1 organizational behavior today's objectives introduction introduction to subject importance in...

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Organizational Behavior

Today's Objectives Today's Objectives

• Introduction• Introduction to subject• Importance in your degree• Importance in your organization, career and

life• Moving around the subject• How we study this subject?• How we have to study this subject?• How we will go for the subject?• First topic

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Organizational Behavior: First view

• Organizational Behavior– Interdisciplinary

field dedicated to better understanding and managing people at work

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What is Management ?“The planning, organizing, leading, and

controlling of human and other resources to achieve organizational goals effectively and efficiently”

“Management is a set of activities directed at an organization’s resources with the aim of achieving organizational goals in an efficient and effective manner”

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Management Activities / Functions

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What is Management ?

Planning: Process of identifying and selecting appropriate organizational goals and courses of action

Functions

Organizing: Task managers perform to create a structure of working relationships that allow organizational members to interact and cooperate to achieve organizational goals

Leading: Articulating a clear organizational vision for its members to accomplish, and energize and enable employees so that everyone understands the part they play in achieving organizational goalsControlling: Task of managers is to evaluate how well an organization has achieved its goals and to take any corrective actions needed to maintain or improve performance

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•Human•Financial•Physical•Information

Resources

•Efficient means using resources wisely and without unnecessary waste.

•Effective means doing the right things successfully.

Efficient and Effective

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An organization is a collection of people working together in a coordinated and structured fashion to achieve one or more goals.

Organization

A consciously coordinated social unit, composed of two or more people, that functions on a relatively continuous basis to achieve a common goal or set of goals

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•Organizations are strongly influenced by the people that form part of them.

•Organizations can take in part of the personality of the people within them and their attitudes, perceptions and behaviors affect how an organization will operate.

Organization and people

•Organizations exist to allow accomplishment of work that could not be achieved by people alone.

•As long as the goals of an organization are appropriate, society will allow them to exist and they can contribute to society

Organization’s Role in Society

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What is Management ? Levels of management

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What is Management ? Managerial skills

• Conceptual skills– The ability to analyze and diagnose a

situation and distinguish between cause and effect.

• Human skills– The ability to understand, alter, lead, and

control the behavior of other individuals and groups.

• Technical skills– Job-specific skills required to perform a

particular type of work or occupation at a high level.

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What is Management ? Managerial Roles

• Management Roles: (Henry Mintzberg)

• Interpersonal Roles– Figurehead, Leader ,Liaison

• Informational Roles – Monitor, Disseminator, Spokesperson

• Decisional Roles – Entrepreneur, Disturbance handler,– Resource allocator, Negotiator

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•New workplace as knowledge organizations

•Environmental changes•Globalization•Information technology (IT)•Total Quality management (TQM)•Workplace diversity•Ethics

Challenges faced by management

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•New workplace as knowledge organizations

•Workplaces are called as knowledge organizations due to following reasons:

- Organizations are influenced by environmental changes- People being the essential element of organization respond to changes- People have behaviors, therefore, better management of behaviors lead to success of organization- So better management of HR and their behavior lead to better resource availability at workplace and makes organization a knowledge organization and developing knowledge organization is a challenge for management


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•Environmental changes – Globalization

•Globalization means becoming borderless

•Becoming borderless in corporate environment means borderless economy and borderless operations

•Borderless economy demands from organizations to gain global competitive advantage

•Global competitive advantage require an organizational management to acquire the relevant HR and manage their behavior in global environment which is a challenge for management


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•Environmental changes – IT / information age

•1st generation of IT was based on data automation

•2nd generation of IT consists of an integrated system and its transformation into decision support system (DSS)

•Changes in IT and its growing use has changed the requirements of HR, their needs and behavior.

•Management of HR behavoir in changing IT environment is a challenge for management


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•IT is challenging for three reasons:•Applicable in all sectors•Cost reduction tool•Can change all operations

•IT has impact on work and job in following manner:•Use of neural networks•Use of internet•Use of intranet•Downsizing•Flat organization•Less bureaucracy


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•Environmental changes – Quality

•Quality is the totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bears its ability to satisfy stated or implied need

•Current day world is influenced by term quality service revolution

•Quality is the cost of entering in world market place

•Therefore, quality has direct impact on success of organization

•wholistic impact of quality gave birth to total quality management (TQM)


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•Environmental changes – Quality

•Quality is delivered by relevant and experienced HR

•Acquiring HR and managing its behavior that can deliver the quality to internal and external customers is a challenge for management


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•Total quality management require all internal and external stakeholders to deliver quality in all functions

•TQM has three trends:

•It is difficult to implement

•Components of TQM are hard to classify

•There are rapid changes in the area


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•Following are the major tools in TQM:•Reengineering: redesign of business processes to make improvements in cost, quality, speed service

•Benchmarking: process of comparing work and service methods against the best practices and outcomes for purpose of identifying changes that will result in higher quality

•Empowerment: process of recognizing and releasing power among the people. Following are the requirements to make empowerment effective:

•Participation•Innovation•access to information•accountability


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•Environmental changes – Workforce Diversity

•Diversity means the state of being diverse; variety•Diversity may lead to discrimination based on following:

•Age•Sex•Race•Ethnicity•Religion •Disability etc.

•Challenge for management IS to remove all forms of discriminations and create equal opportunities


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•Environmental changes – Ethics

• Ethics consist of a set of moral principles, esp. ones relating to or affirming a specified group, field, or form of conduct. •Emerging workplace ethics related problem are :

•Sexual harassment•Ceiling effect•Work- family relationship

•Challenge for management is to maintain workplace ethics


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•Solution to challenges: New perspective of management• Solution to new challenges faced by management lies in making emphasis on Human skills also called Behavioral approach:

– The ability to understand, alter, lead, and control the behavior of other individuals and groups.

•Traditional view of management also called as human relations approach used money and incentives as tool to resolve problems•Contemporary view of management also called as behavioral management require to study human behaviors for effective management of human resource


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•Process approach•Quantitative approach•System approach•Contingency approach•Human relation approach •Behavioral approach

Approaches to Management

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What is Management ? Approaches to Management

•Traditional approach – Human relations •Economic security•Working conditions•Monetary rewards

•Contemporary approach - Behavioral approach•Researching human behaviours•Managing people in light of behaviours•Increasing emphasis on use of human skills in addition to conceptual and technical skills

Behavioural approach to management

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What is Management ? Approaches to Management

•Attempts to provide specific necessary background skills needed to make managers of today and tomorrow as effective with the conceptual and humans dimension of management as they been in past with technical or functional dimensions

•Emphasis is on developing the ability to understand, alter, lead, and control the behavior of other individuals and groups.

Behavioural approach to management

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What is organizational behavior ?

Study of human behavior in organization setting

Understanding, prediction and management of human behaviour in organization setting (Luthans)

Organizational behaviour attempts to provide background and skills to deal with human dimension of management

“The study of individual behavior and group dynamics in organizations” (Luthans)

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Organizational behaviour is a field of study that investigates how individuals, groups and structure affect and are affected by behavior within organizations, for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organization’s effectiveness (Robbins)

Organizational behaviour is the systematic study of the actions and attitudes that people exhibits within organizations (Robbins)

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Relationship with other disciplines

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What is organizational behavior ? Theoretical frameworks and organizational behavior model

•Cognition is act of knowing information

•Cognition is based on:•Inputs (information)•Output (behavior)

•Cognition process consists of :•Thinking•Perception•Problem solving•Information processing

Cognitive framework

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•Cognition is a logical thinking that creates “expectancy” that a particular event will lead to a particular consequence

•Based on expectancy an individual behaves in a certain manner on happening of certain event

•Therefore behavior is explained through cognition and this makes cognitive framework the part of organizational behavior e.g. how managers makes decision and behave

Cognitive framework

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•Behaviouristic approach is environmental based and take input from environment

•The approach is based on observation

•Stimulus response phenomena i.e. a stimulus generates a response is the basics of this approach also called as classical school

Behaviouristic framework

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•Skinner (father of operant conditioning school) explained that stimulus response helps to explain the physical reflexes but there exits operant conditioning

•Operant conditioning stands that consequences of response infect explains the most behaviors as compared to stimuli. It means expected results of some input directs an individual to behave in certain way instead of expected reaction in response to an action

•Therefore is behavior is function of its consequences

Behaviouristic framework

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•Social learning approach is a behavioral approach but combination of cognitive and Behavioural framework.

•According to Bandura, behavior can be best explained in terms of continues reciprocal interaction among cognitive, behavioral and environmental determinants

•According to Bandura, personality is shaped by an interaction among cognitive factors, behaviors and environmental factors. This interaction is termed reciprocal determinism.

Social learning framework

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•Under social learning approach individuals •Learn about their environment•Alter and construct their environment to make reinforces available•Note the importance of rule and symbolic process in learning

Social learning framework

Organizational participants Organizational participants

Organizational environment Organizational environment

Organizational behaviour Organizational behaviour

Cognition guide organizational behaviourCognition guide organizational behaviour

Participants control their behaviour using cognition and manage environmentalsignals

Participants control their behaviour using cognition and manage environmentalsignals

complex behavior is acquired from environmentcomplex behavior is acquired from environment

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•Cognitive approach – understanding the human behavior

•Behavioural approach – predicting and managing human behavior

•Cognitive approach – internal factors

•Behavioral approach – external factor

Social learning framework – Organizational behaviour model

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An interdisciplinary focus – relations with other field

Contemporary organizational behavior

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Descriptive nature

•Organizational behaviour has main emphasis on describing the problems associated with behaviour rather than prescribing

•The reason for this phenomena are:•Immaturity of the field as the filed of is still in process of development

•Complexity of behaviours

•Lack of valid information for research

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Importance for managers

•Help managers to define the complex human behaviour and problems associated with it

•Help managers to understand, predict and manager human behaviour for effective management of organizations

•Help the mangers to classify:•People as organizations

•People as resource

•People as people

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Next time

•Overview of various approaches to management with specific emphasis on behavioural approach•OB frameworks•Completion of first bullet of course•Activity•Paper discussionYour assignment -Write a note on

following•Behaviour•Attitude•Personality•Quality•Diversity•Perception•Emotions•Cognition•Values•Culture

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Questions ?

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Thank You

1 organizational behavior today's objectives introduction introduction to subject importance in...

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levels of management

organizational members

people organizations

organizational goalsleading

collection of people

clear organizational

organizations resources

effective means