. However, some sensing applications are time-critical in nature. Hence, they should satisfy strict delay constraints so the sink can receive the sensed data originated from the sensors within a specified time bound. Thus, to account for all of these various sensing applications, appropriate data forwarding protocols should be designed to achieve some or all of the following three major goals, namely minimum energy consumption, uniform battery power depletion, and minimum delay. To this end, it is necessary to jointly consider these three goals by formulating a multi-objective optimization problem and solving it. In this paper, we propose a data forwarding protocol that trades off these three goals via slicing the communication range of the sensors into concentric circular bands. In particular, we discuss an approach, called weighted scale-uniform-unit sum, which is used by the source sensors to solve this multi-objective optimization problem. Our proposed data forwarding protocol, called Trade-off Energy with Delay (TED), makes use of our solution to this multi- objective optimization problem in order to find a ‘‘best’’ trade-off of minimum energy consumption, uniform battery power depletion, and minimum delay. Then, we present and discuss several numerical results to show the effectiveness of TED. Moreover, we show how to relax several widely used assumptions in order to enhance the practicality of our TED protocol, and extend it to real-world network scenarios. Finally, we evaluate the performance of TED through extensive simulations. We find that TED is near optimal with respect to the energy delay metric. This simulation study is an essential step to gain more insight into TED before implementing it using a sensor test-bed. 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Rece nt adva nces in sensor tech nol ogy and wire less commun ications have enab led the desi gn and deve lop- ment of inexpens ive, large-scale wireless sensor networks, 1389-1286/$ - see front matter 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2013.03.009 ⇑ Tel.: +1 313 593 5239. E-mail address: [email protected] Computer Networks 57 (2013) 1913–1935 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Computer Networks journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/comnet

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http://www.elsevier.com/locate/comnet

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/13891286

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2013.03.009

mailto:[email protected]

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2013.03.009

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