1 radio frequency id presentation by: group 3 nikki baker lauren bright julie kim kristin harbin...

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Radio Frequency ID

Presentation By: Group 3

Nikki Baker

Lauren Bright

Julie Kim

Kristin Harbin

Jessica Tipp

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Introduction

How many people have a car…

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RFID is everywhere!

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Objectives

• What is RFID • History• How RFID works• Case Studies

– Walmart– GoSt.Louis– Healthcare– Animals

• Issues and Concerns• Future Trends

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Overview

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Om7TtgNlwM (time: 1:50-4:11)

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Om7TtgNlwM (time: 1:50-4:11)

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Brief History

• Radar discovered in 1935• 1950-1960 Companies began to use

for security purposes• 1970s - First patent for an active

RFID tag, Gov’t began to use to track nuclear materials, Agriculture began to use to track cows

• Today it is used all over the place

http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/1338/1

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How RFID works

• Divided into four parts1. A scanning antenna

– Puts out radio-frequency signals– Provides a means of communicating with

the RFID tag– It provides the RFID tag with energy to

communicate

2. A transceiver -reader3. A transponder - the RFID tag4. A writer

http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/Technology-Article.asp?ArtNum=2

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Parts of RFID

• http://www.aimglobal.org/services/RFIDSpotlight.asp (middle of video)

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How RFID Works

RFID Tag (Transponder)

Scanning Antenna

Transceiver Writer http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/Technology-Article.asp?ArtNum=2

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Types of RFID Tags

Active Tag

Battery Powered

Passive

Reader Powered

Cost2 More than $10 Less than $1

Distance1 100 feet or more Typically a few feet

Size1 Must be able to fit a battery

Can be as small as a grain of rice

Lifespan1 As long as battery lasts As long as tag is in tact

Memory1 Larger (512K) Smaller around (12K)

1. http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/Technology-Article.asp?ArtNum=47,

2. www.rfidhut.com/pages/How-much-does-RFID-Cost.html

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Tag Frequency

Distance What? Sample

Low Frequency 125 KHz (Up to 20 inches) 2

Very close proximity tag, tag must be close to reader1

Smart cards, speedpass1

High Frequency 13.56 MHz (Up to 10 feet) 2

Short proximity1 Healthcare1

Ultra High Frequency

860-960 MHz (Usually 3-20 feet) 2

Highly used, longer proximity1

Supply chain distribution1

1. http://www.rfidradio.com/?p=16,

2. www.barcoding.com/rfid/private/barcoding-inc-RFID-Report.pdf

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Cost of RFID

• Global– RFID spending including all hardware, systems

and integration is estimated to have reached $4.96 billion worldwide in 20071

• RFID Systems– UHF Readers cost between $500-$2000

• A low frequency reader can be under $100

– Antennas cost $250 and up– Tags cost anywhere from less than $1 to $50– Many more administrative and setup costs2

1) http://www.rfidjournal.com/faq/20, viewed March 23, 2009

2) Hasselbacher, N. (2008). “RFID: It’s all in the numbers,” Converting Magazine, Vol. 26, Iss. 12, pg. 38.

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• Began in 1962 in Rogers, Arkansas• Low-Cost Focus• Employs more than 2 million associates worldwide

– 1.4 million in the U.S.• Serve more than 100 million customers per year

http://walmartstores.com/AboutUs, viewed April 8, 2009

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RFID at Wal-Mart

• June 2003– Wal-Mart announced that its suppliers would

have to RFID tag crates and pallets as an improvement over barcodes1

– Top 100 suppliers were supposed to comply by January 20052

– Wal-Mart was the first major retailer to demand suppliers use RFID, though the technology is 50 years old2

1) Krotov, V. (2008), “RFID as a Disruptive Innovation,” Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, Vol.3, Iss.2, pg. 44, 16 pgs.

2) Gaudin, S. (2008), “Some suppliers gain from failed Wal-Mart RFID edict,” Computerworld.

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Benefits of RFID for Wal-Mart

• Save billions of dollars in supply chain efficiency1

• Reduce out of stock items– Average U.S. out-of-stock rate: 8%– Estimated potential lost sales from out of

stock items• 3.4% for retailers

• 2.6% for suppliers21) Krotov, V. (2008), “RFID as a Disruptive Innovation,” Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 3, Iss.2, pg. 44, 16 pgs.

2) Hardgrave, B.; Langford, S.; Waller, M.; and Miller, Rl (2008), “Measuring the Impact of RFID on Out of Stocks at Wal-Mart,” MIS Quarterly Executive, Vol. 7, No. 4, pgs. 181-192.

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Out of Stock Causes

Hardgrave, B.; Langford, S.; Waller, M.; and Miller, Rl (2008), “Measuring the Impact of RFID on Out of Stocks at Wal-Mart,” MIS Quarterly Executive, Vol. 7, No. 4, pgs. 181-192.

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Out of Stock Consumer Responses


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RFID and Out-Of-Stocks

• University of Minnesota Study

• 24 Wal-Mart stores– 12 RFID enabled– 12 Control stores

• Watched improvements over 29 weeks

• Concluded that RFID is responsible for 21% improvement in out-of-stocks


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Daisy Brand Dairy Products

• Fully compliant with Wal-Mart’s mandate• Extended RFID into other parts of their business

process as well• Claim that RFID cut in half the time to load delivery

trucks1

• Knows when pallets arrive at Wal-Mart and when they are unloaded

• Can tell if promotions take place as planned2

1) Gaudin, S. (2008), “Some Suppliers Gain from Failed Wal-Mart RFID edict,” Computerworld, www.computerworld.com, viewed February 25, 2009

2) Weier, M. (2008), “Wal-Mart Gets Tough on RFID,” InformationWeek, http://www.informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=205900561, viewed February 25, 2009.

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Texas Instruments Inc.

• Fully implemented Wal-Mart’s mandate

• Only uses the technology on shipments going to Wal-Mart– Reduces their hardware investment

• Compliant for under half a million dollars

Gaudin, S. (2008), “Some Suppliers Gain from Failed Wal-Mart RFID edict,” Computerworld, www.computerworld.com, viewed February 25, 2009.

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Problems with Implementation

• Wal-Mart has had difficulty getting suppliers to implement RFID

• The price is large enough that suppliers are taking their chances with being non-compliant– $15,000-$20,000 just for tags, readers, and

middleware for a small supplier

• They also have to pay for training and handling the new RFID information

Gaudin, S. (2008), “Some Suppliers Gain from Failed Wal-Mart RFID edict,” Computerworld, www.computerworld.com, viewed February 25, 2009.

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Wal-Mart is Tired of Suppliers Not Taking Them

Seriously• January 2008

– Announced that suppliers will be charged a $2 fee for each pallet shipped to the Sam’s Club distribution center in DeSoto, Texas without an RFID tag1

– Sam’s will then affix a tag to the pallet2

– These tags cost suppliers $.10-.25 per tag– The fee will escalate along with the length

of non-compliance, up to $3 per tag3

1) Gaudin, S. (2008), “Some Suppliers Gain from Failed Wal-Mart RFID edict,” Computerworld, www.computerworld.com, viewed February 25, 2009.

2) Weier, M. (2008), “Wal-Mart Gets Tough on RFID,” InformationWeek, http://www.informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=205900561, viewed February 25, 2009.

3) Wailgum, T. (2008), “Wal-Mart is Dead Serious About RFID,” CIO, http://www.cio.com/article/print/173702, viewed February 25, 2009.

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New Developments

• January 2009– Wal-Mart requires Chinese suppliers to use RFID tagging to

label shipments • Wal-Mart has 1,000 Chinese suppliers

– Because of recent safety concerns, these Chinese suppliers are required to include information such as their name and factory info, as well as any subcontractors involved in production1

• 2009– RFID tags on individual selling units in Sam’s Club2

1) http://www.rfidnews.org/2008/11/06/walmart-to-require-rfid-tagging-from-chinese-suppliers, viewed February 25, 2009.

2) Hardgrave, B.; Langford, S.; Waller, M.; and Miller, Rl (2008), “Measuring the Impact of RFID on Out of Stocks at Wal-Mart,” MIS Quarterly Executive, Vol. 7, No. 4, pgs. 181-192.

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GoStLouisExecutive Director: Nancy Lieberman

• Non-profit organization, encourages individuals and families in the region to adopt a healthy lifestyle by getting fit, staying active, and eating a nutritional diet year round

• Founded in 2000• In 2008 had 18,000 participants• Uses RFID technology for its

timing of races

www.gostlouis.org, viewed March 20, 2009 and Interview of Nancy Lieberman

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ChronotrackPartner: Bob Finnegan

• Business started in August 2008

• Has vast knowledge of RFID technology and used this knowledge to create a new way to time races.

• Innovated the D-Tag

Interview by Bob Finnegan

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D-Tag

• Updates race HF chip technology • Uses a disposable UHF tag • Cost and time savings

– Only costs 15 cents

• First time that GoStLouis used this technology

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IB02LEqQkLU

http://www.chronotrack.com/home/,, viewed March 20, 2009 and interview by Bob Finnegan

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Chronotrack

• In 2009 will be the number 1 timing system in US. • Future of Chronotrack - working on Triathlons and

other uses but we will have to see what they do.

Interview by Bob Finnegan

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RFID in Healthcare

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Main uses of RFID in Healthcare

Real Time Locating Systems (RTLS)• Patient tagging • Locating staff, visitors, and assets

Error Prevention• Theft prevention and cost control• Pharmaceuticals anti-counterfeiting • Recording procedures (e.g. for defense of lawsuits)• Drug trials compliance• Patient compliance (e.g. taking drugs)• Track and trace most medicines, consumables, and assets

http://www.idtechex.com/research/articles/rapid_adoption_of_rfid_in_healthcare_00000470.asp

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“An exploratory study of radio frequency identification (RFID)

adoption in the healthcare industry.”

• The Global market for RFID tags and systems in healthcare in 2006 was $90 million

• Estimated to steadily increase to $2.1 billion by 2016

• Problems leading to marginal adoption:– high implementation and operation costs– lack of standardization – unawareness of importance

Lee, C., Shim, J. “An exploratory study of radio frequency identification (RFID) adoption in the healthcare industry.” European Journal of Information Systems: Including a Special Section on Healthcare Information, Vol.16, Iss.6, pg.712-724.

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RFID Adoption in Healthcare

• Web-based survey administered to “decision makers” at 865 US hospitals

• 126/865 completed surveys

• 56/126 of the respondents were CIOS

Hospitals Surveyed

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Alreadyevaluated

In-process ofevaluation

Planning toevaluate

Already inuse

Notconsidering


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• Factors studied– Technology push

• Perceived benefits• Vendor pressure

– Need pull• Performance gap• Market uncertainty

– Presence of champions


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Results:• Presence of champions- most critical factor in adoption of RFID • Performance gaps from existing systems influence RFID adoption • Technology knowledge- significant moderator of adoption• Organizations may adopt RFID during market uncertainty• Financial resources- non-determinant of RFID adoption • Perceived benefits of RFID- important driving factor • RFID is not expected to reduce overhead costs • Vendor pressure does not lead to RFID adoption

unless marketed to top managers • RFID is in an early adoption stage


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“Key drivers for the continued use of RFID technology in the emergency

room”

• ABI research forecasted that in 2007 revenue in RFID software and services would decrease to $3.1 billion, 15% decrease from 2006

• Demand for RFID technology in healthcare has not been very strong • Expectation-confirmation model

(ECM) theory to assert that improving users’ experience with IT can enhance satisfaction and lead to continued usage

• Survey given to 85 caregivers who worked in the ER in 5 hospitals in Taiwan

Chen, C., Wu, J., Sheng Su, Y., Yang, S. “Key drivers for the continued use of RFID technology in the emergency room.” Management Research News, Vol.31, Iss.4, pg. 273-288.

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Benefits of RFID in hospitals:• Automated admitting • Reduction in medical errors • More efficient screening and treating

processes

When RFID is implemented• Patients can be tracked from time they enter

the hospital to the time they leave• Wristbands are scanned and all medications

can be tracked• Entrance/exit to specific area can be

monitored

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Results


When the following objectives are met an experience with RFID can improve caregiver satisfaction levels

• Caregivers must perceive RFID to be useful• RFID must have good interoperability • RFID must provide some relative advantage

Improved satisfaction leads to continued use

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RFID and Animals

Livestock tracking- cattle, pigs, and sheep• Used for animal health and wellness, tracking

and tracing, and carcass-quality information• National Animal Identification

System (NAIS) proposed by the USDA in 2003– Producer participation is voluntary

except in MI where cattle have to be tagged in hopes to eradicate bovine tuberculosis

http:www.rfidjournal.com/article.view/3725/2, viewed April 2, 2009

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RFID and Animals

• In 2007 World RFID spending on farming and animals was $233 million.

• In 2017 it is estimated to reach $2.93 billion

• China is the largest RFID market largely due to animal population– Asian countries are developing

new high frequency tags with 50-400% greater read range.


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RFID and Animals

• Current tags used– Passive tags, low frequency, with a coil antenna

• Can withstand water and damage

– Must be located within a few inches of the reader so producers have to force animals through checkpoints

– Impossible to read the tags in large numbers simultaneously

• New tag just released Feb. 2, 2009– RFID vendor Digital Angel– Battery-powered r.Tag– Can be read up to 100 ft away and

reader can read up to 310 tags at once

– Weatherproof – Costs about $3.50/tag


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RFID and Animals

• Humane Society of the US has long been the biggest user of RFID microchips, it tags and scans thousands of animals per year

• Problems occur because the various tags used operate at different frequencies

• Pets are sometimes euthanized before being identified due to this problem


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Issues

• Research study found that only 13.7% of respondents knew about RFID technology1

• Another study done in 2005 found that approximately 75% of consumers interviewed had no idea what RFID was2

• Often times, consumers are not even aware they are being “tracked” by RFID devices

• At the very least, consumers need a basic idea of what RFID is and does2

1) Razzouk, N., Seitz, V., and Nicolaou, M. (Spring 2008), “Consumer Concerns Regarding RFID Privacy: An Empirical Study”, Journal of Global Business and Technology. Vol. 4, Iss.1; pg. 69, 10 pgs

2) Glasser, D., Goodman, K., and Einspruch, N. “Chips, Tags and Scanners: Ethical Challenges for Radio Frequency Identification”

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Tracking

• With RFID, anything can be tracked– Consumer

• Purchases• Spending habits and

preferences– Currency

• Chips embedded into credit cards

– People• Hospital patients,

equipment• State drivers license,

passports

Willey, Lorrie. (2007), “RFID and Consumer Privacy: Let the Buyer Beware!”, Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, Vol. 10, Iss. 2; pg. 25, 13 pgs.

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Privacy

http://sickfacebook.com/images/facebook_privacy.gif

What defines privacy?• Laws will keep changing as society keeps changing

• Why do we care as managers? • Violating privacy of consumers leads to distrust• Benefits of having consumer information leads to competitive advantage and market share

• Viagra• Cheese

• Consumers benefit from the conveniences from better CRM

Razzouk, N., Seitz, V., and Nicolaou, M. (Spring 2008), “Consumer Concerns Regarding RFID Privacy: An Empirical Study”, Journal of Global Business and Technology. Vol. 4, Iss.1; pg. 69, 10 pgs

Chopra, S. and Sodhi, M. (2007), “In Search of RFID’s Sweet Spot”, Wall Street Journal/MIT Sloan. <http://sloanreview.mit.edu/business-insight/articles/2007/1/4913/in-search-of-rfids-sweet-spot/>

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Main Concerns

• Physical – Border security?– Bodily harm?

• Tumors?– Problems in

Hospitals• Malfunctions in

equipments • False alarms

Landro, Laura. (2008), “The Informed Patient: The Hospital Is Watching You”, Wall Street Journal. (Eastern Edition), Nov 12, 2008. pg D.1.

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State Licenses & Passport Cards

• Enhanced Driver’s Licenses– Available in

Washington since Jan. 2008 and in NY since Sept. 2008

– Other border states – MI, VT, AZ, intend to offer them as well

Naone, Erica. (2009), “RFID’s Security Problem”, Technology Review. Jan/Feb 2009, Vol. 112, Iss.1; pg 72, 3 pgs.

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State Licenses & Passport Cards

• Cards use electronic product code (EPC) tag, much like bar codes.

• Tags are inexpensive and under ideal conditions can be read from about 150 feet away.

• Identification cards can be read at longer range than many other RFID tags and people are more likely to carry them at all times.

• If you can get identification numbers out of the cards, then its relatively easy to counterfeit them, by loading a stolen ID number onto a blank, off-the-shelf chip.


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State Licenses & Passports

• EPC tags can be disabled when a reader issues a “kill” command.

• Could cause disruption if someone killed a large number of cards in a group.

• Attacker could also use this tactic to harass individuals since a killed card is likely to draw suspicion.


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Consumer Privacy

• CASPIN and American Express

• In 2005, AmEx filed an application with the US Patent Office for a new “Method and system for facilitating a shopping experience” – in other words, would monitor the shopping patterns of its users with respect to time, and location within a store

Razzouk, N., Seitz, V., and Nicolaou, M. (Spring 2008), “Consumer Concerns Regarding RFID Privacy: An Empirical Study”, Journal of Global Business and Technology. Vol. 4, Iss.1; pg. 69, 10 pgs.

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Consumer Privacy

• Broken Arrow Affair– Wal-Mart in Broken Arrow,

OK and Procter & Gamble in Cincinnati, OH - 750 miles away from each other

– Wal-Mart placed technology in stores so that researchers from P&G could detect when Max Factor Lipfinity lipsticks were removed from the shelves

– Once taken from the shelf, a video monitor evaluated how consumers handled the product without their knowledge

Hildner, Laura. (year unknown) “Defusing the Threat of RFID: Protecting Consumer Privacy Through Technology-Specific Legislation at the State Level”, Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, Vol. 41; pg. 133, 44 pgs.

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Consumer Privacy

Concerns:• Increased threat of identity

theft, and lack of safeguards to protect people’s identities.

• According to Cohen, “the average American is in at least 50 databases… and that’s just counting commercial databases”

Razzouk, N., Seitz, V., and Nicolaou, M. (Spring 2008), “Consumer Concerns Regarding RFID Privacy: An Empirical Study”, Journal of Global Business and Technology. Vol. 4, Iss.1; pg. 69, 10 pgs.

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The Informed Patient

– Hospitals are relying on electronic tracking systems

• to keep tabs on equipment and lab specimens

– EKG monitors and ventilators so they can readily be located in an emergency

– Surgical sponges so they don’t get sewn up inside patients

• to monitor the location of patients and staff.

– Tagging arriving patients to cut waiting times in emergency rooms

– Tracking employees to help supervisors move them to understaffed areas

Landro, Laura. (2008), The Informed Patient: The Hospital Is Watching You”, Wall Street Journal. (Eastern Edition), Nov 12, 2008. pg D.1.

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• Study published in 2008 in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) warned that systems using high-frequency radio waves could interfere with the functioning of medical devices.

– Could stop a hospital pump from operating

– Switch off a ventilator

– Interfere with a pacemaker

“If the risk of patient harm is one in a million but the benefit of using the technology prevents harm to every patient, the hospital needs to carefully assess the balance”. – John Halamka, CIO at Boston’s CareGroup Health Systems


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• Number of hospitals in recent years began using RFID tags in maternity units to prevent baby kidnappings.

• In Shawnee Mission, Kansas, a system installed in 2000 would experience interference from cellphones and electrical storms, setting off as many as 100 false alarms a day.


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Future of RFID

• Government use of RFID– Homeland Security– Police Department– Correctional Facilities

• Verichip

• Supermarkets

• Other potential uses

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Government: Homeland Security

• Fusion of RFID technology with biometric identification

• “Smart Borders”– verify and process entry of people

• Prevent entrance of contraband, potential terrorist, unauthorized aliens

– Entry-exit system• Record arrival and departure of foreign

visitors and guests

– Non-intrusive inspection technologies• Rapid and more thorough screening of goods

– Monitor borders to detect illegal intrusions • Smuggled goods, illegal immigrants

Hunt, Daniel, Albert Puglia, and Mike Puglia. RFID A Guide to Radio Frequency Identification. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2007.

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Government: Homeland Security

• Additional Technologies– Vehicle, driver, passenger,

and personal identification border crossing system

– Access control for vehicles– Imported goods traceability

and security systems– Air cargo, baggage, and

passenger control programs


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Government: Police

• Evidence Handling– More effective means of recording, locating, and

tracking evidence– Send notifications or sound alerts if evidence is

removed from its secure location or if handled by an unauthorized person

• Property Crime– Identify and recover stolen merchandise

• Easier to catch thieves and prevent them from selling stolen goods

– Identify counterfeit merchandise• RFID tags are very difficult to forge or copy


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Government: Police

• “Smart guns”– 2004 Applied Digital Solutions partnered

with gun manufacturer FN Manufacturing to produce and RFID enabled gun

• If RFID chip implanted in officer’s hand matches with a scanning device inside the handgun the trigger unlocks


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Government: Correctional Facilities

• Alanco Technologies TSI Prism RFID tracking system

– 5 components:1. Tamper detecting wristwatch

transmitter for inmates2. Belt-mounted transmitter worn by

prison staff3. Strategically placed array of

receiving antennae4. Computer system5. Proprietary application software


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Government: Correctional Facilities

• 1999- 1st operational TSI Prism system installed in a Calipatria, CA minimum-security prison

• By 2002 successfully completed 90 day testing program (California Dept of Corrections)

• Results:– Aided in early detection of an escape attempt resulting in

inmate’s capture in 1 hr 30 min– Accurately identified participants in an inmate assault– Successfully resisted inmate attempts to tamper with

system– Provided a continuous headcount at 2 sec intervals,

reduced staff time requirements, readily identified officers and their locations when a duress alarm went off


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VeriChip

• www.verichipcorp.com• Video:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lvd6mb1CoBQ (1:20-end)

• Only FDA approved implantable RFID chip for humans

• Uses include:– Patient identification– Infant protection– Wander protection

www.verichip.com, viewed April 2, 2009

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Supermarkets

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eob532iEpqk

•Speedier checkout1

•Contaminated foods can be

tracked easier and faster2

1.Loebbecke, Claudia. Emerging Information System Applications in Brick-and-Mortar Supermarkets: A Case Study of Content Provision and RFID-based implementation. Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems (PACIS), 2005 <pacis-net.org>

2.Gaudin, Sharon. Food Poisoning Outbreaks Could Prove a Boon to RFID. 26 Jan 2009. Computerworld, Vol. 43, Iss. 4, pg. 10.

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Other Potential Uses

• Marketing• Scan the contents of refrigerator

or pantry• Catch shoplifters• Pet door only opens for your pet• Car refuses to start unless

YOUR drivers license is detected

• Handbag able to scan contents

The possibilities are endless…

Sutherland, Max. Wake up Call! The Future of RFID is Dawning. Jan 2005. www.sutherlandsurvey.com

Gray, Andrew. Spies in Your Shopping Basket? 2004. <www.andrewgray.com>

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What does this mean for us as managers…

• RFID is all around us– Car keys– Security

• Future of business – Supply Chain Management– Product innovation

• As a manager you need to understand the technology to know how it can save you money and improve efficiency

• According to a review in 2007 of 12 issues related to the future RFID literature : “Adoption of RFID seems to be a question of when, not if, for most firms.”

Viehland, Dennis & Wong, Aron, “The Future of Radio Frequency Identification”, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research. Curico: Aug 2007. Vol. 2, Iss. 2 pg 74, 8 pgs.

65

References1. Chen, C., Wu, J., Sheng Su, Y., Yang, S. “Key drivers for the continued use of RFID technology in the

emergency room.” Management Research News, Vol.31, Iss.4, pg. 273-288.

2. Chopra, S. and Sodhi, M. (2007), “In Search of RFID’s Sweet Spot”, Wall Street Journal/MIT Sloan. http://sloanreview.mit.edu/business-insight/articles/2007/1/4913/in-search-of-rfids-sweet-spot/

3. Finnegan, Bob, Partner of Chronotrack, interviews by phone by Jessica Tipp, April 2, 2009.

4. Gaudin, Sharon. Food Poisoning Outbreaks Could Prove a Boon to RFID. 26 Jan 2009. Computerworld, Vol. 43, Iss. 4, pg. 10.

5. Gaudin, S. (2008), “Some suppliers gain from failed Wal-Mart RFID edict,” Computerworld.

6. Glasser, D., Goodman, K., and Einspruch, N., (2007), “Chips, tags and scanners: Ethical challenges for radio frequency identification”, Ethics and Information Technology, Vol. 9; 101-109.

7. Gray, Andrew. Spies in Your Shopping Basket? 2004. <www.andrewgray.com>

8. Hardgrave, B.; Langford, S.; Waller, M.; and Miller, Rl (2008), “Measuring the Impact of RFID on Out of Stocks at Wal-Mart,” MIS Quarterly Executive, Vol. 7, No. 4, pgs. 181-192.

9. Hasselbacher, N. (2008). “RFID: It’s all in the numbers,” Converting Magazine, Vol. 26, Iss. 12, pg. 38.

10. Hildner, Laura. (year unknown),”Defusing the Threat of RFID: Protecting Consumer Privacy Through Technology-Specific Legislation at the State Level”, Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, Vol. 41; pg. 133, 44 pgs.

11. Hunt, Daniel, Albert Puglia, and Mike Puglia. RFID A Guide to Radio Frequency Identification. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2007.

66

References12. Krotov, V. (2008), “RFID as a Disruptive Innovation,” Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic

Commerce Research, Vol.3, Iss.2, pg. 44, 16 pgs.13. Landro, Laura. (2008), “The Informed Patient: The Hospital Is Watching You”, Wall Street Journal.

(Eastern Edition), Nov 12, 2008. pg D.1.14. Lee, C., Shim, J. “An exploratory study of radio frequency identification (RFID) adoption in the healthcare

industry.” European Journal of Information Systems: Including a Special Section on Healthcare Information, Vol.16, Iss.6, pg.712-724.

15. Lieberman, Nancy, Executive Director of Go St.Louis, interviewed by phone by Jessica Tipp, March 26, 2009

16. Loebbecke, Claudia. Emerging Information System Applications in Brick-and-Mortar Supermarkets: A Case Study of Content Provision and RFID-based implementation. Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems (PACIS), 2005 <pacis-net.org>

17. Naone, Erica. (2009), “RFID’s Security Problem”, Technology Review. Jan/Feb 2009, Vol. 112, Iss.1; pg 72, 3 pgs.

18. Sutherland, Max. Wake up Call! The Future of RFID is Dawning. Jan 2005. www.sutherlandsurvey.com19. Razzouk, N., Seitz, V., and Nicolaou, M. (Spring 2008), “Consumer Concerns Regarding RFID Privacy:

An Empirical Study”, Journal of Global Business and Technology. Vol. 4, Iss.1; pg. 69, 10 pgs.20. Viehland, Dennis & Wong, Aron, “The Future of Radio Frequency Identification”, Journal of Theoretical

and Applied Electronic Commerce Research. Curico: Aug 2007. Vol. 2, Iss. 2 pg 74, 8 pgs. 21. Wailgum, T. (2008), “Wal-Mart is Dead Serious About RFID,” CIO,

http://www.cio.com/article/print/173702, viewed February 25, 2009.22. Weier, M. (2008), “Wal-Mart Gets Tough on RFID,” InformationWeek,

http://www.informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=205900561, viewed February 25, 2009.

23. Willey, Lorrie. (2007), “RFID and Consumer Privacy: Let the Buyer Beware!”, Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, Vol. 10, Iss. 2; pg. 25, 13 pgs.

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ReferencesWebsites Used: 1. http://www.law.harvard.edu/students/orgs/crcl/vol41_1/hildner.pdf, viewed April 17, 20092. http://sickfacebook.com/images/facebook_privacy.gif (photo), viewed April 18, 20093. http://travel.state.gov/images/newppt_card.jpg (photo), viewed April 18, 20094. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Om7TtgNlwM, viewed March 22, 20095. http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/1338/1, viewed April 10, 20096. http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/Technology-Article.asp?ArtNum=2, Viewed March 22, 20097. http://www.aimglobal.org/services/RFIDSpotlight.asp, viewed April 10, 20098. http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/Technology-Article.asp?ArtNum=47, www.rfidhut

.com/pages/How-much-does-RFID-Cost.html, viewed March 22, 20099. http://www.rfidradio.com/?p=16, viewed March 22, 200910. www.gostlouis.org, viewed March 20, 200911. http://www.chronotrack.com/home/, viewed March 20, 200912. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IB02LEqQkLU, viewed April 9, 200913. www.barcoding.com/rfid/private/barcoding-inc-RFID-Report.pdf, viewed March 25, 200914. http://www.idtechex.com/research/articles/rapid_adoption_of_rfid_in_healthcare_00000470.asp, viewed April 2, 200915. http:www.rfidjournal.com/article.view/3725/2, viewed April 2, 200916. http:www.rfidjournal.com/article.view/4581/1, viewed April 2, 200917. http:www.rfidjournal.com/article.view/1976/1, viewed April 2, 200918. http://www.rfidnews.org/2008/11/06/walmart-to-require-rfid-tagging-from-chinese-suppliers, viewed February 25, 2009.19. http://www.rfidjournal.com/faq/20, viewed March 23, 200920. http://walmartstores.com/AboutUs, viewed April 8, 200921. www.verichip.com, viewed April 2, 200922. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lvd6mb1CoBQ, viewed April 2, 2009

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