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Project: temporary endeavor to achieve some specific objectives in a defined time

Project management◦ Dynamic process◦ Controlled and structured process◦ Use the organization’s resources◦ Achieve clear objectives

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Program◦ Collection of inter-dependent projects◦ Managed in a coordinated manner

Portfolio management ◦ Managing active and future projects

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Seeking success Success means

In time In budget Planned features (goals, deliverables)

Responsibility and authority need to be clear

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Shorter time Lower costs Higher quality Higher profits Higher productivity Better communication and coordination Better control of financial, physical, and human

resources Less worker stress

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Feasibility study Design and planning Launch and execution Termination Post-project evaluation

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Time required to complete the project Availability and cost of key resources Technological problems New actions taken by competitors

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Scope: What does the customer expect from the project?

Time: What is the project’s schedule? Cost: What is the project’s budget? What resources

are needed? Quality: How good does the quality of the product

need to be to satisfy the customer? Risk: How much uncertainty are we willing to accept

on the project?

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Proposal writing (RFP) Project planning and scheduling Project costing Project monitoring and reviews Personnel selection and evaluation Report writing and presentations Conflict resolution Adjust to change and risks

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The application area: domain, industry, market, etc.

The project environment: politics, culture, change management, etc.

General management: financial management, strategic planning, etc.

Human relations: sensitivity, credibility, leadership, motivation, negotiation, conflict management, style, integrity, ethics, etc.

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Project Concept Project Design Project Development Quality Assurance Beta Release GA and end of life

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Discuss new project ideas◦ Fit the company strategy?

Evaluate and report on costs Get approval to define the new project

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Project idea and costs have been approved Establish a core team Define schedule, feature list and release date Define cost baseline Freeze the requirements document

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Develop the requirements Verify that it works Pass the project to the QA to check against the

company quality standards Pass the project to the technical documentation

team to create manuals and help files

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Test programs and documentation Check conformance to the design and

requirements documents

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Determine Beta sites QA team leads the Beta testing activities Development team fix defects Help desk should be ready for full support

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Help desk assists end users IT team manages the daily use of the project Development fixes bugs Evaluate the effectiveness of estimation Evaluate the work process Product withdrawal

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Size is estimated as:◦ Line Of Code (LOC)◦ Function Points (FPs)

Function points◦ external inputs and outputs◦ user interactions◦ external interfaces◦ files used by the system◦ elementary processing

FPs are very subjective. They depend on the estimator.

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There is no simple way to make an accurate estimate of the effort required to develop a software system◦ Initial estimates are based on inadequate information

in a user requirements definition◦ The software may run on unfamiliar computers or use

new technology◦ The people in the project may be unknown

Project cost estimates may be self-fulfilling◦ The estimate defines the budget and the product is

adjusted to meet the budget

Ian Sommerville, 20

One or more experts in both software development and the application domain use their experience to predict software costs. Process iterates until some consensus is reached.

Advantages: Can be accurate if experts have direct experience of similar systems

Disadvantages: Very inaccurate if there are no experts!

Ian Sommerville, 21

The cost of a project is computed by comparing the project to a similar project in the same application domain

Advantages: Accurate if project data available Disadvantages: Impossible if no comparable

projects.

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